EXSC Part 1
Master Your Motor Skills
Test your knowledge on motor skills, exercise principles, and the nervous system with our detailed 54-question quiz! This quiz covers a variety of important topics relevant to exercise science and motor control.
Improve your understanding and engage with concepts such as:
- Classification of motor skills
- Neurophysiology of movement
- Exercise principles and health risks
Which is not a characteristic that is common to motor skills?
Needs to be learned
Performed voluntarily
Performed involuntary
Requires body/limb movement
Which is not a reason to consider movements as separate from motor skills?
Movements are learned in the same manner as motor skills
Characteristics of movement can be adapted
Movements are not learned
Movements are evaluated differently than actions
Which is not a characteristic used in the one-dimensional classification system?
Beginning and end locations for an action
Stability of the environment
Degree of rotation
Size and muscle-groups required
The action functions associated with Gentiles two-dimensional taxonomy are?
Environmental stability and movement precision
Manipulation and inter trial variability
Closed skill and open skill
Body stability and manipulation
Which is the term that best describes a skill with arbitrary beginning and end locations?
Fine motor skills
Continuous motor skills
Serial motor skills
Discrete motor skills
A basic principle of exercise that states that in order to improve physical fitness, the body or specific muscles must be stressed:
Principle of overload
Recuperation principle
Principle of progression
Principle of specificity
An example of the principle of specificity is:
Performing strength training exercises of the legs will improve running
Performing running exercises will improve strength in the leg muscles
Performing running exercises will increase endurance in the leg muscles and improve cardiorespiratory endurance
Performing running exercises will improve cycling skills
The following are examples of direct risk factors for acute exercise-related adverse event:
Exercising when under additional external stressors such as work or social problems, high cholesterol, Acute infection or feeling unwell, engaging in heavy lifting and/or prolonged isometric activity, alcohol and/or drugs, high cholesterol
Family history of premature cardiac death, smoking, alcohol and/or drugs, acute increase in exercise load such as unaccustomed intensity or duration, continuing exercise despite warning symptoms, adverse environmental conditions
Family history of premature cardiac death, smoking, age and sex, continuing exercise despite warning symptoms, adverse environmental conditions, history of fainting or chest pain during exercise, high cholesterol
Family history, smoking, body composition, high blood glucose, age and sex, high cholesterol, physical activity and sedentary behaviours
What is the main purpose of Stage 2 & 3 of the Adult Pre-exercise Screening System Tool (APSS Tool)?
To identify any major diseases, signs and/or symptoms of disease or other medical issues that may represent substantial risk when beginning or upgrading an exercise program
To provide more details of signs or symptoms of disease or other medical issues, that may increase risk of an adverse event during physical activity
To identify those individuals with risk factors or other conditions to assist appropriate exercise prescription
To identify those individuals with a known disease, or signs or symptoms of disease, who may be at a higher risk of an adverse event during physical activity/exercise
Using the APPS tool, select the correct interpretation of the following case scenario: Case Study: John is a 42-year-old who is 173cm tall, weighs 80.9kg, and waist girth of 80cm. He works as a full-time construction laborer. He has been smoking about a pack of cigarettes per day for over 20 years. His father had a heart attack at age 61. John has no signs or symptoms of cardiopulmonary disease and has answered ‘No’ to all questions outlined in STAGE 1 of the APSS tool. His blood pressure is 136/82mmHg on medication. His fasting lipid profile is as follows: total cholesterol is 5.69mmol/L; HDL 1.34mmol/L; Triglycerides 1.5mmol/L; LDL 3.3 mmol/L. His fasting glucose is 5.33mmol/L. He has come to your facility to learn more about ways to reduce his risk of heart disease.
John has three risk factors: cigarette smoking, hypertension, and high cholesterol and can safely begin a vigorous-intensity exercise program
John has a total of two risk factors: including hypertension and high cholesterol and can safely begin a moderate-intensity exercise program
John has a total of three risk factors: including cigarette smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol and can safely begin a moderate-intensity exercise program
John can be classified as a low-risk client and can safely begin a vigorous-intensity exercise program
Which of the following combinations is correct in describing the pathway for the flow of motor information?
Afferent neurons via the somatic nervous system
Efferent neurons via the somatic nervous system
Efferent neurons via the autonomic nervous system
Afferent neurons via the autonomic nervous system
Incoming signals communicated from other nerves are received by:
The dendrites
The axon
The cell body
IPSP
Research shows that strength training a limb can cause strength improvements in the opposing limb, even if that limb is untrained. This phenomenon is called:
Pyramidal decussation
Neural drive
Cross-transfer
Bilateral deficit
The central nervous system includes the:
Spinal cord and spinal nerves
Cranial and spinal nerves
Brain and spinal cord
Brain and cranial nerves
The ventral root of the spinal cord contains ___________ fibers and the dorsal root of the spinal cord contains __________ fibers.
Sensory: sensory and motor
Sensory: motor
Motor: sensory
Sensory and motor: sensory
The primary motor area of the cerebrum is located in the _____________ lobe.
Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital
An important difference between the open- and closed loop control systems is that the:
The open-loop system involves complete movement instructions from the control center to the effectors to carry out the planned movement; whereas the closed-loop system involves an initial instruction from the control center to the effectors that is sufficient only to initiate the movement
The open-loop system involves feedback on ongoing movements and the closed-loop does not
The closed-loop system involves movement instructions and the open-loop system does not
The closed-loop system involves complete movement instructions from the control center to the effectors to carry out the planned movement; whereas the open-loop system involves an initial instruction from the control center to the effectors that is sufficient only to initiate the movement
What ion is necessary to cause the release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicles?
Sodium
Magnesium
Potassium
Calcium
Identify the four major regions of the brain.
Brain stem, cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord
Brain stem, cerebellum meninges and spinal cord
Brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum and cerebellum
Diencephalon, cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord
During many motor tasks, there are numerous possible solutions to perform a given task. This is referred to as:
Motor redundancy
Afferent discrimination
Freedom of motor expression
Degrees of freedom problem
All of the following nerve endings are found in the skin EXCEPT
Ruffini's corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscles
Proprioceptors
Tactile discs
Exteroceptors provide information about
Body position, movement and the extent of stretch or force of muscular contraction.
The body's internal environment
The body's external environment
The body's chemical composition, blood pH and blood pressure
Which of these combinations of general senses depends on mechanoreceptors?
Touch and temperature
Pressure and proprioception
Pressure and temperature
Proprioception and temperature
Sensory receptors that are stimulated by the position of the body or its parts are called
Exteroceptors
Interoreceptors
Proprioceptors
Nociceptors
The two main kinds of stretch receptors or proprioceptors that transmit information to the spinal cord and brain about muscle tension and length are:
Meissner's corpuscles and Golgi tendon organs
Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs
Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscles and Golgi tendon organs
Which of the following numbering refers to the most sensitive nerve ending that initiates a stretch reflex?
Ib
IIa
Ia
Ic
Which sensory system has the most dominant role in the control of movement?
Proprioceptors
Nociceptors
Vestibular system
Visual system
Human receptors are classified into the following types:
Photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and thermoreceptors
Pacinian, Meissner, and Ruffini receptors
Central, peripheral and sympathetic receptors
Sensory and motor receptors
______________ occurs when a receptor becomes so accustomed to the stimulation that it stops generating impulses.
Sensory amplification
Sensory adaptation
Sensory accommodation
Olfaction
The sense receptor(s) for vision are the _____________.
Optic nerves
Rods and cones
Retinocytes
Optometric fovea
Which of the following statements is most accurate in defining the “Size Principle”?
Larger (slow-twitch) motor units are recruited before smaller (fast-twitch) motor units.
Smaller (slow-twitch) motor units are recruited before larger (fast-twitch) motor units.
Smaller (fast twitch) motor units are recruited before larger (slow-twitch) motor units.
Larger (fast-twitch) motor units are recruited before smaller (slow-twitch) motor units.
The change in muscle firing rates during fatigue is referred to as
Muscle wisdom
Discharge patterning
Synchronization
Compartmentalization
Which of the following statements concerning the neuromuscular junction is correct?
The motor nerve endings secrete acetylcholine
Curare leads to prolongation of neuromuscular transmission
The muscle membrane possesses muscarinic receptors
The motor nerve endings secrete noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
The amount of tension generated by a skeletal muscle
Is increased by recruiting more motor units.
Is increased by summation.
All are correct.
Is greatest when the muscle is between 100 and 120% of its optimal resting length.
During the process of excitation-contraction coupling
Crossbridges form when ATP binds to myosin.
Release of Ca2+ causes the binding sites on the thin filaments to be uncovered.
The transverse tubules release Ca2+ in response to depolarization of the cell through an unknown mechanism.
Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors.
During most stretch reflexes there are opposite effects on the agonist and antagonist muscles. This is called
Sensitivity
Reciprocal inhibition
Acuity
Reciprocal facilitation
A knee-jerk reflex is an example of the
Golgi tendon reflex.
Crossed extensor reflex.
Stretch reflex.
Withdrawal reflex.
The Golgi tendon reflex
Prevents contracting muscles from applying excessive tension to tendons.
Involves the synapse of sensory neurons from the Golgi tendon organs with stimulating interneurons at the spinal cord.
Results in increased tension at tendons.
Involves the stimulation of alpha neurons leading back to the muscles that are stretching tendons.
The withdrawal reflex
Is a response to increased tension at a tendon.
Includes the Golgi tendon organs.
Helps to protect the body from painful stimuli.
Includes the synapse of sensory neurons directly with alpha motor neurons.
Which of these events occur when a person steps on a tack with their right foot?
The extensor muscles of both thighs contract because of the crossed extensor reflex.
The flexor muscles of the thigh contract, and the extensor muscles relax because of reciprocal innervation.
The right foot is pulled away from the tack because of the Golgi tendon reflex.
The left leg is extended to support the body because of the stretch reflex.
Which of the following is the BEST definition of postural stability?
A position that prevents forward sway
A position that prevents accidental falls
A position that prevents forward movement
A position that is resistant to disturbance
Which of the following is NOT a sensory system involved in postural control?
Visual
Nociceptive
Vestibular
Somatosensory
What name is given to normal slight movements from front to back and side to side even during quiet standing?
Reflex control
Vestibular awareness
Postural sway
Kinesthesia
Which term describes proactive postural control on the subconscious level?
Ankle–hip strategy coupling
Anticipatory postural adjustments
Occulo–vestibulo coupling
Kinesthesis
During a rapid arm movement balance task in a standing position:
The lower extremity will not activate until 90-100 msec after the arm movement in attempt to stabilize the body.
The lower extremity muscles will become active before the upper arm muscles in order to stabilize the body.
The lower extremity muscles will not activate until 20-30 msec after the arm movement in attempt to stabilize the body.
The lower extremity muscles will deactivate to allow the body to stabilize.
Which of the following terms is NOT commonly used synonymously with balance training?
Sensorimotor training
Proprioceptive training
Adaptational training
Neuromuscular training
After balance training, the following neural adaptation occurs:
Increase in subcortical involvement
Decrease in subcortical activity
Increase in spinal cord involvement
Increase in motor cortex activity
What is the current ACSM recommendation for balance training prescription in apparently healthy adults?
150 mins/week
Greater or equal to 40-60 mins per day
Greater or equal to 2-3 days per week
60-70% HRmax
All the following are proposed mechanisms by which balance training can prevent injuries and increase athletic performance EXCEPT:
Increase rate of force development
Feedforward (proactive) postural control adaptation
Increase joint stability
Feedback (reactive) postural control adaptation
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