USMLE_ParaClinic III

A 6-year-old girl is brought to the office due to significant steatorrhea and failure to thrive. She has a poor appetite and general malaise. Her past medical history is significant for prolonged neonatal jaundice and numerous respiratory tract infections. On examination, she looks a little underweight and has a runny nose. Auscultation reveals mild wheezing and diminished air entry in both lungs. Clubbing is visible on both hands. What is the best diagnostic test for this patient?

A 6-year-old girl is brought to the office for the evaluation of "passing smoky urine." She recently had a sore throat. Her blood pressure is 150/100 mmHg. There is swelling of the face and extremities. Urinalysis reveals many red blood cells, red blood cell casts and 1 + proteinuria. Her serum C3 level and CH 50 are low. Her C4 1evel is normal. Her antistreptolysin-a (ASO) titer is 1,024 Todd units (normal ≤ 166 Todd units). In this patient, which of the following abnormal findings is most likely to become normal within 8 to 12 weeks?

A 6-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother, who says the child has been falling behind at school. She notes that the girl did not speak until the age of 4. She is friendly at school, but is unable to complete most tasks, even when aided. She is noted to have a very short attention span and occasional temper tantrums at school and at home. Which of the following tests would be most helpful in establishing the diagnosis?

A 60-year-old Caucasian man presents to the office with a 2-week history of worsening shortness of breath and decreased exercise tolerance. His breathlessness is worse at night. He thinks his legs are swelling up. He has hypertension, coronary artery disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. He used to drink heavily and smoke 1 pack of cigarettes daily but has quit recently, although he still reports occasionally drinking a "few beers." He currently denies any chest pain, palpitations or cough. His temperature is 37.5°C (99.5°F), blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, pulse is 96/min and respirations are 22/min. The pertinent physical findings are an S3, bibasilar crackles, JVP 10 cm above the sternal angle, mild hepatomegaly, and 4+ pitting lower extremity edema. The patient is immediately treated with oxygen, intravenous furosemide, and nitrates. Which of the following markers is most likely elevated in this patient?

A 60-year-old Hispanic laboratory technician presents with increasing fatigue and generalized weakness for the last 2 months. He also has chronic pain in the lower back and legs when he walks. He has been smoking 2-3 packs of cigarettes daily for 30 years, and drinks alcohol almost daily. His mother has diabetes, while his father died of a stroke. Physical examination reveals pallor. There is mild hepatomegaly. The neurological examination is completely normal. Complete work-up reveals: CBC: Hemoglobin 9.8 g/L, MCV 85 fl, Platelets 226,000/mm3, Leukocyte count 6,500/mm3, Neutrophils 60%, Eosinophils 1%, Lymphocytes 29%, Lvlonocytes 10%. Chemistry panel: Serum sodium 138 mEq/L, Serum potassium 4.0 mEq/L, Bicarbonate 24 mEq/L, Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 28 mg/dL, Serum creatinine 2.1 mg/dL, Calcium 11.2 mg/dL, Blood glucose 98 mg/dL. Liver studies: Albumin 4.0 mg/dL, Total protein, serum 9.5 g/dL, Total bilirubin 1.0 mg/dL, Direct bilirubin 0.8 mg/dL, Alkaline phosphatase 110 U/L, Aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) 58 U/L, Alanine aminotransferase (SGPT) 25 U/L. ESR is 100 mm/h. What is the best next step in the management of this patient?

A 60-year-old male complains of low back pain, which has intensified over the past 3 months. He had experienced some fever at the onset of the pain. He was treated for acute pyelonephritis about 4 months ago. Physical examination shows tenderness over the L2-3 vertebra and paraspinal muscle spasm. Laboratory data show an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 80 mm/h and elevated C-reactive protein. Which of the following statements is correct?

A 60-year-old male farmer presents to the office for the evaluation of a slightly painful ulcer on the top of his lower lip. The ulcer has not healed since he first noticed it three months ago. He has always been healthy and denies any sexual activity during the past year. He is afebrile. Physical examination shows a 3x7 mm, partially encrusted ulcer in the vermilion zone near the moist line (mucocutaneous junction) of the lower lip, surrounded by a 6 x 12 mm area of induration. There are no palpable submental or submandibular lymph nodes. The remainder of the physical examination is unremarkable. Complete blood count and differential are normal. Biopsy of the ulcer will most likely to show:

A 60-year-old male presents to the emergency room with a two-week history of low back pain and low-grade fever. His past medical history is insignificant. He tried several over-the-counter pain medications with little success. His temperature is 38.3°C (101°F), blood pressure is 120/76 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 16/min. Physical examination reveals percussion tenderness over the lumbar vertebrae and local paravertebral muscular spasm. Neurological examination shows 2+ deep tendon reflexes and 5/5 muscle power. The straight-leg raising test is negative at 90 degrees. Laboratory values are: Hemoglobin 12.2 g/dL, Leukocyte count 10,700/cmm, Segmented Neutrophils 63%, Bands 4%, Eosinophils 3%, Basophils 0%, Lymphocytes 23%, Monocytes 6%, Platelets 400,000/cmm, ESR 75 mm/hr. What is the next step in the management of this patient?

A 60-year-old male presents to your office complaining of right-sided neck pain and numbness over the posterior surface of the forearm. He had several such episodes over the last two years that responded to NSAIDs and physical therapy. Physical examination reveals limited neck rotation and lateral bending. There is decreased pinprick sensation on the posterior aspect of the right forearm, but no muscle weakness is present. Triceps reflex is normal. Which of the following is the most likely finding on the neck radiography of this patient?

A 60-year-old male who emigrated from Russia comes to you with complaints of dizziness, fatigue and weight loss. A review of systems reveals that the patient experiences daily fevers and cough. He does not use tobacco, alcohol or drugs. He does not take any medication. His blood pressure is 108/64 mmHg while standing. His respiratory rate is 14/min and is unlabored. Laboratory studies reveal the following: Chemistry panel: Serum sodium 130 mEq/L, Serum potassium 5.9 mEq/L, Chloride 102 mEq/L, Serum creatinine 0.8 mg/dL, Blood glucose 58 mg/dL. Complete blood count: Hemoglobin 10.0g/L, Platelets 430,000/mm3, Leukocyte count 4,500/mm3, NeutrophiIs 46%, Lymphocytes 45%, Eosinophils 9%. Chest x-ray shows a right upper lobe cavity. Which of the following acid-base disturbances is expected in this patient?

A 60-year-old man comes to office with persistent complaints of malaise and easy fatigability, for the past 8 months. On examination, he appears pale. PR 93/min; BP 127/84mm Hg; Temperature 37°C (98.6°F); RR 16/min. Fecal occult blood test is negative. Further testing is ordered that include CBC, serum electrolytes and colonoscopy. The results are: WBC 7,600/mm3, Hemoglobin 8.8 gm/dl, Hematocrit 30%, RBC count 3.6 million, Platelets 211,000/mm3. RBC Indices were:MCV 65 fl, MCH 16.5 pg, MCHC 26%, Reticulocyte count 0.5%. Which one of the following is expected on iron studies in this patient? (Serum Iron, Ferritin, TIBC, Transferrin Saturation)

A 60-year-old man with a history of alcohol abuse presents to the ED with hematemesis for 1 day. He denies abdominal or chest pain. On physical examination, his eyes appear reddened which he attributes to having drunken heavily the night before (he also reveals vomiting several times after this recent binge). Vital signs are HR 115 beats per minute, BP 130/85 mm Hg, RR 18 breaths per minute, and temperature 99.5°F. Chest radiograph is unremarkable. Laboratory results reveal a WBC 10,000/μL, haemoglobin 14 mg/dL, hematocrit 40%, and platelets 210/μL. Which diagnosis is endoscopic evaluation most likely to confirm?

A 60-year-old man with a history of hypertension and migraine headaches presents to the ED with a headache. He describes left-sided headache and eye pain that is associated with nausea and vomiting. The patient has a long history of migraines, but says his migraines do not usually include eye pain. On examination, his temperature is 97.6°F, HR 84 beats per minute, RR 12 breaths per minute, and BP 134/80 mm Hg. His neurologic examination is normal. His left eye is mid-dilated and nonreactive. His cornea is cloudy. His corrected visual acuity is 20/50 in the left eye and 20/20 in the right eye. What is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 60-year-old white male is hospitalized due to an acute myocardial infarction. His other medical problems include type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and degenerative joint disease. He admits to smoking 2 packs of cigarettes daily for the past 20 years, as well as drinking 2 bottles of beer daily for the past 15 years. His medications include aspirin, glyburide, metoprolol, enalapril, heparin, and albuterol and ipratropium inhalers. His blood pressure is 140/80 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 16/min, and temperature is 36.7°C (98.0°F). During his stay in the hospital, a number of blood tests were ordered. Which of the following lab abnormalities is an indication for thyroid function testing?

A 60-year-old woman complains of dry mouth and a gritty sensation in her eyes. She states it is sometimes difficult to speak for more than a few minutes. There is no history of diabetes mellitus or neurologic disease. The patient is on no medications. On examination, the buccal mucosa appears dry and the salivary glands are enlarged bilaterally. Which of the following is the best next step in evaluation?

A 60-year-old woman complains of fever and constant left lower quadrant pain of 2 days duration. She has not had vomiting or rectal bleeding. She has a history of hypertension but is otherwise healthy. She has never had similar abdominal pain, and has had no previous surgeries. Her only regular medication is lisinopril. On examination blood pressure is 150/80, pulse 110, and temperature 38.9°C (102°F). She has normal bowel sounds and left lower quadrant abdominal tenderness with rebound. A complete blood count reveals WBC = 28,000. Serum electrolytes, BUN, creatinine and liver function tests are normal. What is the next best step in evaluating this patient’s problem?

A 60-year-old woman with depression and poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus complains of episodic vomiting over the last three months. She has constant nausea and early satiety. She vomits once or twice almost every day. In addition, she reports several months of mild abdominal discomfort that is localized to the upper abdomen and that sometimes awakens her at night. She has lost 5 lb of weight. Her diabetes has been poorly controlled (glycosylated hemoglobin recently was 9.5). Current medications are glyburide, metformin, and amitriptyline. Her physical examination is normal except for mild abdominal distention and evidence of a peripheral sensory neuropathy. Complete blood count, serum electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, and liver function tests are all normal. Gallbladder sonogram is negative for gallstones. Upper GI series and CT scan of the abdomen are normal. What is the best next step in the evaluation of this patient’s symptoms?

A 60-year-old, obese, diabetic woman comes to the office and complains of "balance problems while walking." She also has tingling and paresthesias in her feet, decreased sensation below the knees, and burning and aching sensations in both legs. She has been very fatigued lately. The neurological examination reveals diminished proprioception peripherally on her feet, "stocking" distribution of hypesthesia from her knees distally, and positive signs of spinal ataxia. What is the best diagnostic test for this patient's condition?

A 61-year-old man presents to your office with a two-week history of low back pain. He describes the pain as constant, dull, and aching. It is non-radiating. The pain is not affected by movement and cannot be fully relieved by lying down. He denies fever and urinary frequency or hesitancy. He has started taking sleeping pills because the pain disturbs him during the night. On physical examination, the paraspinal muscles are non-tender. Percussion over the lumbar vertebrae does not elicit tenderness. Knee reflexes are symmetric and he has 5/5 strength in the extremities bilaterally. A straight leg raise test is negative. Which of the following is the best test for this patient?

A 61-year-old woman with a history of diabetes and hypertension is brought to the ED by her daughter. The patient states that she started feeling short of breath approximately 12 hours ago and then noticed a tingling sensation in the middle of her chest and became diaphoretic. An ECG reveals ST depression in leads II, III, and aVF. You believe that the patient had a non–ST-elevation MI (NSTEMI). Which of the following cardiac markers begins to rise within 3 to 6 hours of chest pain onset, peaks at 12 to 24 hours, and returns to baseline in 7 to 10 days?

A 62-year-old Caucasian female complains of difficulty swallowing solid food. She needs to take sips of water during every meal to help with swallowing. Her past medical history is significant for hypertension controlled with metoprolol. She uses some over-the-counter eye drops for eye dryness. Her blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg and heart rate is 60/min. Physical examination reveals prominent dental caries. There are bilateral firm submandibular swellings present on neck palpation. Which of the following is the best test to confirm this patient's diagnosis?

A 62-year-old man comes to the office and complains of increasing fatigue and weakness for the last 4 months. He also describes a dull pain in his back and arms, which gets worse with walking. He denies any numbness or paresthesia. On examination, he appears pale. There is tenderness around the lumbar spine. CBC reveals: WBC 8,600 mm3 with normal differential, Hemoglobin 8.6 g/dl, Hematocrit 27%, Platelets 164,000 mm3. The RBC morphology is significant for a rouleaux appearance. The ESR is 55mm/hr. Bence Jones proteins are identified in the urine. Which of the following is expected in this patient's bone marrow examination?

A 62-year-old man complains of right knee pain. He says that the pain started two days ago and has been limiting his daily activities. He required 2 grams of acetaminophen in order to sleep through the previous night. He has a long history of rheumatoid arthritis treated with daily low-dose prednisone. Physical examination reveals swelling, limited flexion, and tenderness to palpation of the right knee. Synovial fluid aspiration is performed. Which of the following synovial fluid characteristics would warrant immediate surgical intervention?

A 62-year-old man has been noticing progressive difficulty swallowing, first solid food and now liquids as well. A barium study shows a ragged narrowing just below the carinal level. Endoscopic biopsy confirms squamous cell carcinoma. Which of the following provides the most accurate information regarding the T stage of an esophageal carcinoma?

A 62-year-old man reports an episode of gross, painless hematuria. There is no history of trauma, and further questioning determines that he had total hematuria, rather than initial or terminal hematuria. The man does not smoke and has had no other symptoms referable to the urinary tract. He has no known allergies. Physical examination, including rectal examination, is unremarkable. His serum creatinine is 0.8 mg/dL, and, except for the presence of many red cells, his urinalysis is normal and shows no red cell casts. His hematocrit is 46%. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in the workup?

A 62-year-old man with alcoholic cirrhosis of the Uver and ascites presents with generalized abdominal pain that started 12 hours ago. He now has moderate tenderness over the entire abdomen, with minimal guarding and equivocal rebound. Bowel sounds are diminished but present. He has a temperature of 38.4 C (101.2 F) and a leukocyte count of 11,000/mm3. Although he used to be a heavy drinker, he has not touched a drop of alcohol for the past 7 years. Except for the presence of ascites, upright and flat x-ray films of the abdomen are unremarkable. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?

A 62-year-old man with coronary artery disease (CAD) presents with presyncope. His physical examination is normal except for bradycardia (pulse 56 beats/min) and an irregular pulse. The electrocardiogram (ECG) shows Wenckebach’s type atrioventricular (AV) block. Which of the following are you most likely to see on the ECG?

A 62-year-old woman has an eczematoid lesion in the areola of her right breast that has been present for 3 months. She has self-medicated with skin lotions and over-the-counter steroid ointments, but the area has not improved. On physical examination, the nipple is inverted, the skin of the areola is reddish and desquamated, and the entire area feels firm, with no discrete mass demarcated from the rest of the breast. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 62-year-old woman is transferred to the medical service with an appendiceal mass serendipitously picked up at the edge of an x-ray taken of a broken femur in the emergency department. Otherwise, the patient has no significant past medical history and no current symptoms. Which of the following studies is most likely to be useful?

A 62-year-old, right-handed man has transient episodes of paralysis of the right arm and inability to express himself. There is no associated headache. The episodes have sudden onset, last about 5-10 minutes, and leave no neurologic sequela. The patient is overweight and sedentary. He smokes one pack of cigarettes per day and has high cholesterol, but he is not hypertensive. The only abnormality in the physical examination is a bruit over the left carotid bifurcation. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in diagnosis?

A 63-year-old man presents with a 2-month history of dysphagia for both solids and liquids. He has had a 6.6 lb (3kg) weight loss over this time. His past medical history is remarkable for a transient ischemic attack 6 months ago, two bouts of pneumonia in the past 3 months, and chronic heartburn treated with over-the-counter antacids. Physical examination shows a supple neck without masses. Abdominal examination shows mild epigastric tenderness to deep palpation. Chest x-ray is normal for his age. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?

A 63-year-old man with a long history of alcohol abuse presents with ascites. He is experiencing mild abdominal discomfort and nausea. Examination reveals tense ascites and generalized tenderness but no rigidity. A diagnostic paracentesis of the fluid is performed. Which of the following ascitic fluid results is most likely to suggest an uncomplicated ascites due to portal hypertension from cirrhosis?

A 63-year-old man with diabetes is called by his primary care physician because of abnormal liver function test results, as follows: Aspartate aminotransferase: 85 U/L Alanine aminotransferase: 102 U/L Alkaline phosphatases: 180 U/L Total bilirubin: 1.9 mg/dL. On physical examination his liver is enlarged. His skin has a slightly yellow hue, especially on his face. The review of symptoms is significant for some weight loss, weakness, arthritis in his hands, and inability to achieve an erection. What test would generate the most likely diagnosis and should be done first?

A 63-year-old woman is seen in the emergency room with acute shortness of breath. There is no history of heart or lung problems in the past. She was recently diagnosed with breast cancer and is undergoing active treatment. On examination, her blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg, pulse 100/min, and heart and lungs are normal. There are no clinical signs of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Which of the following investigations is most likely to rule out a pulmonary embolism (PE)?

A 64-year-old diabetic with a long history of uncontrolled hypertension is admitted for chest pain. ECG reveals elevated ST segments in the anterior wall leads. Cardiac enzymes are elevated and the patient is admitted to the ICU for supportive care. He receives low molecular weight heparin and is placed on a nitroglycerin drip. He continues to have chest pain and requires intravenous morphine. Three days later, the patient is transferred to the floor and he remains on bed rest. During the night the nurse on call informs you that the patient has a cold leg. On examination, the left leg is cold and there are no distal pulses. There is minimal swelling and the leg appears mottled. Emergency vascular surgery consult was placed and the appropriate treatment was given. Which of the following should also be considered in this patient?

A 64-year-old man presents to the emergency department after a motor vehicle crash and receives a CT of the abdomen that shows a finding of a unilateral mass in the left adrenal gland. He is unharmed from the accident, feels well, and has never smoked. His blood pressure is 155/90 mmHg, deep tendon reflexes are 3/4, and muscle strength is 4/5. Laboratory studies show: Na+: 150 mEq/L, K+: 3.0 mEq/L, Cl−: 105 mEq/L, HCO −: 36 mEq/L. Plasma renin activity is also decreased. Which of the following is most likely to be increased?

A 64-year-old man presents with symptoms of malaise, shortness of breath, edema, and no urine output for 24 hours. His past medical history is not significant, and his only medication is daily aspirin. On examination his JVP is 4 cm, heart sounds are normal, lungs are clear, and the abdomen is soft. A Foley catheter is inserted into his bladder for 200 cc of urine, which is sent for urinalysis. His urine output still remains low. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial diagnostic test?

A 64-year-old white man with type 2 diabetes mellitus presents to the emergency department after “passing out.” While climbing the stairs, he felt dyspneic and lost consciousness as he reached the top. Before the event he experienced no palpitations or change in vision. When he awoke he felt alert and called for help immediately. He reports dyspnea on exertion for the past year. He has no history of chest pain, seizures, or recent illnesses. Medications include calcium and vitamin D supplements, glyburide, and synthroid. He is allergic to penicillin. Family history is noncontributory. He drinks wine socially and does not smoke or use illicit substances. His blood pressure is 136/92 mmHg, heart rate is 88/min, respiratory rate is 14/min, and temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F). Physical examination reveals a systolic crescendodecrescendo murmur best heard in the second right intercostal space with a soft S2. ECG shows nonspecific ST-segment changes and left ventricular hypertrophy with a normal heart rate and rhythm. Which of the following interventions will most likely reveal the cause of this syncopal event?

A 64-year-old woman comes to the hospital due to an "irritating sore throat for 3 months." She admits to smoking 1 pack of cigarettes daily for the past 29 years, and continues to smoke. She was jailed twice for driving under the influence of alcohol, and went to Alcohol Rehabilitation last year. She currently denies any alcohol intake. She has no fever or any other complaints. She had a complete hysterectomy several years ago for symptomatic fibroids. Her vital signs are stable. Physical examination reveals a 1.5-cm right cervical lymph node. The rest of the examination is normal. Biopsy of the lymph node reveals metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. The CT scan of the chest is negative. What is the best next step in the management of this patient?

A 65-year-old Asian male presents to the physician with a four-week history of weakness and vague postprandial epigastric pain. His past medical history is insignificant. He does not take any medications. He smokes 11⁄2packs of cigarettes daily and drinks alcohol occasionally. The fecal occult blood test is positive. Gastroduodenoscopy shows an antral ulcer. Four of seven biopsies taken from the margins of the ulcer are consistent with adenocarcinoma. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 65-year-old black female presents for an annual examination. Physical examination is unremarkable for her age. In completing the appropriate screening tests, you order a dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to evaluate whether the patient has osteoporosis. DXA results reveal a T-score of -3.0 at the total hip and −2.7 at the spine, consistent with a diagnosis of osteoporosis. Since her Z-score is -2.0, you proceed with an initial evaluation of secondary osteoporosis. Laboratory evaluation reveals: Calcium: 9.7 mg/dL, Cr: 1.0 mg/dL, Bun: 19 mg/d, Glucose: 98 mg/dL, 25, OH vitamin D: 12 ng/mL (optimal > 25), WBC: 7700/μL, Hg: 12 g/dL, HCT: 38 g/dL, PLT: 255,000/μL. Based on the above information, additional laboratory would most likely reveal which of the following?

A 65-year-old Caucasian male comes to the physician because of shortness of breath, fever, and a productive cough for the last four days. He is a chronic smoker and alcoholic. He quit smoking two years ago. His medical problems include hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and coronary artery disease. He is taking daily-inhaled ipratropium bromide, albuterol, metformin, metoprolol, warfarin, and diltiazem. His temperature is 38.9°C (102°F), blood pressure is 140/88 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 28/min. Pulse oximetry showed 88% on room air. Examination shows decreased breath sounds and crackles over the right lower lobe of the lung. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in his management?

A 65-year-old female undergoes total right hip replacement after fracturing the neck of her femur. There are no surgical complications, and afterwards she is started on enoxaparin (low molecular weight heparin) for deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis. On the third postoperative day, she suddenly becomes anxious and complains of right sided chest pain and shortness of breath. She has a history of hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia. She has a 20 pack-year smoking history, but quit 10 years ago. On exam, her temperature is 37.2°C (98.9°F), blood pressure is 126/76 mm Hg, pulse is 110/min and respirations are 30/min. Her oxygen saturation is 88% on room air. She is diaphoretic but her chest is clear to auscultation. A portable chest x-ray shows no abnormalities. EKG reveals sinus tachycardia and non-specific ST/T-wave changes. Which of the following studies would most likely reveal the diagnosis?

A 65-year-old G3P3 presents to your office for annual checkup. She had her last well-woman examination 20 years before when she had a hysterectomy for fibroids. She denies any medical problems, except some occasional stiffness in her joints early in the morning. She takes a multivitamin daily. Her family history is significant for cardiac disease in both her parents and breast cancer in a maternal aunt at the age of 42 years. Her physical examination is normal. Which of the following is the most appropriate set of laboratory tests to order for this patient?

A 65-year-old male is brought by his wife to the emergency department because of a very high fever. He has also had a cough productive of greenish, nonbloody sputum for the past two days. He is diabetic, and had pneumonia 3 months ago. He has been smoking one pack of cigarettes daily for 27 years. His temperature is 38.4° C (101.2°F), blood pressure is 118/74 mm Hg, pulse is 98/min, and respirations are 24/min. Physical examination reveals cervical lymphadenopathy, and some scattered rales are heard on the right lung base. Chest-x ray shows a right lower lobe infiltrate. Laboratory studies reveal: Hb 12.6 gm/dL, WBC 40,000/cmm, Platelets 190,000/cmm. Peripheral smear: Segmented neutrophils 10%, Bands 4%, Lymphocytes 85%, Monocytes 1%. Some variant lymphocytes, and smudge cells are seen on the peripheral smear. What is the most appropriate way to confirm the diagnosis of this patient?

A 65-year-old man comes to the physician because of increased urinary frequency and urgency, as well as suprapubic discomfort His temperature is 37C(98.6F), blood pressure is 130/75 mm Hg, pulse is 76/min, and respirations are 14/min. Rectal examination shows prostatic induration; physical examination otherwise shows no abnormalities. Urinalysis shows no abnormalities. Expressed prostatic secretions show a leukocyte count of 20 WBCs/HPF (normal is less than 10 WBCs/HPF). They are sent for culture and sensitivity, and fail to grow any bacteria. Serum prostatic specific antigen is 2 ng/ml (normal value is less than 4ng/ml). A diagnosis of nonbacterial prostatitis is suggested. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 65-year-old man comes to the physician for a health maintenance examination. Which of the following screening methods would allow the highest detection rate of prostatic carcinoma in early stages?

A 65-year-old man comes to the physician four years after suffering a burn injury to his entire right leg. One area of the leg never healed and has now started increasing in size. He has constant pain and drainage from the site of the lesion. Several topical creams and antibiotics have not helped. Biopsy of the lesion is attempted. Which of the following is most likely be identified on biopsy?

A 65-year-old man develops the onset of severe knee pain over 24 hours. The knee is red, swollen, and tender. He has a history of diabetes mellitus and cardiomyopathy. An x-ray of the knee shows linear calcification. Definitive diagnosis is best made by which of the following?

A 65-year-old man presents to the physician’s office for his yearly examination. His past history is pertinent for a 40 pack-year smoking history and colon cancer 3 years ago for which he underwent a sigmoid colectomy. The most recent colonoscopic follow-up 3 months ago was negative. His physical examination is normal. Laboratory results show a normal CBC and electrolytes, markedly elevated cholesterol, and a CEA of 12 compared to values of less than 5 obtained every 6 months since colectomy. A repeat CEA 4 week later was 15, and liver function tests revealed a minimally elevated alkaline phosphatase, with normal transaminases and bilirubin. Which of the following is the most appropriate next diagnostic test in this patient?

A 65-year-old man presents to your office complaining of progressive breathing difficulty. His past medical history is significant for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, type 2, and myocardial infarction experienced two years ago. His current medications are hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, glipizide, and aspirin. He does not smoke or consume alcohol. His vital signs are BP 156/96 mmHg, PR 65/min, RR 18/min, T 36.7°C (98°F). Physical examination shows mild symmetric edema of the lower extremities. Hepatojugular reflex is positive. Point of maximal impulse is displaced downward and to the left. Soft blowing systolic murmur is heard on the apex. Breath sounds are diminished on the right side. Serum protein level is 6.5 g/dl and serum LDH is 200 mg/ml. After taking a chest radiograph, you suspect pleural effusion on the right and decide to perform diagnostic thoracocentesis. Which of the following findings, on pleural fluid analysis, is most consistent with this patient's condition?

A 65-year-old man presents with acute onset of pain, swelling, and erythema of the left knee. He denies previous episodes or trauma to the knee. The differential diagnosis includes septic arthritis and gout. Which of the following is the best study to differentiate between gout and septic arthritis?

A 65-year-old man presents with right shoulder pain and weakness after falling on his outstretched hand. The pain is worse when he tries to position his arm above the shoulder level or when he pulls or pushes. He also complains of pain when he lies on the affected shoulder. He has a 40-pack-year history of cigarette smoking. His father died of multiple myeloma. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows limitation of mid arc abduction and external rotation that does not improve after lidocaine injection. There is no swelling, redness or warmth of the joint. Radial pulse is normal. Muscle tone and bulk is within normal limits. Which of the following would be most helpful in confirming the patient's diagnosis?

A 65-year-old man who had a 25-lb weight loss over the previous 6 months is diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus. He undergoes a transhiatal esophagectomy complicated by a cervical leak. He is receiving enteral feeds through a jejunostomy tube. After a week, his physicians wish to assess his nutritional resuscitation. Which of the following is the most accurate measure of adequacy of his nutritional support?

A 65-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a two-month history of fatigue and weight gain. She has rheumatoid arthritis and hypertension. She takes hydrochlorothiazide and naproxen. She does not use tobacco, alcohol, or drugs. Her blood pressure is 120/70 mm Hg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 14/min. Physical examination shows generalized edema; liver is palpated 2 cm below the costal margin. Urinalysis shows 4+ proteinuria. Ultrasound of the kidneys shows slight enlargement. Renal biopsy was performed. Which of the following is the most likely finding on renal specimen analysis?

A 65-year-old woman presents to the physician’s office for a second opinion on the management options for recently diagnosed breast cancer. She presents with a 2.5-cm mass in the upper outer quadrant of the left breast associated with a palpable axillary node suspicious for metastatic disease. The remainder of her examination is normal. Mammography demonstrates the cancer and shows no other suspicious lesions in either breast. Chest x-ray, bone scan, and blood test panel, including liver function tests, are normal. Family history is positive for breast cancer diagnosed in her sister at age 65. Past history is unremarkable. The first physician recommended modified radical mastectomy. The patient has read about SLN biopsy. She avidly wants to avoid the risk of lymphedema that her sister must endure. She asks the question “Am I a candidate for a SLN biopsy instead of a complete axillary dissection?” Which of the following is the most appropriate answer to her question?

A 65-year-old woman presents with a 2-month history of fatigue and dyspnea on exertion. She takes no medication. Her temperature is 36.7°C (98°F), blood pressure is 162/83 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 21/min. Auscultation shows a 2/6 systolic murmur in the 2nd right intercostal space. No peripheral edema is noted. Rectal examination shows no abnormalities. Test of the stool for occult blood is negative. EKG shows sinus tachycardia and non-specific ST-T changes. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 8.1 g/L, MCV 73 fl, Platelets 360,000/mm3, Leukocyte count 4,500/mm3, Neutrophils 56%, Eosinophils 1%, Lymphocytes 33%, Monocytes 10%. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 66-year-old man presents to the office for a well visit. He has no complaints and feels well. His wife has been complaining that his belly has been increasing in girth over the past year. His vital sign is stable. What is the best next step in the management of this patient?

A 66-year-old man presents with progressive jaundice, which he first noticed 6 weeks ago. He has a total bilirubin of 22 mg/dL, with a direct (conjugated) bilirubin of 16 mg/dL. His transaminases are minimally elevated, whereas his alkaline phosphatase is about six times the upper limit of normal. A sonogram shows dilated intrahepatic ducts, dilated extrahepatic ducts, and a much distended, thin-walled gallbladder without stones. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?

A 66-year-old man returns to the emergency department (ED) for a second time because of persistent left lower quadrant pain and developing fever, despite 48 hours of oral antibiotics. He had presented to the ED 2 days ago because of left lower quadrant pain. He was able to tolerate a diet and had no fever; he was then sent home on antibiotics, and instructed to return if there was no improvement. He has a 2-week history of constipation without regular bowel movements. Laxatives have not relieved his symptoms. His diet consists of meat with very few vegetables. His vital signs are within normal limits, except for a low-grade fever. Abdominal examination shows left lower quadrant tenderness and guarding. Rectal examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show a WBC of 16,400/cmm. He is admitted and started on IV antibiotics. Forty-eight hours later, his symptoms persist without any improvement. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 66-year-old woman presents with severe right lower extremity claudication. Surgery is considered, but her hypertension, smoking, and diabetes puts her at risk for associated coronary heart disease. What test is most predictive of postoperative ischemic cardiac events following surgery?

A 67-year-old male presents to your clinic to establish primary care; he is asymptomatic. He has a history of hypertension for which he takes hydrochlorothiazide. His father had a myocardial infarction at age 62. The patient smoked until 5 years ago, but has been abstinent from tobacco since then. His blood pressure in the office today is 132/78 mmHg. Aside from being overweight, the remainder of the physical examination is unremarkable. Which of the following preventive health interventions would be most appropriately offered to him today?

A 67-year-old male presents to your office after community ultrasound screening revealed an aortic aneurysm measuring 3.0 x 3.5 cm. Physical examination confirms a palpable, pulsatile, nontender abdominal mass just above the umbilicus. The patient’s medical conditions include hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and tobacco use. What is the best recommendation for the patient to consider?

A 68-year-old Caucasian male complains of right-sided leg pain over the last year. The pain is poorly controlled with over-the-counter pain medications. He also complains of frequent headaches. His past medical history is significant for hypertension and recent hearing loss. An X-ray of the skull shows areas of bone resorption and sclerosis. Which of the following are the most likely findings on laboratory work-up? (Serum calcium, serum phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, Urinary hydroxyproline)

A 68-year-old Caucasian male presents to the emergency room with a three-week history of progressive dyspnea, orthopnea, and lower extremity edema. His past medical history is significant for hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction experienced eight years ago, and congestive heart failure. His current medications include metoprolol, digoxin, enalapril, furosemide, spironolactone, and aspirin. His blood pressure is 145/90 mmHg, and heart rate is 75/min. Symmetric 2+ pitting edema of the lower extremities is present. Point of maximal impulse is displaced to the left and soft holosystolic murmur is heard on the apex. Bilateral crackles are present over the lower lobes. His laboratory values are: Hemoglobin 11.0 g/dl, Leukocyte count 7 ,500/cmm, Platelets 300,000/cmm, Serum sodium 128 mEq/L, Serum potassium 5.3 mEq/L, Serum calcium 9.0 mg/dl, Serum phosphorus 4.0 mg/dl, Serum creatinine 1.9 mg/dl. ECG does not reveal acute ischemic changes. Which of the following is most likely correct concerning this patient's condition?

A 68-year-old female is admitted with a broken hip after a fall. She undergoes a left hip replacement, which was uneventful. After spending two days in bed, she undergoes partial non-weight bearing physiotherapy. Five days later, she has developed shortness of breath and a swollen leg. A deep vein thrombosis is discovered. An arterial blood gas evaluation is done for suspected pulmonary embolism. What is the most consistent finding of pulmonary embolism?

A 68-year-old man complains of several blisters arising over the back and trunk for the preceding 2 weeks. He takes no medications and has not noted systemic symptoms such as fever, sore throat, weight loss, or fatigue. The general physical examination is normal. The oral mucosa and the lips are normal. Several 2 to 3 cm bullae are present over the trunk and back. A few excoriations where the blisters have ruptured are present. The remainder of the skin is normal, without erythema or scale. What is the best diagnostic approach at this time?

A 68-year-old man is admitted to the coronary care unit with an acute myocardial infarction. His postinfarction course is marked by congestive heart failure and intermittent hypotension. On the fourth day in hospital, he develops severe midabdominal pain. On physical examination, blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg and pulse is 110 beats per minute and regular; the abdomen is soft with mild generalized tenderness and distention. Bowel sounds are hypoactive; stool Hematest is positive. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in this patient’s management?

A 68-year-old man is brought to the emergency room after he passed out for one minute during an early morning jog. He was not confused after the episode and did not have bowel or bladder incontinence. He has been having exertional chest pain and shortness of breath for the past few months. He has never had any resting chest pain. He has been healthy except for hypertension, for which he takes hydrochlorothiazide. He has a 20 pack year smoking history and occasionally drinks a glass of wine. His blood pressure is 142/90 mm Hg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 16/min. Carotid pulse is delayed S2 is weak and an S4 is present. A grade 3/6 systolic ejection murmur is in the right 2nd intercostal space, radiating to the carotids. Neurological examination reveals no focal findings, and there are no signs of head trauma. An EKG shows left ventricular hypertrophy. The first set of cardiac enzymes is negative. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 68-year-old man is diagnosed with lung cancer. In preparation for pulmonary resection he undergoes pulmonary function tests. Which of the following results indicate a favorable prognosis?

A 68-year-old man presents to the ED 4 hours after an upper endoscopy was performed for 5 months of progressive dysphagia. During the procedure, a 1-cm ulcerated lesion was found and biopsied. Now, the patient complains of severe neck and chest pain. His vitals are as follows: BP 135/80 mm Hg, HR 123 beats per minute, RR 26 breaths per minute, and temperature 101°F. On physical examination, he appears diaphoretic and in moderate distress with crepitus in the neck and a crunching sound over the heart. You obtain an electrocardiogram (ECG), which is notable for sinus tachycardia. After obtaining a surgical consult, which of the following is the next best step in management?

A 68-year-old man presents to the physician’s office complaining of progressive dysphagia over the last 3 months associated with mild chest discomfort. He reports a 15-lb weight loss, a 30 pack-year smoking history, and occasional alcohol intake. The physical examination, including vital signs, is unremarkable. A chest x-ray was normal, and a barium esophagogram shows an irregular filling defect in the distal third of the esophagus with distortion and narrowing of the lumen. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 68-year-old white male comes to the emergency department due to a sudden onset of right-sided hemiplegia, headache and impaired consciousness. There is no prior history of transient ischemic attacks. His medical problems include hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, tobacco abuse, benign essential tremor, gout, and benign prostatic hyperplasia. His medications include amlodipine, simvastatin, colchicine, propranolol, and doxazosin. The neurological exam shows right-sided weakness and hemi-sensory loss. There is a carotid bruit on his left side. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 68-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a painful lump in her vagina. She states that the lump has been there for a few months, but has recently begun to cause her pain. She has hypertension, for which she takes a diuretic, but no other medical problems. Examination shows a 4 cm cystic mass near the patient's introitus by the right labia. The mass is mildly tender. The remainder of the pelvic examination is normal. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 68-year-old woman presents with an obviously incarcerated umbilical hernia. She has gross abdominal distention, is clinically dehydrated, and reports persistent fecaloid vomiting for the past 3 days. Although tired, weak, and thirsty, she is awake and alert and her sensorium is not particularly affected. Laboratory analysis reveals a serum sodium concentration of 118mEq/L. Which of the following is the most likely physiologic explanation for the serum sodium?

A 68-year-old woman with a history of heavy alcohol use and chronic pancreatitis presents with a several month history of recurrent epigastric pain. The pain is occasionally associated with nausea and vomiting. She has lost 15 lbs (6.8 kg) over the past 3 months. She is afebrile. Physical examination shows scleral icterus. Laboratory studies show: Albumin 3.0 mg/dl, Total bilirubin 3.5 mg/dl, Direct bilirubin 24 mg/dl, Alkaline phosphatase 220 U/L, Aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) 28 U/L, Alanine aminotransferase (SGPT) 25 U/L, Amylase 145 U/L, Lipase 100 U/L. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 69-year-old comatose man is brought to the emergency department by an ambulance. His wife says that he has been hypertensive for the past twenty years, and he is not compliant with his medication. His pulse is 80/min and blood pressure is 240/140 mm Hg. The physical examination reveals reactive pupils, no oculocephalic reflexes, no nystagmus, positive conjugate gaze deviation to the left, and reflexes of 3/4 on the right and 2/4 on the left side. Which of the following is most likely to be seen on computed tomography?

A 69-year-old man has had pain in left lower quadrant (LLQ) for 3 days. The pain was intermittent, but since yesterday it has been constant. He also had sweating and chills for the last 2 days. He hasn't had a bowel movement for 4 days, but has passed flatus. He vomited once and still has nausea. His past medical history is remarkable for constipation and nephrolithiasis. His vital signs are: PR: 110/min; BP: 122/80mm Hg; RR: 24/min; Temperature: 38.6°C (101.3°F). His abdomen is soft and tender to palpation in the left lower quadrant. Deep palpation is difficult but reveals no masses or organomegaly. Bowel sounds are decreased. Rectal exam is positive for enlarged prostate. Costovertebral angle tenderness is absent. Ultrasound shows bilateral hydronephrosis and stones in the kidneys. His laboratory test results are: WBC 14,500/cmm, Hb 11.7gm/dl, Hct 34%, ESR 40/hour, BUN43 mg/dl, Creatinine 2.0 mg/dl. Urinalysis RBC 4-10/hpf; WBC 3/hpf; few hyaline casts; many oxalate crystals. The next step should be?

A 69-year-old man who smokes and drinks and has rotten teeth, has a hard, fixed, 4-cm mass in his left neck. The mass is just medial to and in front of the sternomastoid muscle, at the level of the upper notch of the thyroid cartilage. It has been there for at least 6 months, and it is growing. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?

A 69-year-old man, who smokes and drinks heavily, complains of an earache on his left side. The earache has been present for 6 weeks and is not getting any better despite systemic antibiotics and ear drops. On physical examination, he is found to have very poor oral hygiene, only a few remaining stumps of rotten teeth, and big tonsils that are hard to see because he gags easily. Otoscopic examination shows a perfectly normal right tympanic membrane, although the left is distorted by what appears to be a serous otitis media. Tuning fork testing shows conductive hearing loss on the left but equal bone conduction on both sides. He is afebrile. Which of the following will most likely confirm the diagnosis?

A 69-year-old patient is brought to the office by his daughter because his behavior changed progressively for the past several months. He roams in the apartment at night, and forgets his grandchildren's names. Three days ago, he was found by the doorman urinating by the building's gates. His wife died three years ago. He insists that there is nothing wrong with him, and tries to give excuses for what his daughter is reporting. He does not feel particularly fatigued and has a good appetite. He does not smoke, has no history of alcohol abuse, and no history of diabetes. His blood pressure is 155/85 mm Hg, pulse is 90 /min, and respirations are 15/min. Although the neurologic exam was difficult to assess, there were no abnormalities found. The Babinski sign is negative bilaterally. There is no evidence of rectal or bladder incontinence. The mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score is 15/30 (normal > 24). The laboratory studies show: Hb 13.5 g/dl, RBC 4.5 million/mm3, Hct 45%, Leukocyte count 4,500/mm3, Platelet count 230,000/mm3, MCV 83 um3, MCHC 32% Hb/cell, S. calcium 9.0 mg/dl, S. sodium 137 mEq/dL, S. potassium 4.0 mEq/dL, S. creatinine 1.1 mg/dl, S. glucose 100 mg/dl, TSH 3 uU/mL, Total cholesterol 180 mg/dl. CT scan is done. Which of the following abnormalities would you expect to see on the CT scan?

A 69-year-old woman has recently returned on an overnight flight from Europe. She now complains of vague chest discomfort and shortness of breath. On examination, she is comfortable, blood pressure 130/80 mm Hg, pulse 90/min, respirations 18/min, and oxygen saturation 97%. Her heart and lungs are normal on auscultation, and there is no edema or leg tenderness on palpation. A quantitative (ELISA) D-dimer assay is positive. Which of the following statements regarding the D-dimer assay is correct?

A 7 -year-old African American boy is brought to your clinic with complaints of bedwetting. He was toilet trained at the age of 4. He has been able to pass urine normally in daytime, but has never been dry at night. There is no history of urgency or frequency during daytime. There is no history suggestive of child abuse. He had two episodes of urinary tract infections (UTI) from birth until he was 2-years-old, but he has not had any episodes ever since. What is the next best step in the management of this patient?

A 7 -year-old male child is brought to the office due to decreased urine output and lethargy for the past week. His birth and past medical histories are insignificant. His immunizations are up-to-date. Examination reveals no abnormalities. His BUN and creatinine levels are elevated. What is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

A 7-day-old boy who is the product of an uncomplicated gestation is brought to the physician because of hypospadias. The baby is otherwise healthy, and is urinating without any difficulty. On physical examination, vital signs are stable, lungs are clear and the heart is beating at a regular rate. The only abnormal physical finding is the hypospadias. Urinalysis is negative for infection. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?

A 7-year-old boy is brought to the clinic for a lifetime history of bedwetting. He has otherwise been completely healthy and has met all development milestones. His parents deny a history of trauma, and the history is not consistent with abuse. The patient has been wetting every night but not during the daytime. He has no incontinence. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in his evaluation?

A 7-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of persistent nasal obstruction for 6 months. There is no: personal or family history of allergic disorders. Examination of the nasal fossae reveals bilateral ethmoidal polyps that protrude into the middle meatus and nasal cavity. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?

A 7-year-old boy passes a large, bloody bowel movement. He is hemodynamically stable, and he has hemoglobin of 14 g/dL. Nasogastric aspiration yields clear, greenish fluid. Physical examination, including anoscopy, is unremarkable. Which of the following is the most appropriate next diagnostic test?

A 7-year-old girl was found in a routine health supervision visit to have bilateral breast tissue development. She also had long, pigmented hair over the labia majora. Her height and weight are both at the 80th percentile for her age. Which of the following is the most appropriate management?

A 7-year-old is brought to the office with sore throat, poor appetite, and malaise over the last 2 days. He has no cough, rhinorrhea, or nasal congestion. The boy takes no medications, has no known allergies, and his immunization are up to date. Temperature is 38.9 C, BP is 110/70 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, and respitations are 16/min. On examination, his tonsils are swollen and covered with thin, with exudates. Small, tender anterior cervical lymph nodes are palpated. What is the most appropriate next step in management of this patient?

A 70-year-old male is brought to the ER, by his wife, because he lost consciousness while getting up in the morning. The syncopal episode lasted for several minutes, and the patient rapidly recovered consciousness. He had diarrhea and a decreased appetite one day earlier, which resolved spontaneously. His past medical history is significant for hypertension that is effectively controlled with the combination of hydrochlorothiazide/amiloride. His blood pressure is 120/70 mmHg, while supine, and 98/50 mmHg, while standing. The physical examination revealed a mucosal dryness. The EKG is normal. Which of the following laboratory values is the most sensitive indicator of the patient's underlying condition?

A 70-year-old man comes to his primary care physician for his annual check-up. He has a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and coronary artery disease, and had coronary artery bypass grafting 6 years ago. On examination the physician notes a right carotid bruit. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?

A 70-year-old man comes to the physician because of nocturia. He states that over the past two years his urinary frequency has increased and he has to strain while passing urine. He also notes dribbling of a few drops of urine at the end of voiding. Sometimes he has to void again within two hours. He has no other symptoms. He has no history of diabetes mellitus, stroke or trauma. He does not take any medication. His father had surgery of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia. He has a 15-pack-years history of cigarette smoking. Rectal examination shows smooth, firm enlargement of the prostate with no induration. Neurological examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory study shows a serum creatinine of 0.7 mg/dl. Which of the following studies is indicated at this time?

A 70-year-old man complains of fever and pain in his left knee. Several days previously, he suffered an abrasion of his knee while working in his garage. The knee is red, warm, and swollen. An arthocentesis is performed, which shows 200,000 leukocytes/μL and a glucose of 20 mg/dL. No crystals are noted. Which of the following is the most important next step?

A 70-year-old man presents with a complaint of fatigue. There is no history of alcohol abuse or liver disease; the patient is taking no medications. Scleral icterus is noted on physical examination; the liver and spleen are nonpalpable. The patient has a normocytic, normochromic anemia. Urinalysis shows bilirubinuria with absent urine urobilinogen. Serum bilirubin is 12 mg/dL, AST and ALT are normal, and alkaline phosphatase is 300 U/L (three times normal). Which of the following is the best next step in evaluation?

A 70-year-old man with a 50 pack-year history of smoking presents with a 6-week history of intermittent, painless, gross hematuria and urinary frequency. There are no masses palpable on abdominal examination, and rectal examination is normal. Urinalysis confirms the presence of hematuria, and urine culture is negative. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial diagnostic evaluation of this patient?

A 70-year-old man with a 50 pack-year history of smoking presents with a 6-week history of intermittent, painless, gross hematuria and urinary frequency. There are no masses palpable on abdominal examination, and rectal examination is normal. Urinalysis confirms the presence of hematuria, and urine culture is negative. The initial diagnostic evaluation does not reveal any abnormalities. Which of the following is the best next step in the diagnostic workup?

A 70-year-old patient presents to the ER with a 3-hour history of intensive retrosternal chest pain that radiates to the interscapular area. He states that he has never experienced this pain before. His past medical history is significant for a 20-year history of hypertension and a 10-year history of diabetes mellitus, type 2. His current medications include enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide. He does not smoke or consume alcohol. His vital signs are BP 180/110 mmHg in the right arm and 178/110 mmHg in the left arm, PR 85/min and RR 18/min. The physical examination revealed an early decrescendo-type diastolic murmur at the left sternal border. The EKG is normal. Which of the following is the best next step in the management of this patient?

A 70-year-old woman with a history of hypertension, congestive heart failure, and atrial fibrillation presents to the ED with several hours of acute onset diffuse abdominal pain. She denies any nausea or vomiting. The pain is constant, but she is unable to localize it. She was diagnosed with a renal artery thrombosis several years ago. Vital signs include HR of 95 beats per minute, BP of 110/70 mm Hg, and temperature of 98°F. Her abdomen is soft and mildly tender, despite her reported severe abdominal pain. Her WBC count is 12,000/μL, hematocrit 38%, platelets 250/μL, and lactate 8 mg/dL. The stool is traced heme-positive. You are concerned for acute mesenteric ischemia. What is the best way to diagnose this condition?

A 71-year-old man is playing cards with some friends when he starts to feel a pain in the left side of his chest. His fingers in the left hand become numb and he feels short of breath. His wife calls the ambulance and he is brought to the hospital. In the ED, an ECG is performed. Which of the following best describes the order of ECG changes seen in an MI?

A 71-year-old West Texas farmer of Irish ancestry has a nonhealing, indolent, punched out, clean-looking 2-cm ulcer over the left temple. The ulcer has been slowly growing over the past 3 years. There are no enlarged lymph nodes in the head and neck. Which of the following would best dictate proper management?

A 72-year-old male comes to the emergency department (ED) due to a sudden onset of right-sided weakness, aphasia and incontinence. He did not lose consciousness. All his symptoms started suddenly, 1 hour ago. He was previously diagnosed with hyperlipidemia, and is on simvastatin. He is a known smoker and alcoholic. He is taking aspirin as prophylaxis for heart attacks and strokes. His family history is not significant. His blood pressure is 160/88 mm Hg, pulse is 78/min, respirations are 18/min, and temperature is 37.8°C (100°F). He is admitted to the ED, and a patent airway is secured. The cardiac examination and EKG findings are normal. CT of the brain shows no acute hemorrhage. Which of the following interventions will result in the best outcome in this patient?

A 72-year-old man undergoes an aortobifemoral graft for symptomatic aortoiliac occlusive disease. The inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) is ligated at its aortic attachment. Twenty-four hours after surgery the patient has abdominal distention, fever, and bloody diarrhea. Which of the following is the most appropriate diagnostic study for this patient?

A 72-year-old man with end stage renal disease secondary to hypertension presents with several months of back pain. He denies fever, weight loss, difficulty walking, altered sensation in his legs, or incontinence. He was diagnosed with renal disease 20 years ago and was managed medically for many years. However, 2 years ago he began hemodialysis because of a progressive decline in renal function. There is no family history of renal disease or malignancy. Physical examination is unremarkable. X-ray of the chest shows ill-defined bands of increased bone density adjacent to the vertebral endplates. What laboratory abnormalities is most likely in this patient?

A 72-year-old woman presents with pruritus for the past 6 weeks. She is careful to moisturize her skin after her daily shower and uses soap sparingly. She has never had this symptom before. The itching is diffuse and keeps her awake at night. Over this time she has lost 15 lb of weight and has noticed diminished appetite. She has previously been healthy and takes no medications. Physical examination shows no evidence of rash; a few excoriations are present. She appears fatigued and shows mild temporal muscle wasting. The general examination is otherwise unremarkable. What is the best next step in her management?

A 73-year-old female presents to your office with lower abdominal discomfort. Physical examination reveals an adnexal mass on the right side. This patient is most likely to have elevated levels of which of the following?

A 73-year-old man comes to his primary care physician for his yearly check-up. His medical history is significant for obesity, new onset diabetes mellitus, and a remote history of tobacco use. The patient has noticed that his stool has been darker for the past 3 months, although he has only seen gross blood in his stool once, a week ago. He also complains of recent fatigue and occasional light-headedness when standing up from sitting. On examination the patient has fecal occult blood and a hematocrit of 32%. Colonoscopy and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy reveal no obvious pathology. Which of the following is the best diagnostic test to locate this patient’s hemorrhage?

A 73-year-old man comes to the physician because of a one-year history of progressively worsening urinary urgency, hesitancy, nocturia, and weak urinary stream. He has no fever, abdominal pain, hematuria, malaise or weight loss. He takes atenolol for essential hypertension. He has no history of diabetes mellitus or ischemic heart disease. He does not use tobacco, alcohol, or drugs. Rectal examination shows a smooth, firm enlargement of the prostate with no induration or asymmetry. Neurological examination shows no abnormalities. Urinalysis shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show serum creatinine of 2.1 mg/dl. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 74-year-old man is brought to hospital because of urinary retention. He has a Foley catheter inserted to relieve the obstruction, and 1500 cc of urine is emptied from his bladder. Over the next few hours, he has 200cc/h of urine output. Which of the following urine electrolyte values is most likely in keeping with his diagnosis?

A 74-year-old man presents with sudden onset of extremely severe, tearing precordial chest pain that radiates to the back and migrates downward shortly after its onset. As far as the man can tell, there was no precipitating event. He is seen within an hour and is in obvious distress. He is afebrile, but his blood pressure is 220/110 mm Hg and his pulses in the upper extremities are unequal at 102/min. Chest x-ray shows a wide mediastinum. Which of the following could best establish the diagnosis?

A 74-year-old woman presents to your office complaining of diarrhea and decreased appetite over the past week as well as increasing fatigue and occasional palpitations over the last few days. Her past medical history is significant for chronic atrial fibrillation for which she takes metoprolol, digoxin and warfarin. She smokes cigarettes and has for the past several years. On physical examination, her blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg and her heart rate is 70/min and irregular. Lung auscultation reveals scattered wheezes. Her abdomen is soft and non-tender. The liver span is 8 cm and the spleen is not palpable. There is no ankle edema. Her last measured INR was 2.3 two weeks ago. Which of the following is the best initial test in this patient?

A 75-year-old G2P2 presents to your gynecology office for a routine examination. She tells you that she does not have an internist and does not remember the last time she had a physical examination. She says she is very healthy and denies taking any medication, including hormone replacement therapy. She has no history of abnormal Pap smears. She is a nonsmoker and has an occasional cocktail with her dinner. She does not have any complaints. In addition, she denies any family history of cancer. The patient tells you that she is a widow and lives alone in an apartment in town. Her grown children have families of their own and live far away. She states that she is self-sufficient and spends her time visiting friends and volunteering at a local museum. Her blood pressure is 140/70 mm Hg. Her height is 5ft 4 in and she weighs 130 lb. Her physical examination is completely normal. Which of the following are the most appropriate screening tests to order for this patient?

A 75-year-old male comes to the office for the evaluation of a two-month history of intermittent right eye visual loss. Each episode is "painless, lasts a few seconds, and feels like a curtain coming over the eye." He denies any other symptoms. He has never had any trauma to his eye, and does not use any medications. His past medical history is significant for hypertension. He quit smoking 20 years ago, but had smoked for 25 years. On examination, the patient is alert and without neurologic findings. His blood work and chest x-ray are normal. What is the best next step in the management of this patient?

A 75-year-old man is brought to the emergency department for severe pain in the left flank and back of 1 hour duration. He has a prior history of a myocardial infarction and coronary artery bypass grafting 8 years ago. On examination, he is found to have a BP of 80/50 mmHg, pulse rate of 110/min, respiratory rate of 15/min, and a pulsatile, tenderabdominal mass. He has had two large-bore IV lines placed by the paramedics. He is alert and oriented, and gives consent for surgery. On postoperative day 3, the patient develops dark-colored diarrhea but remains normotensive, on full mechanical ventilation, and is awake. Laboratory analysis reveals normal electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine; hematocrit of 30; and WBC of 15,000. Which is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 75-year-old man is found by his internist to have an asymptomatic carotid bruit. Which of the following is the most appropriate next test?

A 75-year-old man with a history of myocardial infarction 2 years ago, peripheral vascular disease with symptoms of claudication after walking half a block, hypertension, and diabetes presents with a large ventral hernia. He wishes to have the hernia repaired. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in his preoperative workup?

A 75-year-old woman comes to the emergency department with complaints of nausea and nonbilious, nonbloody vomiting over the past 4 days. The patient reports that both the nausea and vomiting come in “waves”; that is, several hours will pass during which she feels well before the vomiting suddenly recurs. A detailed history reveals that the woman was told several months ago that she “has stones in her gall-bladder,” but she has been too frightened to undergo surgery. She has not had a bowel movement for 7 days. Her temperature is 38.4°C (101.1°F) and the abdomen is distended with high-pitched bowel sounds. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial test for a patient with suspected gallstone ileus?

A 75-year-old woman comes to the physician because of irregular vaginal bleeding. She has been menopausal for the past 25 years, but has noted on-and-off spotting for the past 2 years, which she finds intolerable. She has a complicated past medical history including hypertension, diabetes, and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Examination is unremarkable. An endometrial biopsy is performed that demonstrates an endometrial polyp with atypical cells that are difficult to grade. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 75-year-old woman comes to the physician complaining of vulvar itch that has been worsening for the past 2 years. She has had no bleeding from the vagina since she underwent menopause at the age of 52. She smokes five cigarettes per day. On physical examination she has a raised, pigmented lesion on the right labia majora. The rest of her physical examination is unremarkable. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

A 76-year-old Caucasian female is brought to the hospital with a one-hour history of confusion. Her husband says that she started to complain of occipital headaches two hours ago and took some acetaminophen; an hour later, he found her confused on the couch and called an ambulance. She has no recent history of fever, chills, ear pain, or upper respiratory infection. Her past medical history is significant for coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and atrial fibrillation. She had triple vessel coronary artery bypass five years ago. Her current medications include warfarin, metoprolol, diltiazem and lisinopril, plus 25 units of long-acting insulin at bedtime. She lives with her husband and is independent in her activities of daily living. On examination, her blood pressure is 160/90 mmHg and her heart rate is 80/min and irregular. She is unable to follow simple commands or speak. She moves all four extremities. Deep tendon reflexes are symmetric and Babinski reflexes are downgoing bilaterally. Which of the following is the best next step in evaluating this patient?

A 76-year-old male with a history of mild dementia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus is brought to the emergency department by his daughter because of two days of confusion, disorientation and decreased oral intake. She says that he has been talking to people who are not there and wandering around the house in the middle of the night. His current medications are metoprolol, valsartan and metformin. On physical examination, his blood pressure is 100/60 mmHg and his heart rate is 70/min. Which of the following initial evaluations is most important for this patient?

A 76-year-old man is admitted to the coronary care unit after an episode of substernal chest pain. His other medical problems include hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. He has a history of a diverticular bleed 2 years ago. After initial workup, cardiac catheterization is performed and shows 50% left main coronary artery stenosis, 90% proximal left anterior descending artery stenosis, and 65% right coronary artery stenosis. Antiplatelet agents are stopped, and the patient is continued on a heparin drip in preparation for coronary artery bypass surgery the next day. Five hours after the catheterization, his blood pressure is 75/60 mm Hg and pulse is 120/min and regular. He complains of some generalized weakness and back pain but denies chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and abdominal discomfort. He appears to be diaphoretic and clammy. Neck veins are flat. Heart sounds are normal, and the chest is clear to auscultation. The groin site for arterial puncture is mildly tender, without subcutaneous hematoma. He receives 1000 ml of normal saline, with symptomatic improvement. His blood pressure is 96/60 mm Hg and pulse is 85/min. His ECG seems to be unchanged. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in managing this patient?

A 76-year-old man with multi-infarct dementia is brought to the emergency department because of lethargy. For the past 6 months, he has had difficulties with feeding and occasionally regurgitates undigested food. In recent days, his condition has deteriorated, and he has become lethargic. He has a history of hypertension for 15 years, chronic atrial fibrillation for 7 years, dementia for 5 years, and frequent respiratory tract infections for the past year. His temperature is 37.8°C (101.5°F), blood pressure is 150/95 mm Hg, pulse is 120/min, and respirations are 26/min. Physical examination shows foul-smelling breath; there is a fluctuating mass in the left side of his neck. Auscultation shows crackles in the right lung base. An x-ray film of the chest shows multiple infiltrates without cavitation in the right lower lung field. The patient is admitted, sputum and blood cultures are sent, and antibiotics are started. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 76-year-old woman presents with complaints of severe vulvar itching for the past six months. She has tried over-the-counter topical lubricants without relief. Physical examination reveals numerous vulvar excoriations. The vulvar skin is thin, dry and white in color. The labia minora are difficult to visualize. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 77-year-old man becomes "senile" over a period of 3 or 4 weeks. He used to be active and managed all of his financial affairs. Now, he stares at the wall, barely talks, and sleeps most of the day. His daughter recalls that he fell from a horse about a week before the mental changes began. Which of the following would a CT scan of his head most likely show?

A 78-year-old man is seen in the doctor’s office for a nonproductive cough, 9-kg (20-lb) unintentional weight loss, and bilateral breast enlargement, all occurring within the past 6 months. He has smoked two packs per day for the past 40 years. His past medical history is otherwise unremarkable, and he takes no medications. His temperature is 36.7°C (98.1°F), blood pressure is 125/85 mm Hg, pulse is 68/ min and regular, respiratory rate is 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. There are crackles at the left lower lung field and a ridge of symmetric glandular tissue (1 cm in diameter) around the nipple-areolar complexes of both breasts. Complete blood cell count shows a WBC count of 6000/mm3 hemoglobin of 14.7 g/dL, and platelet count of 210,000/ mm3. All other laboratory results are normal. X-ray of the chest shows a focal 5-cm mass lesion in the left lower lung corroborated by CT scan. Which of the following is most likely histologic type of lung cancer present in this patient?

A 78-year-old man with Alzheimer's disease was brought to the ER because of bright red bleeding per rectum. He has chronic constipation and is being treated with bisacodyl. On admission, his temperature was 36.6°C (97.9°F), blood pressure was 130/80 mm Hg with no orthostatic change, pulse was 90/min, and respirations were 14/min. Nasogastric tube drainage showed normal stomach contents and bile but no blood. His bleeding stopped a few hours after admission, and he remained hemodynamically stable during that time. Colonoscopy showed extensive diverticulosis but no active bleeding source. Later that night he started bleeding again from the rectum. Packed red cells and intravenous fluid are started. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 78-year-old man with Alzheimer's disease was brought to the ER because of bright red bleeding per rectum. He has chronic constipation and is being treated with bisacodyl. On admission, his temperature was 36.6C (97.9F), blood pressure was 130/80 mm Hg with no orthostatic change, pulse was 90/min and respirations were 14/min. Nasogastric tube drainage showed normal stomach contents without blood. His bleeding stopped a few hours after dmission, and he remained hemodynamically stable during that time. Colonoscopy showed extensive diverticulosis but no active bleeding source. Later that night he started bleeding again, and he is now hypotensive with a BP of 100/70 mm Hg. Packed red cells and intravenous fluid are started. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 9-month-old child comes in for a routine visit. She has had several episodes of otitis media in the past, but no major illnesses or hospitalizations. Her mother is concerned because the child was previously happy and social around other people, but now cries if her mother is not in the room. The child constantly wants to be held by her mother and becomes upset if her mother walks into the next room. Her grandmother keeps her during the day, and she now cries when her mother leaves her in the morning. Developmentally, she is crawling and waves bye-bye. She does not yet respond to her name or say words. She previously babbled but stopped several months ago. When you hide a toy with your hand, she lifts your hand to look for the toy. Which of the following is the best next step in the management of this child?

A 9-month-old infant is brought to the pediatrician's office because his weight is persistently below the 10th percentile. His mother states that the infant seems to be hungry all the time and usually consumes 8-12 oz of formula every 2-3 hours in addition to some table food. He also has frequent, bulky, and malodorous stools. A malabsorption syndrome is suspected. The results of which of the following tests will most likely be abnormal?

A 9-year-old girl is brought to the clinic with complaints of fatigue, abdominal pain and low grade fever. Four days ago her mother noticed a red rash on the tops of her daughter's feet, which has now spread to her thighs and buttocks. The rash was initially small red dots, but has now become patches. Her daughter subsequently developed periumbilical, cramping, abdominal pain. Review of systems is positive only for a respiratory viral illness three weeks ago. Her temperature is 37.7 C (99.8 F), pulse is 96/min, and respirations are 18/min. Abdominal examination is remarkable for tenderness to palpation near the umbilicus, but the abdomen is otherwise soft, with no rebound or guarding, and no organomegaly. Raised, palpable purpuric lesions are present on the buttocks and thighs. The ankles are tender and edematous bilaterally. Complete blood count reveals a leukocyte count of 9,000/mm3. Her hemoglobin 12. 6 g/dL, and platelets are 325,000/mm3. Serum electrolytes are normal. Which of the following is her urinalysis most likely to reveal?

A car is involved in a head-on collision. The driver, who is sober and wearing his seat belt, explains that he clearly saw his drunk, unrestrained front seat passenger hit the windshield with his face and the dashboard with his knees. Examination of the passenger indeed shows multiple facial lacerations, but because of his intoxication he cannot explain where else he might be hurting. He is neurologically intact, and his cervical spine x-ray films are normal. Additional injury, representing a potential orthopedic emergency, is not obvious but is suspected. Therefore, an x-ray film of which of the following areas should most likely be obtained?

A Caucasian couple presents to your office for infertility evaluation. They are unable to conceive after 14 months of unprotected sex. The woman is 23 years of age. Her menstrual periods are regular, occurring every 26 days. She denies perimenstrual pain or pelvic discomfort. Her last menstrual period was six days ago. Her past medical history is insignificant, and bimanual examination is normal. The man is 27 years old. He is not taking any medications. Physical examination, including external genitals, is normal. What is the best next step in the management of this couple?

A concerned mother brings her 2-month-old daughter to the clinic because of constipation. The mother had appropriate prenatal care but decided to deliver her child at home with the help of a midwife. The child has not received any medical attention since birth. Examination reveals jaundice, an umbilical hernia, and poor muscle tone. Which of the following is the most appropriate diagnostic study?

A couple presents for evaluation of primary infertility. The evaluation of the woman is completely normal. The husband is found to have a left varicocele. If the husband’s varicocele is the cause of the couple’s infertility, what would you expect to see when evaluating the husband’s semen analysis?

A father brings his 3-year-old daughter to the emergency center after noting her to be pale and tired and with a subjective fever for several days. Her past history is significant for an upper respiratory infection 4 weeks prior, but she had been otherwise healthy. The father denies emesis or diarrhea, but does report his daughter has had leg pain over the previous week, waking her from sleep. He also reports that she has been bleeding from her gums after brushing her teeth. Examination reveals a listless pale child. She has diffuse lymphadenopathy with splenomegaly but no hepatomegaly. She has a few petechiae scattered across her face and abdomen and is mildly tender over her shins, but does not have associated erythema or joint swelling. A CBC reveals a leukocyte count of 8,000/μL with a hemoglobin of 4 g/dL and a platelet count of 7,000/μL. The automated differential reports an elevated number of atypical lymphocytes. Which of the following diagnostic studies is the most appropriate next step in the management of this child?

A father brings his 7-year-old boy to the office because "his eyes are getting yellow". The boy has no other complaints. However, he is feeling tired and does not feel like going to the next Steelers game. There is a history of diabetes and lung cancer in the family. His vitals are stable, but he has pallor, jaundice, and splenomegaly. His labs revel: WBC 10,000/cmm, Hemoglobin 10 gm/dl, Hematocrit 28%, RBC count 3.5 million, Platelets 240,000/cmm, Reticulocyte count 4%. RBC indices were as follows:MCV 90 fl, MCHC 38%, MCH 28 pg. Peripheral smear revealed anisocytosis, some spherocytosis, and polychromatophilia. Coomb's test was negative. LFTs showed: Albumin 5.2 g/dl, AST 47U/L, ALT 52U/L, Alkaline phosphatase 120 U/L, Total bilirubin 3.0 mg/dl, Direct bilirubin 0.2 mg/dl. What is the next step?

A four-week-old male infant is brought to the emergency department because of persistent vomiting immediately after feeding for the past several days. Examination shows an emaciated infant with dry mucus membranes. An olive-shaped mass is palpated in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Which of the following acid-base abnormalities is most likely in this patient? pH, PaCO2 (mm Hg), HCO3- (mEq/L)