Hist2000

Genesis 22. The akedah or binding of isaac; represents an example of firstborn sacrifice by fire in hebrew place

Place of attendant sacrifice in first dynasty egypt

First king of first dynasty; 30 + young men buried with him at abydos as sacrificial attendants; they were likely strangled. also, the labels of aha showed signsof human sacrifice associated with the unification of egypt

Site in crete with possible sacrificial remains of a young man, who may have been killed to ward off an earthquake

The state of a skeleton when it has not been disturbed after the body was buried. This represents primary, rather than secondary burials\

The process of adrressing sin, often through sacrifice. In the isralities and christians tradition, blood sacrifice was particularly important in the process. It is also known as expiation

The practice of burying servants or family members to attend a deceased individual, who is typically wealthy and powerful

The deity worshiped with child sacrifice at punic state, such as carthiage

Killing a person and including him/her in a building project, such as in a foundation

The burial/interment of more than one person at the same time

The most famous place for punic child sacrifice to baal- hammon or tanit. The burial precient for young children is called a tophet, which is a bilbical term that is applied by scholars to punic sites.

A neolithic site in antonila wiht several examples of foundation sacrifice, particularly of young children

A neolithic site in anatolia with possible signs of human sacrifice in the skull building

The hebrew concept of innocent blood. According to number 35, the contamination of spilling innocent blood/ murder culd be atoned for through sacrifising the murderer

The main day for for addressing community sin in ancient israel. A goat was killed and its blood sprinkled on the ark of the covenant in order to atone for the nation's sins. Another goat was sent out into the wilderness as a scapegoat

The roman practice of self- sacrificing or enemy sacrifice in warfare

The bones of a skeleton are no longer in thier original postition, showing that the skeleton was moved. This shows secondary burial

The outer chamber of a Tholos tomb, which is typical of early Greek tombs. At times, a dromos may have sacrificed attendants

The place of many examples of human sacrificed, some of which are mentioned elsewhere on this sheet

At the site of Mirgissa on the border area of Egypt/Nubia, a sacrificed Nubian was found decapitated together with curse texts called “execration texts.” The idea of such texts was to brake a bowl with enemy names on it or to represent your enemies as bound figurines with the purpose of conquering/dominating them.

Typically, this refers to males. In some biblical texts, such as Genesis 22, Judges 11, and 2 Kings 3, firstborn children (two males and one female) are the focus of burnt-sacrific

The idea of burying a person in the foundation structure of a building or tomb. This shows premeditation and likely sacrific

The Death of Gilgamesh (a Mesopotamian text) possibly describes the sacrifice of family members and servants. It has been used in relation to the Ur tombs

In the Hebrew Bible (Micah 6:7) and New Testament (John 3:16), the idea of “to give” can have sacrificial implications.

A rather self-explanatory term related to Rome. The practice goes back to the Etruscans, as a funerary practice. The Latin word “munus” indicates that Gladiatorial events were offerings.

The biblical concept (see Joshua 6 and Deuteronomy 13) of devoting unto the God of Israel people, animals, and objects through destruction. It often appears in the context of warfare.

In Homer’s text, the funeral of Patroclus represents the human sacrifice of twelve Trojans at the hands of Achilles. Patroclus’ funeral was used in interpreting tholos/dromos burials.

The daughter of Agamemnon, who is associated with sacrifice to aid the Greeks in their voyage to fight in the Trojan Wars. In one text, she is represented as a willing victim, but is snatched away before being sacrificed.

At times, scholars thought that jar burials equated to the burials of sacrificed individuals whenever they were found; yet, burying a child in a jar does not mean that the child was necessarily a sacrificial victim. At Carthage there are several jar burials of sacrificed children, however.

The place of herem-sacrifice in the Bible, but also the location at which several infant skulls were found in an altar near the famous Jericho tower

According to 2 Kings 23, this king of Judah sacrificed priests on altars. He is noted as a great religious reformer in the Israelite tradition, seeking to purify Israelite practices.

The idea of “release” that is associated with sacrificial theory linked to scapegoating

Assurbanipal, King of Assyria, sacrificed the murderers of his grandfather, Sennacherib, as an offering

A site in Greece with a cremated warrior burial. Next to him is a woman, who may have been bound, and horse

The book of 1 Maccabees explains that the leader (Mattathias) of the Jewish rebellion against the Greeks killed a fellow Jew on an altar. The books of 2 and 4 Maccabees treat the martyrdoms of nine pious Jews (a mother, seven sons, and an older man). In 4 Maccabees, their deaths are explained as bringing about atonement (hilasterion), just like Jesus’ sacrifice is explained in the New Testament

The Moabite king, who is known for firstborn sacrifice (2 Kings 3) and for heremwarfare against Israel (The Moabite Stone).

The Jewish concept that a leader will sit on David’s throne in Jerusalem. Most people have looked for a royal Messiah. Jesus’ role as Messiah/Christ in Christianity is mainly one of a suffering, rather than ruling Messiah

In the Bible, Molek or Molech is a deity connected to child sacrifice, but in the Punic realm, the word molk is a sacrificial term, connected to child and sheep sacrifice

The Palette of Narmer has been interpreted as showing the king, conquering Upper and Lower Egypt. Hitting a person with a club and decapitation could portray human sacrifice

In the Neo-Assyrian legal tradition, if a person damaged an inscription or failed to uphold a contract, one penalty was child sacrifice by fire

The Jewish festival going back to the Exodus and the sacrificing of a lamb. Its blood was applied to the doorway of a home so that firstborn children would not be killed. In the New Testament, Jesus is represented as a Passover sacrifice and the Last Supper transformed the Passover meal into what people now celebrate as Mass/Eucharist/Communion

The Greek idea of the scapegoat, which served as the basis of Girard’s theory of sacrifice. According to the Greeks, the person was sent away, carrying negativity, but later this idea appears to have included human sacrifice in Gaul

The Roman idea that individuals who did not fit in with their view of “normal” were negative omens and were sacrificed, typically by passive means

This relates to pleasing a deity and can be connected to sacrifice

Wall reliefs from the days of this king, show Canaanites sacrificing children when faced by besiegement

Brother of Romulus; sacrificed when Rome was founded

Killing in a set manner, which is often a repeated process. Human sacrifice is a subset of ritual killing, but not all ritual killings are sacrifices. Sed

The third development in the process of substituting human attendants in Egypt. By means of the Book of the Dead, the mummy-shaped figurine would come to life to work on behalf of the person buried

One of the words for “burning” found in the Neo-Assyrian texts about child sacrifice

The idea of iniquity/wrongdoing that is addressed through atonement.