Anatomy Chapter 2

Hydrogen Bonds

Are stronger than either covalent or ionic bonds

Tend to destabilize large molecules such as proteins

Are relatively uncommon between molecules in the body

Form between hydrogen and nitrogen or oxygen atoms

Enhance gas exchange in the lungs

In a chemical reaction,

The starting materials are called products

The ending substances are called reactants

Electrons are exchanged or shared to makes atoms more stable

Matter is created or destroyed

The starting and ending materials have identical properties

All of the following are true Except

Energy is the capacity to do work

The energy stored in body fat is potential energy

The energy transferred to a ball by a swinging foot is kinetic energy

Chemical energy is a form of kinetic energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted to one form to another

Glycolysis is the catabolism of glucose to pyruvate. It requires the hydrolysis of 2 ATP molecules, but ultimately generates 4 ATP molecules. Glycolysis is best described as a _____ process

The kinetic energy needed to break the chemical bonds in reactant molecules is called

Which of the following influence the rate of a chemical reaction?

The function of the catalyst is to:

Convert strong acids and bases into weak acid and bases

Store energy released during exergonic reactions

Act as the chemical link between atoms in a covalent bond

Lower the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur

Keep particles in a colloid from settling out

Which of the following is true of a catalyst?

It is changed by the chemical reaction in which it participates

It helps orient colliding molecules so that a reaction is more likely to occur

It raises the activation energy required for a reaction to occur.

It prevents chemical reactions form occurring

It changes the difference in potential energy between reactants and products

Which of the following us true of anabolic reactions in the body?

They are exergonic

They are used to release energy from structural molecules

They are represented as A+B=AB

They are decompositions

They convert large molecules to smaller ones

The body converts starch to glucose, which is then ultimately to converted to CO2, H20, and energy. These conversions are

Inorganic molecules

An atom of one element is distinguished from an atom of another element by the number of:

Isotopes are

Changed atoms that gained or lost electrons

Atoms of different elements that have the same atomic mass

Able to release radiation if their nuclei are unstable

Atoms with unpaired electrons in their outermost shells

Atoms with the same number of neutrons but different numbers of protons

A physician suspects a patient may have a thyroid tumor. Which of the following radioisotopes will help the physician confirm the initial diagnosis?

Which of the following is an ion and why?

O2 because it contains an unpaired electron in its outer shell

Na+ because it has lost an electron

Co-60 because its radioactive

H2 because it shares electrons

H-3 because it has two extra neutrons

Which of the following is true of the chemical formula, H2O2?

The formula represents four atoms sharing electrons

The formula represents an element

The formula represents two ions of hydrogen and two ions of oxygen

The formula indicates the presence of two molecules each of hydrogen and oxygen

The formula indicates the transfer of electrons from hydrogen to oxygen

Which of the following is true?

Chemical bonds are repulsive forces between the atoms of molecules

The valence electrons involved in bonding are found in an atom's innermost shell

Atoms tend to react to decrease the stability of the arrangement if their electrons

The most reactive atoms already have 8 valence electrons

Atoms tend react so that they acquire eight electrons in their outermost shell

Salts are formed by the exchange of electrons between atoms that tend to form cations and those tend to form anions. Which of the following pairs of ions would likely form a salt?

All of the following are true of ionic compounds except

Many ionic compounds exist as crystalline solids

Ionic compounds have consistent ratios of cations to anions

Solid ionic compounds are found primarily in the soft tissues of the body

Ionic compounds have a neutral electrical charge

Inonic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water

Each molecule of oxygen gas is composed of two atoms of oxygen sharing two pairs of electrons equally. Which of the following best describes the chemical bond between the oxygen atoms?

CO2 and HCO3 are considered inorganic even though they each contain a carbon atom. Based on this observation, how could the definition of an inorganic compound best be modified?

Inorganic compounds contain carbon atoms only if they also contain oxygen atoms

Inorganic compounds contain no chains of carbon atoms

Inorganic compounds contain carbon atoms only if they also contain hydrogen atoms

Both A and B are correct

Both A and C are correct

Hydrophilic solutes are those that

Dissovle easily in lipids because they contain nonpolar covalent bonds

Dissolve easily in water because they contain polar covalent bonds

Dissolve easily in water because they contain nonpolar covalent bonds

Dissolve poorly in water because they contain polar covalent bonds

Dissolve poorly in water because they contain nonpolar covalent bonds

Water

Serves as the medium for most chemical reaction the body

Is added to small molecules to join them into larger molecules

Is removed from large molecules to break them into smaller molecules

Has a limited ability to absorb or release heat without changing temperature

Provides friction that resists movement between membranes in body cavities

A salt

Dissociates into H+ and OH in solution

Prevents drastic changes in pH in body fluids

Is a proton donor

Is a product of the reaction of an acid with a base

Is the product of a decomposition

Buffers

Convert weak acids or bases into strong ones

Help destabilize pH

Can absorb OH if the pH is too low

Can release H+ if the pH is too high

Include the HCI-KOH system

Carbohydrates

Are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of triglycerides

Contains C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio

Are primarily used for structural support

Are composed of sub units called polysaccharides

Inlcude RNA and DNA

Which of the following is not true of lipids

May be stored as triglycerides to provide chemical energy later

Usually dissolves freely in blood

Include steroids and eicosanoids

Usually dissolve freely in blood plasma

Usually have large numbers of C and H atoms, but few O atoms

In proteins, the folding of the unit on itself is referred to is

Occurs between two atoms that share electrons equally

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Anatomy Chapter 2

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