Biology midterm 3

This law states that only one of the two gene copies present in an organism is distributed to each gamete and that the allocation of alleles are random.

It is a state of physical, mental, and social well-being in relation to reproduction.

Infections commonly spread by sex which are caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

The bacteria that causes Chlamydia

The bacteria that causes Gonorrhea

The bacteria that causes Syphilis

Bacteria-caused STD which is characterized by inflamed cervix without symptoms (women) and inflammation of urethra with white discharge (men).

Bacteria-caused STD which is characterized by inflamed urination & foul-smelling pus-like discharge (men) and vaginal discharge & pelvic pain (women). It is also known as "the clap."

Virus-caused STD which is caused by HSV-1 and HSV-2. It is asymptomatic and has no cure.

Virus-caused STD which is caused by HIV. It infects T-helper cells (CD4+T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells.

Virus-caused STD which is caused by some types of HPV.

Parasite-caused STD which is caused by single-celled protozoa "Trichomonas Vaginalis". It causes itch in urethra, penis, and vagina.

Parasite-caused STD which is a fungal infection caused by Candida (type of yeast). It causes genital itching, 'cottage cheese' vaginal discharge.

Procedure including 'in vitro' handling of sex cells to establish pregnancy.

Enumerate the steps in In Vitro Fertilization

How is the egg cell retrieved from the mother?

A type of IVF in which the motile sperm and oocyte are incubated overnight.

A type of IVF in which the sperm is injected in the cytoplasm of the oocyte.

A process in IVF in which a hole is made in the zona pellucida prior to embryo transfer to facilitate hatching.

A process that is performed to screen for inherited diseases and gender choosing.

A process in IVF in which embryos, sex cells are frozen.

A process in IVF in which embryos are cooled at a rate of 0.3 °C per minute until the temperature reaches -30°C.

A process in IVF in which embryos, sex cells are rapidly frozen.

They lower the freezing point and prevent intracellular ice formation.

Branch of biology concerned with heredity and variation.

The father of modern genetics.

This refers to how traits are passed from a generation to the next.

This refers to the similarities and differences of organisms of same or different species.

This refers to the alternate of a gene.

This refers to the combination of 2 alleles comprising a genetic pair.

This refers to identical alleles. (ex. DD - dominant; dd - recessive)

This refers to two different alleles. (ex. Dd)

This refers to the position of a gene. (ex. 15p)

This refers to the genetic make-up or the specific allelic combination such as DD, dd, Dd.

This refers to the physical manifestation of the genetic make-up.

Alleles occur on a homologous pair of chromosomes at a particular gene locus.

Enumerate the 4 different modes of genetics

It states that only one of the two gene copies present in an organism is distributed to each gamete and that the allocation of alleles are at random.

It states that only one of the two gene copies present in an organism is distributed to each gamete and that the allocation of alleles are at random.

It states that the pair of factors for one trait separate independently of the factors for other traits; all accessible combination can occur in the gametes.

It states that the pair of factors for one trait separate independently of the factors for other traits; all accessible combination can occur in the gametes.

It is the frequency of experession of an allele in a genotype.

It is the frequency of experession of an allele in a genotype.

It refers to the variation in allelic expression when allele is penetrant.

It refers to the variation in allelic expression when allele is penetrant.

It is any chromosome other than the sex chromosome.

It is an autosomal disorder wherein one allele/genotype is required to be infected for the disorder to surface.

It is an autosomal disorder wherein one allele/genotype is required to be infected for the disorder to surface.

It is an autosomal disorder wherein two alleles/genotypes are required to be infected for the disorder to surface.

It is an autosomal disorder wherein two alleles/genotypes are required to be infected for the disorder to surface.

An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation in a gene called the "cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator" (CFTR) found on 7p31.2. It causes mucus in the bronchial tube and pancreatic ducts is particularly thick and viscous resulting in frequent lung infections.

An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation in a gene called the "cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator" (CFTR) found on 7p31.2. It causes mucus in the bronchial tube and pancreatic ducts is particularly thick and viscous resulting in frequent lung infections.

An autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations at PAH locus bands on 12q22-24.1. It results to severe mental and psychological problems.

An autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations at PAH locus bands on 12q22-24.1. It results to severe mental and psychological problems.

An autosomal dominant disorder caused by a trinucleotide repeat expansion (CAG) in the Hungtingtin (Htt) gene on 4p16.3. It results to progressive degeneration of brain cells, severe muscle spasms, and personality disorder.

An autosomal dominant disorder caused by a trinucleotide repeat expansion (CAG) in the Hungtingtin (Htt) gene on 4p16.3. It results to progressive degeneration of brain cells, severe muscle spasms, and personality disorder.

An x-linked dystonia parkinsonism (xDP) from a mutation of the TAF1 gene at xq13.1. This is unique in adult men in Panay.

An x-linked dystonia parkinsonism (xDP) from a mutation of the TAF1 gene at xq13.1. This is unique in adult men in Panay.

A chromosomal abnormality caused by trisomy 21. It results to physical growth delays, characteristic facial features, and mental problems.

A chromosomal abnormality caused by trisomy 21. It results to physical growth delays, characteristic facial features, and mental problems.

A chromosomal abnormality caused by trisomy 18. It causes heart defects, kidney malformations, and intellectual disability.

A chromosomal abnormality caused by trisomy 18. It causes heart defects, kidney malformations, and intellectual disability.

A chromosomal abnormality caused by trisomy 13. It causes small head, polydactyly, cleft lip, etc.

A chromosomal abnormality caused by trisomy 13. It causes small head, polydactyly, cleft lip, etc.

A chromosomal abnormality caused by an excess x chromosme (47, XXY). It causes gynecomastia and smaller genitals.

A chromosomal abnormality caused by an excess x chromosme (47, XXY). It causes gynecomastia and smaller genitals.

A chromosomal abnormality caused by lack of Y chromosome, resulting to webbed neck, dwarfness, sterility, etc.

A chromosomal abnormality caused by lack of Y chromosome, resulting to webbed neck, dwarfness, sterility, etc.

A chromosomal structure abnormality caused by a deletion of 5p. It results to cat-like eyes; cognitive, speech, and motor delays; and behavioral problems.

A chromosomal structure abnormality caused by a deletion of 5p. It results to cat-like eyes; cognitive, speech, and motor delays; and behavioral problems.

A chromosomal structure abnormality caused by a deletion of segments q11 and q12 in chromosome 15 (father's). It results to obesity and retard-ness.

A chromosomal structure abnormality caused by a deletion of segments q11 and q12 in chromosome 15 (father's). It results to obesity and retard-ness.

A chromosomal structure abnormality caused by a deletion of segments q11 and q12 in chromosome 15 (mother's). It is also called as "happy puppet syndrome"

A chromosomal structure abnormality caused by a deletion of segments q11 and q12 in chromosome 15 (mother's). It is also called as "happy puppet syndrome"

A chromosomal structure abnormality caused by lost of segment h in chromosome 7. It results to developmental delays, cardiovascular problems, and low nasal bridge.

A chromosomal structure abnormality caused by lost of segment h in chromosome 7. It results to developmental delays, cardiovascular problems, and low nasal bridge.

A non-Mendelian inheritance discussing a relationship between alleles, with a heterozygous phenotype intermediate between two homozygote phenotypes.

A type of non-Mendelian inheritance pattern that involves more than just the typical two alleles that usually code for a certain characteristic in a species. (ex. ABO blood group)

A type of non-Mendelian inheritance pattern that has something to do with the interactions between genes to control a single phenotype.

A type of non-Mendelian inheritance pattern which occurs when one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes.

A type of non-Mendelian inheritance pattern wherein genes are present in both sexes but only expressed in one sex. (ex. Mammary glands in females)

A type of non-Mendelian inheritance pattern wherein autosomal traits are influenced by sex. (ex. baldness: males-dominant, females-recessive).

A type of non-Mendelian inheritance pattern wherein one gene but two or more genes affect the phenotypes. (ex. Sickle cell anemia)

A type of non-Mendelian inheritance pattern which uses an approach to study a specie in different generations.

A non-Mendelian inheritance stating that both alleles are simultaneously expressed in the heterozygote.

It is the study of chromosomes in terms of structure and number.

It is the study of chromosomes in terms of structure and number.

A process done by scientists to identify whether an organism exhibiting a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous for a specific allele.

A process done by scientists to identify whether an organism exhibiting a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous for a specific allele.

A test to identify the size, shape, and number of chromosomes.

A test to identify the size, shape, and number of chromosomes.

A type of Karyotyping that involves samopling of fetal cells shed into the amniotic fluid. It is used of fetuses 15-16 weeks of gestation.

A type of Karyotyping that involves samopling of fetal cells shed into the amniotic fluid. It is used of fetuses 15-16 weeks of gestation.

A type of Karyotyping that uses cells from the chorionic villa on fetuses 10 weeks of gestation.

A type of Karyotyping that uses cells from the chorionic villa on fetuses 10 weeks of gestation.

These chromosomes have the centromere in the center, such that both sections are of equal length.

These chromosomes have the centromere in the center, such that both sections are of equal length.

These chromosomes have the centromere slightly offset from the center leading to a slight asymmetry in the length of the two sections.

These chromosomes have the centromere slightly offset from the center leading to a slight asymmetry in the length of the two sections.

These chromosomes have a centromere which is severely offset from the center leading to one very long and one very short section.

These chromosomes have a centromere which is severely offset from the center leading to one very long and one very short section.

These chromosomes have the centromere at the very end of the chromosome.

These chromosomes have the centromere at the very end of the chromosome.

This is the change in number of chromosomes.

This is the change in number of chromosomes.

DNA-binding proteins

DNA-binding proteins

Enzymes that unwinds the DNA strand

Enzymes that unwinds the DNA strand

Enzymes that stabilizes winded strands

Enzymes that stabilizes winded strands

Enzymes that relieves tension off when unwinding strands

Enzymes that relieves tension off when unwinding strands

Enzymes that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA primer.

Enzymes that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA primer.

Enzymes that remove RNA primase

Enzymes that remove RNA primase

There are 3150 amino acid bases in each bases.

There are 3150 amino acid bases in each bases.

A DNA structure has...

A DNA structure has...

An RNA structure has...

An RNA structure has...

Unwinding starts at 5' to 3'

Unwinding starts at 5' to 3'

In replication, DNA polymerase can't add withour short RNA primer.

In replication, DNA polymerase can't add withour short RNA primer.

Production of 2 identical DNA strands.

Production of 2 identical DNA strands.

Copying DNA sequence to make an mRNA

Copying DNA sequence to make an mRNA

MRNA nucleotide sequence is decoded to build a polypeptide

MRNA nucleotide sequence is decoded to build a polypeptide

Group of 3 nucleotides, code for proteins.

Group of 3 nucleotides, code for proteins.