Thyroid system

In the HPT axis, where are thyrotrophes that secret TSH located?
Thyroid gland
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
The thyroid hormone system stimulates cellular respiration, oxygen consumption, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and metabolic rates in various parts of the body. What is the byproduct of this?
Raise in body tempurature
Decrease in body tempurature
Increase in energy
Decrease in energy
What are functions of the thyroid hormone system?
Metabolism
Development and growth
Protein synthesis
All of the above
Which is the only endocrine organ that stores its product extracellularly?
Thyroid gland
Pituitary gland
Adrenal gland
None of the above
What contains thyroglobulin with inactive form of thyroid hormones?
Follicle
Colloid
Isthmus
All of the above
Which cells in the thyroid gland secrete thyroid hormones?
Follicle cells
Parafollicular cells
Isthmus cells
All of the above
Which cells are important for the removal of calcium from the blood? (no direct contact with lumen)
Follicle cells
Parafollicular cells
Calcitonin releasing cell
F M L cell
What are the functions of thyroid peroxidase?
Oxidizes iodine ions to form iodine atoms
Iodination of tyrosines on thyroglobulin
Synthesis of thyroxine
Synthesis of triidothyronine
All of the above
How many molecules of iodotyrosines are required to form thyroxine or triiodothyronine?
1
2
3
4
How are thyroid hormones released?
By follicle cells
By parafollicular cells
Colloid endocytosis
Type-1 deiodinase (D1) converting T4 to T3 allowing passage from the basal surface of the cell into the blood
T3/T4 are poorly soluble when unbound, as more than 99% are bound to a carrier protein such as:
Thyroxine binding globulins
Transthyretin
Albumin
All of the above
What do thyroid hormone receptors bind in the absence of the hormone?
T3 response elements
T3
T4 response elements
RNA
What form of TH receptors have the highest affinity binding for TREs? (contains RXR)
Monomer
Homodimer
Heterodimer
None of the above
Common causes of hypothyroidism are:
Iodine deficiency
Hashimotos disease
Accumulation of colloids
All of the above
What does graves disease do?
Antibodies bind and activate TSH receptor leading to continual TH synthesis
Interferes with iodination of thyroglobulin
Cause hyperthyroidism
Cause hypothyroidism
TH in non mammalian vertebrates can help with amphibian metamorphosis and salmon smoltification
True
False
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