Dosimetry Terminology and Basic Concepts
The unit of dose equivalent most commonly used in the U.S. is the _________ and is determined by multiplying the absorbed dose value by the quality factor for the type and energy of radiation.
Rem
Rad
Roentgen
Gray
______________ is a measure of the ionization produced in air by X-ray or gamma photons (radiation).
Roentgen
Rem
Rad
Gray
A curie (Ci) is that amount of radioactive material that undergoes radioactive decay at a rate of ______________ disintegrations per minute (dpm).
3.7E10
3.7E12
2.22E10
2.22E12
__________ is a unit of absorbed dose that results in depositing 100 ergs of energy deposited per gram of material and is applicable for all materials.
1 Rad
1 Rem
1 Roentgen
1 Sievert
____________ is a correction factor for the various types of radiation, relating the radiation dose to the effect the different types of radiation have on the human body.
Quality Factor
Rem
Specific Ionization
Rad
Whole body dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 1 cm (1,000 mg/cm²) is the definition of:
Deep Dose Equivalent (DDE)
Total Effective Dose Equivalent (TEDE)
Effective Dose Equivalent (EDE)
Shallow Dose Equivalent (SDE)
The sum of the deep dose equivalent and the committed effective dose equivalent is:
Total Effective Dose Equivalent (TEDE)
Effective Dose Equivalent (EDEX)
Total Organ Dose Equivalent (TODE)
Committed Dose Equivalent (CDE)
__________ means the dose equivalent to organs or tissues that will be received from an intake of radioactive material by an individual during the 50-year period following the intake.
Committed dose equivalent
Committed effective dose equivalent
Total Effective Dose Equivalent
Shallow-dose equivalent
__________ is the sum of the products of the weighting factors applicable to each of the body organs or tissues that are irradiated and the committed dose equivalent to these organs or tissues.
Committed effective dose equivalent
Committed dose equivalent
Total Effective Dose Equivalent
Shallow-dose equivalent
__________ applies to the external exposure of the lens of the eye and is taken as the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.3 centimeter (300 mg/cm2).
Lens dose equivalent
Deep-dose equivalent
Total Effective Dose Equivalent
Shallow-dose equivalent
__________ applies to the external exposure of the skin of the whole body or the skin of an extremity, is taken as the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.007 centimeter (7 mg/cm2).
Shallow-dose equivalent
Lens dose equivalent
Deep-dose equivalent
Total Effective Dose Equivalent
The quality factor for fast neutron radiation is _____ and the quality factor for alpha radiation is _______.
10, 20
1, 10
1, 20
20, 10
The quality factor for beta radiation is _____ and the quality factor for gamma radiation is _______.
1, 1
1, 10
10, 20
10, 1
____________ is a correction factor for the various types of radiation, relating the radiation absorbed dose to the effect the different types of radiation have on the human body.
Quality Factor
REM
Specific Ionization
RAD
The quality factor for thermal neutrons ranges from 2 to 11 based on their energy. Given a neutron energy of 0.1 MeV has a quality factor of 7.5 what would the dose equivalent be for an absorbed dose of 10 mrad?
0.75 mrem
7.5 mrem
75 mrem
750 mrem
Total effective dose equivalent limits are established to prevent
non-stochastic effects
stochastic effects
teratogenic effects
primary effects
Total organ dose equivalent, dose limits are established to prevent:
non-stochastic effects
stochastic effects
teratogenic effects
primary effects
All radiation protection limits are considered _______ and have been established to prevent _________.
acceptable risk, stochastic effects
no risk, non-stochastic effects
high risk, stochastic effects
stochastic, non-stochastic effects
Radiation protection limits are established to minimize the risk of __________ associated with whole body exposures and also well below the threshold values associated with __________ associated with exposures to specific organs or tissues.
stochastic effects, non-stochastic effects
non-stochastic effects, stochastic effects
acute radiation syndrome, stochastic effects
non-stochastic effects, acute radiation syndrome
In order to determine Effective Dose Equivalent for external exposures (EDEX) for non-uniform radiation fields, multiple dosimeters will be used to measure the dose to various parts of the body. The dose for each body location will then be multiplied by the appropriate compartment factor, and the product(s) for:
all locations will be summed to represent EDEX.
all locations will be averaged to represent EDEX.
the highest whole-body dose will be used to represent EDEX.
lowest whole-body dose will be used to represent EDEX.
The Committed Dose Equivalent (CDE) to a tissue or organ can be converted to an equivalent whole-body exposure value, known as Committed Effective Dose Equivalent (CEDE), by multiplying the CDE by a ___________.
radiation weighting factor
tissue weighting factor
quality factor
relative biological effectiveness factor
The derived air concentration is defined as:
the concentration of a given radionuclide in air which, if breathed by the reference man for a working year of 2,000 hours under conditions of light work, results in an intake of one ALI.
the quantity of radioactive material if ingested or inhaled will result in either a committed dose equivalent of 50 rem or a committed effective dose equivalent of 5 rem.
the measure of the radio-sensitivity of a specific organ for calculation of the committed effective dose equivalent resulting from an intake of radioactivity.
the minimum concentration of a given radionuclide that requires posting of effected areas as an Airborne Radiation Area.
A Derived Air Concentration is?
The concentration of a radionuclide in air that if breathed for 2000 hours under light work results in the intake of one ALI.
DAC Fraction divided by the volume of air breathed by an average worker.
The total allowable yearly amount of a radionuclide to be inhaled or ingested by an average worker under conditions of light work.
Assigned a weighting factor based on sensitivity.
________ means the derived limit for the amount of radioactive material taken into the body by inhalation or ingestion in a year that would result in reference man receiving either a committed effective dose equivalent of 5 rems or a committed dose equivalent of 50 rems to any individual organ or tissue.
Annual Limit on Intake
Allowable Limit of Intake
Authorized Level of Ingestion
Allowable Level of Inhalation
To determine risk of stochastic effects resulting from irradiation of a specific organ or tissue relative to the total risk of stochastic effects as if the whole body had been irradiated uniformly the dose to the specific organ or tissue is multiplied by the _________.
organ or tissue weighting factor
radiation weighting factor
relative biological effectiveness factor
radiation quality factor
The relationship of CDE to CEDE is:
they are always equal.
the CDE is equal to the CEDE times the weighting factor for the target organ.
the CEDE is equal to the CDE to a target organ times the weighting factor for the target organ.
the CDE is equal to the CEDE times the Derived Air Concentration (DAC).
In 10 CFR 20 Appendix B, if the ALI identifies a target organ the limit is based on:
CDE limits
CEDE limits
TEDE limits
EDE limits
One DAC-hr equals approximately ___________.
2.5 mrem CDE
2.5 mrem CEDE
2.5 mrem SDE
2.5 mrem/h
The intake of an Annual Limit of Intake (ALI) would result in:
5 Rem CEDE or 50 Rem CDE to a specific organ
5 Rem CDE or 50 Rem CEDE to a specific organ
5 mRem CEDE or 50 mRem CDE to a specific organ
5 mRem CDE or 50 mRem CEDE to a specific organ
1 rad of absorbed dose from alpha radiation is more hazardous than 1 rad of absorbed dose of beta radiation due to:
alpha contamination radiation has higher quality factor than beta radiation and causes more damage for the same amount of deposited energy.
alpha contamination has a lower RBE value due to the minimal LET (Linear Energy Transfer) of the particle interactions with matter.
alpha photons can penetrate skin tissues which can cause cellular damage or death.
the RBE (Relative Biological Effectiveness) Value for Alpha has been determined lower based on the effects on fluids.
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