Physiological final
1. Something near you has just activated one of the chemoreceptors in your nose. Consequently, you are correctly realizing that
It is only registered consciously by you when it reaches the orbitofrontal cortex.
It is likely to be the same receptor that was activated when you took a final in December.
The signal will generate action potentials but will not necessarily travel to the cerebral cortex.
The processing of that signal started in your cerebral cortex.
The signal will generate action potentials that will always travel to the cerebral cortex.
It is only registered consciously by you when it reaches the primary olfactory cortex.
The retina __ the __ that enters the eye
Transforms - energy
Perceives - colors
Captures - pressure waves
Focuses - image
When comparing/contrasting the somatosensory (SS) and visual (V) systems,
The messages from the SS will reach the brain sooner than those from the V.
The V is more precise about stimuli than SS.
The receptors for the two systems do not share a modality.
Neither system has receptors that also function as the afferent pathway.
The V is less precise about stimuli than the SS.
The receptors for the two systems share a modality.
The messages from the V will reach the brain sooner than those from the SS.
Which is a correct statement about the vestibular system?
Not all of its components contain small, calcium-based stones.
It requires an additional outside force to provide an additional point of reference
It utilizes mechanoreceptors to detect the movement of the air.
It consists of 6 main components to gather information.
It requires no additional outside source to provide a point of reference.
All of its components contain small, calcium-based stones.
The primary function of the __ is to __.
Vomeronasal organ - detect chemicals from other organisms
Stereocilia - detect the pitch of sound waves
Otolith organs - detect movement of water
Olfactory bulb - match names to smells
While walking down 11th avenue yesterday, phys phab chris noted the delicious smell of Adriatico’s pizza. He correctly noted that the processing of his __ caused him to continue walking towards Adriatico’s and the processing of his __ let him know that the smell was pizza.
Primary olfactory cortex - orbitofrontal cortex
Orbitofrontal cortex - olfactory bulb
Primary olfactory cortex - olfactory bulb
Orbitofrontal cortex - primary olfactory cortex
Scarlet acquired an African Gray Parrot named simply enough - Gray. While she loved the way he recited physiology facts, she almost found him a new home because of the pungent smell of his feces. She got busy with the start of a new semester and did not get to searching until after the semester was over. Instead of completing that task, she decided to keep Gray because
She now has different olfactory receptors.
She changed her primary olfactory cortex.
Gray has changed his feces.
She now has fewer olfactory receptors
Which is a correct statement about the auditory system?
It utilizes similar receptors to the vestibular system.
It cannot be impacted by antagonists.
Unlike the visual system, it does not utilize a receptor before the afferent neuron.
Unlike most areas, the interstitial fluid in the tympanic membrane has a high [potassium].
It can be impacted by antagonists.
It utilizes similar receptors to the vomeronasal organ.
Which is a correct statement about a cone?
It will register a range of colors.
It is smaller and less sensitive than a rod.
It is larger and more sensitive than a rod.
It is located near by the retina.
It requires less energy than a rod to activate.
It will register only one specific color.
UGTA Usman was talking to Phys Phab Gina about his future as a dentist. He admitted that he was concerned about his extreme dislike for halitosis (aka bad breath). Fortunately, Gina reminded him that he would
Have his nose acclimate to not smell it after about two months into his practice.
Be better off to move to arid Phoenix (AZ) instead of humid Miami (FL).
Have his nose acclimate to not smell it after about two months into his practice.
Last week, when Dr. Bronson started talking in a very high pitched voice, one of your classmates became very concerned because he suddenly had a very hard time hearing her. When she returned to her normal voice and he easily listened to the rest of the lecture, he correctly realized
That the length of his cochlea was not the cause of his deficit in hearing.
That he had likely damaged cells near the base of his cochlea.
That he was older than most of his classmates.
That he had likely damaged cells near the apex of his cochlea.
That he was younger than most of his classmates.
Jack Stat recently ate a box of Sour Patch Kids and then a Kit Kat (chocolate bar) on the Oval. He washed both down with a hot cup of coffee. Which is a correct statement about Jack Stat afterwards?
The caffeine in the coffee did not act as an antagonist to prevent the sour taste from eating the Kids.
He activated at least two taste categories associated with ingesting critically needed compounds.
He activated only one of the taste categories associated with ingesting critically needed compounds.
The caffeine in the coffee did act as antagonist to prevent the sour taste from eating the Kids.
Patient X has a very quick to engage sympathetic nervous system. His doctor recommended using soothing music to reduce the likelihood of the engagement. In addition to avoiding the inadvertent sympathetic response, the music
Has more lipophobic neurotransmitters released when the volume is turned up than when turned down.
Causes potassium to enter the stereocilia in his cochlea.
Has more lipophilic neurotransmitters released when the volume is turned up than when turned down.
Causes potassium to enter the stereocilia in his tympanic membrane.
Hawks, like most birds of the prey, have two fovea, an area at the back of the eye with a very high density of rods and cones. Our eyes have only one fovea. Consequently, when considering our vision and a large hawk’s vision (i.e., similar size of eyes) in the same place and time,
More photons would likely be captured by the hawk than the human.
The optic nerve of the hawk would contain more axons that the human’s optic nerve.
Less photons would likely be captured by the hawk than the human.
The optic nerve of the hawk would contain fewer axons that the human’s optic nerve.
While in the daytime Party Room, you are annoyed by a very low-pitched thumping. At first, you think that it is odd that the student next to you says that she does not hear any thumping. But you correctly realized that
There is damage near the apex of her cochlea.
Her inner ear could be functioning precisely as well as yours is functioning.
You could have a larger cochlea than she does.
You could have a smaller cochlea than she does.
Her inner ear cannot be functioning precisely as well as yours is functioning.
There is more damage near the base of her cochlea.
1. There are thin layers of muscle that connect individual ribs and allow your rib cage to expand. These muscles;
Have visible stripes
Are under somatic control
Will not be inhibited by the sympathetic nervous system
Are under autonomic control
Do not have visible strips
Will be inhibited by the sympathetic nervous system
Where there is no calcium present in a skeletal myofiber,
Tropomyosin will be in blocking position
Myosin and actin will be able to bind
Crossbridge cycling will occur
A bands will not be at their maximum size
Which is a correct pairing of an action and the consequence in crossbridge cycling?
The flex on the crossbridge directly causes the movement of the actin
The hydrolysis process is only associated with causing the DEflexing of the crossbridge
Myosin binds to the actin and the affinity of actin for ADP is reduced
The occurrence of our Equation #1 causes myosin to unbind from actin
The hydrolysis process is only associated with causing the flexing of the crossbridge
The DEflex on the crossbridge directly causes the movement of the actin
When _____ is absent from the cytosol of a skeletal myofiber, the crossbridges are in the _____ position.
ATP-Flexed
Calcium - Contracted
ATP - Contracted
Calcium - Flexed
When a skeletal muscle fiber contracts,
The M line moves relative to the Z line/disc
The length of the A band decreases
The cause was from a few motor neurons
The tropomyosin on the myosin has been moved
The sarcoplasmic reticulum,
Causes the myofibers to have myofibrils
Causes the calcium to be moved between two of our three compartments
Has secondary active transport occurring in its membrane
Is critical to only the contraction process
The concentration of calcium ____ in the skeletal myofiber when acetylcholine is ____ from the neuromuscular junctions
Does not change -- Present
Increases -- Absent
Increases -- Present
Decreases -- Absent
Which is a correct statement about skeletal muscle?
The tropomyosin does NOT have a binding site for calcium
The muscle is innervated by multiple somatic efferents
The functional unit of the myofiber is the sarcomere
The transverse tubules are the storage location for the calcium
The myofiber is innervated by multiple somatic efferents
The tropomyosin does have a binding site for calcium
When a skeletal myofiber is at rest,
The crossbridge does NOT need to have an ATP added to it to start contraction
Tropomyosin directly prevents myosin from attaching to actin
The calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum are closed
Troponin directly prevents myosin from attaching to actin
The calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum are open
Rigor mortis is occuring
The crossbridge does need to have an ATP added to it to start contraction
Which is a correct statement about skeletal myofilament arrangement?
The A bands will always have H zones within them
The z line/disc is always within the light band
The A bands always have I bands within them.
Jack Stat decided to create a weapon that did not kill but instead prevented skeletal muscle contractions. Using his considerable physiology knowledge, he correctly based his disabling weapon
Causing hyperpolarization of all skeletal myofibers
Introducing an antagonist for calcium
Introducing an agonist for calcium
Causing depolarization of all skeletal myofibers
Which is a correct statement about transverse tubules?
Transverse tubules run perpendicular to the myofilaments
Transverse tubules carry action potentials to the myofiber deep within the cell
. Which is a correct statement about the neuromuscular junction?
Sodium enters the myofiber via both ligand- and voltage-gated channels
Acetylcholinesterase is present in the myofiber’s membrane
Acetylcholinesterase is present in the myofiber’s cytosol
Sodium only enters the myofiber via only ligand gated channels
Which is a correct statement about skeletal myofilaments?
The I bands get smaller due to the impact of one efferent neuron
Calcium never binds to the thick myofilament
The I bands get smaller due to the impact of multiple efferent neurons
Calcium binds to the thick myofilament only during contraction
Phsy Phabs Sidney and Ankit were organizing some old images for their Microscopic Anatomy (Aka Histology) course when they found two that were identically labelled “skeletal muscle”. The images however were not identical. One had relatively equally-spaced striations while the other had minimal light portions of it striations. They correctly realized that
Neither statement is correct
The one slide was mislabeled because it was smooth muscle
The two were different because they were from different species
1. When lifting a weight, the mass of the weight is ___ related to the ___.
Inversely - Distance you can move it
Inversely - Speed you can move it
Inversely - Response you can create
Directly - Distance you can move it
Directly- speed you can move it
Inversely - tension generated in your muscle
Directly - Response you can create
During a spinal reflex,
None of the muscles are ever inhibited
A threshold must have been met for the process to occur
The afferent message never goes to the cerebral cortex
Movement occurs because of input from the motor cortex
A threshold is only sometimes met for the process to occur
Some of the muscles are inhibited
Our arms are adapted to complete rapid, powerful movements but fatigue quickly. Consequently, you correctly realize that these muscles are most typically
Low in their rate of ATP production
Similar in color to nearby connective cells
Low in their glycogen content
High in their numbers of mitochondria
Very similar in color to our leg muscles
High in their rate of ATP production
. Dr. Gray is attempting to lift an independent load. Consequently, she correctly realizes that
Crossbridge cycling is occuring in her muscles
She might not have her muscles shorten
She will have an isometric contraction occur
She will have an eccentric contraction occur
Her body is currently carrying this load
She definitely will not have her muscles shorten
Crossbridge cycling is not occurring in her muscles
Which is a correct statement about a single, skeletal muscle twitch?
The process requires the binding of ATP to the thick myofilaments
A latent period will always occur at the start of the process
The duration of decreasing tension is always longer than the duration of increasing tension
A latent period will always occur at the end of the process
The duration of increasing tension is always longer than the duration of decreasing tension
Throughout the entire process, the amount of calcium within the myofiber is changing
The process requires the binding of ATP to the thin myofilaments
In a skeletal myofiber experiencing a very high stimulation rate, calcium will ___ be returning to the SR and ___ tetanus will occur.
Not - Fused
Occasionally - fused
Not- unfused
Occasionally - unfused
In a comparison of fast oxidative and fast glycolytic myofibers,
Both will have high myosin ATPase activity
The time to become fatigued will be longer for the one with the higher myoglobin level
Only one of them will have high myosin ATPase activity
Both rely on aerobic conditions
Their colors will be different with the glycolytic myofiber being slightly darker
The time to become fatigued will be longer for the one with the lower myoglobin level
Which type of muscle contraction is characterized by the tension being less than the load and the muscle changing length?
Eccentric
Isotonic
Isometric
Hypertonic
During an ___ contraction ___ remains constant and ___ changes.
Isotonic - the load - the muscle length
Isometric - the tension - the muscle length
Isotonic - the muscle length - the tension
Eccentric - the tension - the muscle length
Which is a correct statement about the spinal reflexes?
Muscle movements begin before efferent messages move through the thalamus
Motor neurons are always inhibited during the process
They always involve input from the somatosensory system
Motor neurons are only sometimes inhibited during the process
They only sometimes involve input from the somatosensory system
During a daydream, Phys Phab Kyle was at Muscle Beach (Venice, CA) and attempted to bicep curl a 75lb weight. At first, he struggled to move the weight but eventually he was able to complete the lift. Therefore, he ended his dream by correctly realizing that he had ___ with his bicep and increasing the weight to 95 lbs would have ___.
Two different types of contractions occur - decreased his likelihood of a complete response
A contraction with an independent load - decreased his latent period
Two different types of contractions occur - increased his likelihood of a complete response
Which is a correct statement about a muscle experiencing prolonged exercise?
The glycogen levels will be decreasing very rapidly
The power generation will have little input from the catabolism of fatty acids
The power generation will be primarily from the catabolism of fatty acids
The glycogen levels will be decreasing very slowly
The only part of cell metabolism that is not involved in generating ATP for myofibers is
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron Transport Chain
. Dennis Kimetto holds the World Record for the fastest marathon (26.2 mi), only 2:02:57! If we examined the composition of his leg muscles ,we would correctly expect to find
A lower ATPase activity than Usain Bolt’s legs (world record for the fastest 100m, only 9.58 s!)
Have less vasculature present in his legs than Usain Bolt’s legs
A higher ATPase activity than Usain Bolt’s legs
Last week, while Phys Phab Jeremy was passing out exams, he inadvertently had a student desk strike his right leg hard just below his knee cap. Knowing his physiology, Jeremy quickly realized that
His voluntary extension of his leg was not inhibited
His muscles were contracting before he consciously registered the pain below his knee
His voluntary extension of his leg was inhibited
Smooth muscle is ___ skeletal muscle when considering how ____
Unlike-tropomyosin is not present in the blocking position at any time
Unlike- our equation #1 is caused to occur
Like-relaxation relies on reducing calcium levels in the cytosol
Like-calcium enters the cytosol via diffusion
Like-calcium exits the cytosol via diffusion
Unlike-Our equation #1 is only sometimes caused to occur
Unlike-relaxation relies on reducing calcium levels in the cytosol
Which is a correct physiological process that is impacted by an endocrine from the posterior pituitary gland?
Blood Pressure
Metabolism
Growth
Gamete production
Which is a correct statement about the anterior pituitary gland?
It does not release endocrines that directly cause physiological changes in our cells
To current knowledge, it releases a total of seven endocrines
Endocrines come to it via the infundibulum
Its release of endocrines is only controlled by negative feedback processes from endocrine 3s
Endocrines do not come to it via the infundibulum
It does release any endocrines that directly cause physiological changes in our cells
To current knowledge, it releases a total of eight endocrines
For one of her exams last week, Phys Phab Alicia woke up late and activated her sympathetic nervous system response while running to the exam. As she arrived at the exam, she correctly realized that the smooth muscle of her intestinal wall would currently be___ due to increased __
Relaxed-phosphatase activity
Contracted-calcium levels in those muscles
Relaxed-calcium levels in those muscles
Contracted-phosphatase activity
A correct pairing and description of an endocrine 2 and its endocrine 3 is
Growth hormone (GH) causes the release of the peptide endocrine IGF-1 from the liver
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) causes the release of hydrophobic corticosteroids
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) causes the release of amine sex hormones
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) causes the release of the steroid endocrine T4
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) causes the release of hydrophilic corticosteroids
Growth hormone (GH) causes the release of the peptide endocrine IGF-1 from the kidneys
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