PARKINSONS <3

Create an informative and visually appealing image depicting the human brain with highlighted areas associated with Parkinson's Disease, surrounded by medical symbols and illustrations of healthy and affected neurons. Include elements like a silhouette of a patient, and visual cues of symptoms like tremors or gait disturbances.

Parkinson's Disease Quiz

Test your knowledge about Parkinson's Disease with this comprehensive quiz! This quiz covers a wide range of topics regarding symptoms, types, and other neurological disorders that relate to Parkinsonism.

Challenge yourself and learn key facts with questions such as:

What are the primary motor symptoms?
What distinguishes Parkinson's from other similar disorders?
What are the various stages of the disease?

61 Questions15 MinutesCreated by LearningLeaf305

AKA “shaking palsy” It is a progressive disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) with both motor and nonmotor symptoms

PARKINSON’S DISEASE

Primary or Idiopathic Parkinsonism

Postencepalitic Parkinsonism

Toxic Parkinsonism

Refers to those cases where the etiology is idiopathic or unknown. - The first group symptoms are postural instability and gait difficulties.

This case occurs during the epidemics of an Influenza virus that occured from 1917 to 1926

Exposure to certain industrial & poisons, most common of which is manganese which clearly present a serious occupational hazard to miners.

Neuroleptics powerful tranquilizers & blood pressure medications can produce parkinsonian symptoms as a side effect.

Caused by repetitive micro traumas in the head. The MC type is Punch drunk Syndrome (Dementia Pugilistica) which is the case of Muhammad Ali.

Caused by metabolic conditions that result in Basal Ganglia calcification. (wilson’s dse, Hepatocerebral degeneration, Hallervorden-Spatz disease, Hypoparathyroidism)

This type of Parkinson’s disease is secondary to a group of neurodegenerative diseases that affect the substantia nigra and produce Parkinsonism symptoms along with their other neurological signs

The substantia nigra contains pigmented cells which give it a characteristic ‘black appearance’. These cells are lost in PD and the substantia nigra becomes pale.

Neuromelonin

Neuromelanin

Neuromelime

Neuromelanine

Most common symptom gone when sleep and inactivity; Aggravated by emotional stress, fatigue or excitement "pill-rolling"

Increase in muscle tone during passive limb Takes two forms: 1. Lead pipe 2. Cogwheel - trunk rotation severely decreased

� Slowness of movement, masked facies, decreased eye blinking, inability to move •Fatigue •EMG: delayed motor unit recruitment, pauses once recruited, inability to increase firing rate

Impaired righting reflexes, unsteadiness when turning or rising from chair; some activities are restricted but pt is independent.

Defines as loss of neurons in caudate nucleus and putamen. - Autosomal dominant disease. - 4.1-8.4 in 100 000 / 30-40 y/o - Late stage: bradykinesia, rigidity, Postural Instability - Chorea is the hallmark - Depression-MC psychological dysfunction - Pneumonia and cardiovascular disease-MC mortality - language is okay

Huntington’s Disease

Heriditary Ataxia

Heriditary Spastic Paraparesis (Strumpell-Lorrain Syndrome)

Ourette Syndrome (Gilles De La Tourette Syndrome)

Progressive disorder with the presentation of limb and gait ataxia with diminished muscle stretch reflexes, joint position and vibratory appreciation

Huntington’s Disease

Heriditary Ataxia

Heriditary Spastic Paraparesis (Strumpell-Lorrain Syndrome)

Ourette Syndrome (Gilles De La Tourette Syndrome)

inherited disorder in which the primary symptoms are progressive bilateral lower limb spasticity & weakness - spasm in night or in cold weathee (weakness in hamstring, Tibialis Anterior, Iliopsoas muscles) - Difficulty in walking

Huntington’s Disease

Heriditary Ataxia

Heriditary Spastic Paraparesis (Strumpell-Lorrain Syndrome)

Ourette Syndrome (Gilles De La Tourette Syndrome)

Tic is the hallmark TYPES: Motor tic + Vocal tic Coprolalia - bad mouthing Copropraxia - bad gesture

Huntington’s Disease

Heriditary Ataxia

Heriditary Spastic Paraparesis (Strumpell-Lorrain Syndrome)

Ourette Syndrome (Gilles De La Tourette Syndrome)

Small step with increase speed secondary to displacement of COG; advanced stages. Progressive increase in speed with a shortening stride.

Festinating gait

Shuffling gait

Anteropulsive

Retropulsive

Early gait of PD; Decrease step length & velocity. Decrease cadence & velocity. Movement initiation & execution impairment.

Festinating gait

Shuffling gait

Anteropulsive

Retropulsive

Increase in saliva & decrease spontaneous swallowing; common in sleeping & initiating speech.

A key feature of Parkinsons may detect low levels of dopamine in the brain,

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A computerized tomography (CT)

Improve metabolism of intracerebral dopamine

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

Levodopa

Dopamine agonists

Anticholinergic agents

To correct the essential neurochemical imbalance

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

Levodopa

Dopamine agonists

Anticholinergic agents

Reducing rigidity & bradykinesia; also used to reduce motor fluctuations

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

Levodopa

Dopamine agonists

Anticholinergic agents

Block cholinergic function & have the most benefir moderating tremor & rigidity; they have little or no effect on bradykinesia, & postural instability

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

Levodopa

Dopamine agonists

Anticholinergic agents

For disabling tremor, effectively reduce longstanding tremor that is unresponsive to drug tx & may offer some improvement in rigidity.

Stereotaxic Thalamotomy

Transplantation to the corpus striatum

Discectomy

NOTA

In patients with advanced PD is highly experimental and is currently under intense research investigation. Only a very limited number of patients have undergone these procedures and they are not available for routine care.

Stereotaxic Thalamotomy

Transplantation to the corpus striatum

Discectomy

NOTA

Improve movement speed and consistency (e.g. walking patterns with focused instructions of “swing your arms”, walk fast” or “take large steps”)

Include stationary floor markings & dynamic transportable cues

Use of a metronome beat or a steady beat from a musical listening device

Use of both visual and auditory cueing

1. Optimal management involves a coordinated interdisciplinary team to oversee a comprehensive plan of care. 2. The therapist must prioritize the problems and interpret the goals in terms of what is efficacious. 3. Interventions are restorative, preventive, and compensatory.

Gentle rocking can be used to produce generalized relaxation of excessive muscle tension due to rigidity. Reduces anxiety associated with movement difficulties and prolonged times required to complete basic functional tasks

Improve flexibility and restores range in the neck & trunk and can be performed in combination with rotational exercises to promote relaxation. Combined with joint mobilization techniques, it

Indicated for patients with primary muscle weakness and insufficient central activation of the motor unit as well as for disuse weakness associated with prolonged inactivity. - Patient should consistently exercise at the same time after a medication dose on alternate days.

The overall emphasis is on improving mobility function with specific emphasis on improving mobility of axial structures, the head, trunk, hips, and shoulders.

Relaxation Breathing exercises Passive muscle stretching and positioning AROM and postural alignment Weight shifting Balance responses Gait activities Patient home exercises

Directed to reteach heel strike, improve weight transference, increase motion of the hip and knee, and prevent stiffness of the lower extremity

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