Neurobio

The central sulcus separates which two lobes of the brain?

Brain region X is dorsal to brain region Y. Brain region Y is dorsal to brain region Z. Brain region Z is ______ to brain region X.

A lobotomy is a surgical procedure in which a probe is inserted behind the eyelid, through the eye socket above the eye and into the brain. Which lobe of the brain is most likely the target of this procedure?

SpinaBifida is a condition caused by

Molecules released from the organizer

Which of the following is TRUE about HOX gene expression?

Which of the following structures are critical for the patterning of the central nervous system?

Which of the following best describes a morphogen?

The regions of the brain stem organized from rostral to caudal are

Motor neuron cell bodies are found in the

Which of the following glia cells are responsible for the constitution of the blood brain barrier?

Which of the following brain structures would NOT be cut by a mid-sagittal section?

The frontal and temporal lobes are separated by

Which of the following statements is correct?

Closure of the neural tube begins _____ and then proceeds ______ of the neural tube.

BMP signaling is REQUIRED in order for blastocyst cells to become neurons.

The cortex develops from which embryonic brain region?

Which statement about retinoid acid (RA) is correct?

A multipolar neuron has

Which of the following is NOT a cranial nerve?

Compared to the outside of a neuron, the inside of a neuron generally

The equilibrium potential for an ion describes

What type of movement could you define as an inward current?

Sick and tired of living on the Earth, you decide to move to planet Xenon XII. The folks there are friendly, and as the first Xenon Neuroscientist, you discover the ionic gradients across their neurons are quite dissimilar to your own. To your surprise, you discover that Xenonites maintain 150mM Rb+ outside and 15mM Rb+ inside their neurons. Further, there is 15nM Cs+ outside and 150mM Cs+ inside their neurons. There are no other ions present. Upon stimulation of a Xenonite neuron, Cs+ permeable channels open (the cell remains impermeable to Rb+). Following the opening of the C+ channels and change in membrane potential, which of the following statements is correct?

Membrane voltage (Vm) is defined as

The if the intracellular concentration of sodium is raised 10-fold and the extracellular concentration of sodium is reduced 10-fold, what will happen to the equilibrium potential for sodium? Assume that no other properties of the membrane are changed.

A concentration gradient is always accompanied by an electrical gradient

You have a beaker with 2 chambers separated by an impermeable barrier. On the left there is a low concentration of CaCl2 and on the right a high concentration of CaCl2. Which of the following statements is correct?

You have a 2 chambered beaker containing different concentrations of KCl on the left and right (you do not know the exact concentrations). The chambers are separated by an impermeable barrier. Compared to the equilibrium potential at 19 degrees, the equilibrium potential for Cl- at 40 degrees will

At what potential (voltage) is the electrical gradient for K+ strongest?

At a membrane voltage (Vm) of +50mV, which of the following is most likely to occur?

Under normal biological conditions, opening of a specific type of ion channel (e.g. Voltage gated K+ channels) will

Which of the following is CORRECT?

Under normal biological conditions, how could a cell move its membrane potential to -150mV?

The term hyperpolarization refers to a situation in which Vm

A neuron receives a stimulus that depolarizes the membrane to threshold, triggering an action potential. The stimulus intensity is then doubled. What outcome do you predict following the doubling of the stimulus intensity?

Which of the following is the correct temporal order of phases in an action potential?

In a typical neuron, which manipulation would produce the largest INCREASE in resting membrane potential?

At the resting membrane potential, for which ion is the driving force greatest?

The direction (inward or outward) of an ionic current reverses when

If a neuron is voltage clamped at a Vm that is higher (more positive) than the equilibrium potential for Na+ (e.g. Clamp at +100mV), then

An energetic graduate student decides to do a voltage clamp experiment in which she clamps a single voltage gated sodium channel and holds it at voltages ranging from -100 to +100nM. Which of the following is she likely to observe? Assume ENa is +50mV and EK is -70mV.

The relative refractory period

The probability that a single potassium channel is open is directly related to the driving force on the channel.

A neuron is treated with the K+ channel blocker TEA and then voltage clamped at -20mV or -40mV. Compared to -40mV, the neuron displays more inward current when voltage clamped at -20mV. Why is this true?

Using the voltage-clamp technique, Vm is maintained at zero and the currents for the most common voltage gated channels are measured over time. Most likely, the Na+ current is ____, while the K+ current is _____.

At a membrane potential of +25mV, conductance of voltage gated sodium channels is closer to the maximum conductance of voltage gated potassium channels

A neuron with nodes of Ranvier that are too far apart from each other can no longer faithfully convey an action potential. Why?

The direction (inward or outward) of an ionic current reverses when _____

A neuron's voltage-gated sodium channels are altered so that the inactivation gate takes longer to DEACTIVATE (i.e. Stop being inactivated). What affect will this have on the neuron?