Test 1
The concept of “sociological momentum” refers to:
The ease with which society can change through the adoption of new technologies.
When a technology become embedded within society it becomes increasingly difficult to change paths.
A social movement in the 1970s directed around the production of green energy.
How individual attitudes toward the environment often change with the invention of new technologies.
A way of thinking that involves making connections over time and across scales between the particular and the general is:
Technological momentum
Sociological imagination
Ecological complexity
Sociological complexity
Social constructivism refers to:
An approach interested entirely in how people act in a given situation.
An approach widely used in the ecological sciences.
An approach that focuses entirely on the sociologically dependent knowledge of a phenomenon rather than on any inherent qualities that the thing possesses.
An approach that looks at how complex social systems interact with complex technical systems.
According to Society and the Environment, environmental sociologists are:
Interested equally in material (or ecological) and social variables.
Continue to ignore ecological variables.
Exclusively interested in how people socially construct their environment.
Exclusively interested in the material (or ecological) world and tend to neglect the role that society plays in shaping ecological variables.
According to Chapter 1 in Society and the Environment:
Even if individual action is devoid of collective mobilization, it can still produce the same level of change as a well-organized social movement.
A well-organized social movement is no substitute for individual action.
A well-organized social movement has no need of individual action.
Individual action devoid of collective mobilization will never replace a well-organized social movement.
According to Chapter 1 in Society and the Environment:
To give up something requires you to have something to give up.
Not everyone can afford to sacrifice.
Not everyone wants to sacrifice, or they are willing to sacrifice only so much for the environment.
All of the above.
According to Chapter 1 in Society and the Environment:
Natural or environmental scientists and engineers have a stong grasp of how we got ourselves into our present situation and how we might be able to get ourselves out of it.
Natural or environmental scientists and engineers are competent to tell us what the state of things is, but lack a stong grasp of how we got ourselves into our present situation and how we might be able to get ourselves out of it.
Natural or environmental scientists and engineers have no clue as to the state of things concerning our present environmental situation.
Natural or environmental scientists and engineers do not know how we got ourselves into our present situation, but they completely understand how we might be able to get ourselves out of it.
According to Chapter 1 in Society and the Environment:
If something is technologically possible, it's highly likely that is will also be socially, economically, politically, and organizationally probable.
If something is technologically possible, it is probable that it will be implemented successfully.
Just because something is technologcally possible does not automatically mean that is is socially, economically, politically, and organizationally probable.
If something is technologically possible, it will be politically probable, assuming that funding can be provided.
According to Chapter 1 in Society and the Environment:
Humans are shaped as much by the material world as the material world is shaped by us.
Humans are not shaped by the material world; the material world is shaped by humans.
Humans are not capable of shaping the material world; our presence on the Earth is not sufficiently great to influence how the planet works.
The material world and the social world are completely separate phenomena.
According to Chapter 1 in Society and the Environment:
All environmental controversies are the result of social action, and none can be resolved without social action.
Structural changes (such as making recycling as easy as throwing things away) have little liklihood of changing behavior.
Having the "right" attitudes does not do anyone or the environment any good if society fails to provide cost-effective ways to act upon those beliefs.
The first and third answers above are both correct, but the second one is not.
According to Carolan in Society and the Environment:
Roughly 20 percent of world population (all of whom reside in high-income countries) emit the vast majority of greenhouse gases.
Poor countries are the main emitters of greenhouse gases.
A country like Bangladesh emits the same amount of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as an affluent country like the United States.
We do not keep track of greenhouse gas emissions at the national level.
Climate change-related risks in urban centers are a function not only of actual events but also of the capacity to respond to and withstand environmental threats.
True
False
Urban centers in developed nations have more capacity to respond to and withstand environmental threats (like those attributable to climate change) than urban centers in developing nations.
True
False
What is the stabilization triangle?
What goes under solar panels to hold them up.
A way to think about how we can go about stabilizing CO2 output by 2060.
A food pyramid designed for people looking to maintain their current weight.
A policy first used in China to stabilize population growth rates.
refers to policies designed to adjust society's activities to future climate change conditions, while refers to policies designed to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases being emitted into the atmosphere.
Adaptation/mitigation
Stagflation/motivation
Stabilization/ adaptation
Cooptation/mitigation
Mitigation/adaptation
Which statement about buildings is true?
Buildings consume a small fraction of energy in the world.
While buildings consume a lot of energy in the US they consume very little energy at the global level.
Buildings consume a significant amount of energy in the US and even more at the global level.
Buildings consume almost all of the energy in the US.
Which commodity was singled out in Society and the Environment for being highly sensitive to changes in climate?
Wine grapes
Tobacco
Marijuana
Corn
Which of the following would NOT represent a wedge to be used to construct a “stabilization triangle”?
Making lower priced SUVs (sport utility vehicles) so people can afford to fill them up at the fuel pump.
Utilizing renewables (e.g., wind and solar) for energy generation.
Carbon capture and storage.
Increasing household energy efficiency.
The “heat island effect” refers to:
The warming effect found in cities due to materials (e.g., pavement, cement, etc.) that absorb heat.
When islands in the ocean get warmer due to volcanic activity.
Small increases in temperature in homes due to unexplained weather phenomena.
The uneven warming that occurs in the microwave.
According to Chapter 2 in Environment and Society:
Carbon dioxide emissions are good for humans because carbon dioxide is plant food.
Plants can’t metabolize carbon dioxide when stressed by a lack of water and excessive heat.
As the global temperature rises, we will use less energy to heat our houses and the resulting reduction in carbon dioxide emissions will cool the Earth back to its normal state.
Our agricultural plants will rapidly evolve to adjust to climate change.
In the context of food waste, buy one get one (aka BOGO) free offers:
Are often attempts to push the cost of waste from retailers onto consumers.
Reduce waste as most consumers use both items.
Are outlawed in the US in an attempt to reduce food waste.
All of the above.
What is extended producer responsibility?
A type of life cycle analysis that takes into consideration the ecological footprint of stockholders.
An attempt to make companies manufacture products according to specific specifications determined by the Environmental Protection Agency.
An attempt to make manufactures responsible for the entire lifecycle of their products.
An attempt to force manufacturers to treat any animals they deal with humanly and responsibly.
What is unusual about South Korea when it comes to their handling of food waste?
They make their prison population eat food waste.
They dump their food waste in the Korean Demilitarized Zone (that strip of land that separates North and South Korea).
They made it illegal to send food waste to the landfill.
They invented new recipes that incorporate food waste.
Food waste in the United States is:
Not much of a problem (in other words, very little food is wasted)
A substantial problem (up to 50% of food produced is wasted)
Becoming less of a problem (we waste less today than we did 30 years ago)
Only a problem in the fast food sector of the food system
A life cycle analysis (LCA) of paper coffee cups versus reusable coffee cups discussed in Society and the Environment tells us:
That the sustainable choice, over the long term, depends on a lot of factors.
That you should never choose paper coffee cups if you can help it.
That reusable coffee cups are a total waste of money in all applications and cases
All of the above.
European countries all recycle the same percentage of their municipal waste stream.
True
False
From an ecological standpoint recycling is an winner relative to consuming identical items made from non-recycled materials as the energy used to extract and process those materials is an order of magnitude higher than what is used to recover the same material through recycling
True
False
E-waste refers to:
Spam and the other forms of junk emails that populate our email inboxes that try to get us to over-consume.
Discarded computers, printers, mobile phones, pagers, digital photo and music devices, refrigerators, toys, and televisions.
Waste that has been incinerated to generate electricity.
Total waste generated among member countries of the European Union.
According to Chapter 3 in Environment and Society, where medical waste is improperly disposed of in Afghanistan::
Agricultural pests such as corn borers are becoming immune to antibiotics.
The Taliban scavenges garbage dumps for antibiotics and immunization vaccines.
Heroine addicts scavenge the landfills for reusable syringes.
Children scavenging for food and reusable items have been infected by hepatitis B, syphilis, and HIV.
What is embodied energy?
The difference between the energy it takes to manufacture an item and the energy it takes to dispose of it.
The difference between the enrgy it takes to extract a fossil fuel and the energy released when it is burned.
The total energy used throughout a product's life cycle, including everything that went into making and transporting it.
The total amout of energy stored up in a human being's body
Biodiversity does not just have aesthetic “value” but provides ecosystem services, creates limits on infectious disease, and is the source of therapeutic (e.g., medical) applications.
True
False
Ecosystem services refer to:
Processes by which the environment produces resources that we often take for granted, such as clean air and water, timber, and habitat for biologically diverse species.
Commodities made by petrochemical companies to mimic so called “natural” processes.
Companies that clean rivers, air and soil of pollution.
A group of policies implemented in China in the 1990s that involved the genetic engineering of food.
Measuring biodiversity levels is a straightforward and non-problematic process.
True
False
Biocultural diversity speaks to how:
Cultural diversity and biological diversity are more intertwined today than ever before (whereas in the past these two types of diversity were unrelated).
Our sociological imagination can improve cultural diversity while harming biological diversity.
Cultural diversity is often unaffected by changes to biological diversity.
Cultural diversity does not merely parallel biological diversity but is profoundly interrelated with it.
conservation involves the sampling, transferring, and storage of a species in a place other than the original location in which it was found, s uch asa zoo or seed bank. The other option is conservation, which involves the management of a species at the location of discovery.
Ex situ...in situ
In situ...ex situ
A priori...a posteriori
A posteriori ...a priori
As discussed in Society and the Environment, the “species problem”:
Helps us understand why scientific studies of biodiversity levels can arrive are entirely different conclusions.
Refers to the multiple understandings of “species” that exist in the biological literature.
Refers to the inherent ambiguity surrounding the use and definition of the species concept.
All of the above.
More than three fourths of the nearly 300 commercial crops are insect pollinated (a service performed largely by bees).
True
False
A cultural hotspot:
Is a biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of cultural diversity that is under threat of extinction.
Refers exclusively to a region untouched by forces of globalization.
Is a popular public space where social networking occurs.
Is a space inhabited by the same community for at least 250 years.
Memory banks:
Help conserve biocultural diversity.
Were last used in Ancient Greece as a way to remember stories and songs.
Specialize exclusively in the conservation of genetic material.
Refer to people that have specialized knowledge about unique agricultural practices.
What is it called when an indigenous community’s local biodiversity is taken by a company and patented (and sold as, for example, a drug or food additive) at great profit with no monies flowing back to the community?
Biocultural exploitation
Biopiracy
Bioterrorism
Cultural erosion
Which of the following commodities takes the most water to produce?
A kg of sugar from sugar beets
A kg of sugar from sugar cane
A kg of beef raised in an intensive corn-fed operation
A kg of rice grown in China
The United State is one of the top virtual water exporting countries in the world.
True
False
What is desalination?
Extracting water from rocks by heating them to very high temperatures
Creating fresh water by removing the salt from sea water
Removing water from the air through condensation on salt crystals
Any process that creates fresh water rather than drawing it from lakes, ponds, or streams
The virtual water requirements of China are increasing.
True
False
The cost of one cubic meter of water charged by private vendors in some low income countries is more than 100 times of what that same amount of water would cost in the United States from a municipal water source.
True
False
Why is water not viewed as a typical “economic good”?
The law of supply and demand does not exist when talking about water because you cannot choose what company’s water is piped into your house.
The price of water that is ultimately set is based on a lot more than just market mechanisms.
Social and political factors also shape the cost of tap water (such as subsidies for electricity that powers pumps).
All of the above
Point source pollution:
Comes from an identifiable source, such as a pipe.
refers to pollution that Greenpeace has pointed out as a problem.
is no long a problem due to effective world-wide regulation and control.
All of the above.
In Society and the Environment, six characteristics were described that justify treating water as something other than a typical economic good. Which of the following was NOT one of those six characteristics?
Water is essential: There is no life, economic production, or environment without it.
Water is non-substitutable: There is no alternative.
Water is finite: The water that currently circulates through the hydrological cycle is all there is.
Water is easily transportable: It can be cheaply moved around the world.
Which of the following is an example of non-point source pollution?
Air pollution from a factory smoke stack.
Pollution from a company’s waste water pipe.
Pollution from a community’s lawns (due to fertilizer and herbicide use).
All of the above.
A number of attributes of effective water governance were identified in Society and the Environment. Those attributes included which of the following:
Participation, transparency, equity, and accountability
Consumerism, corporatism, inequality, and culpability
Diversity, dynamism, stability, and mutability
All of the above
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