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a nondestructive test for defects open to the surface in parts made of any nonporous material.

are composed of free electrons under the influence of an induced electromagnetic field, that are made to drift through metal. Different meter readings are seen when the same metal is in different hardness states.

makes it possible to locate defects in all types of materials.

Flaws are detected by measuring the amplitude of signals reflected and the time required for these signals to travel between specific surfaces and the discontinuity.

uses two transducers, one to generate the pulse and another placed on the opposite surface to receive it. A disruption in the sound path indicates a flaw and is displayed on the instrument screen.

is principally used for thickness measurements when the two sides of the material being tested are smooth and parallel, and the backside is inaccessible.

method of detecting invisible cracks and other defects in ferromagnetic materials, such as iron and steel.

can penetrate material and disclose discontinuities through the metal or non-metal components, making it an excellent inspection process when needed to determine the structural integrity of an engine component

used to assure that the engine’s component parts and clearances meet the manufacturer’s specifications.