Islands
Why Study Islands?
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Causes of Island vulnerability
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Oceanic island compostion
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Continental Island Composition
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Dispersal mechanisms
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Dispersal ability of mammals and amphibians
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Dispersal ability of bats, bird and spiders
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Balance of species
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Most species poor communities also found in all communities
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Stage of evolution for island species
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Evidence of island vulnerability
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Once widespread endemic species
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Endemics that evolved on island
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Evolution to fill vacant niches
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Positive correlation with species endemism
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Reasons correlation
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
New migrants less well adapted, lose out in competition
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
New immigrants interbreed with natives, hybrids less well adapted, lose out in competition
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Other reasons for island depauperacy
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Volcanic islands soil
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Who found that continental plant species rain down on Patagonian basalt outcrops but cannot colonise
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Who found that 1/4 of vascular plants are endemic to islands and more than 80% of variation explained by common variable e.g area
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Who created the speciation pulse model for oceanic islands
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
What were the findings of the pulse model
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Main assumptions of ETIB
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Problems with ETIB
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Who was the GDM created by
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Key Premises of GDM
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
Main Findings from Ali and Aitchinson
Climate change, sea level change,vulcanism
Selection against hybrids
Good dispersal
Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Immigration rate decreases as species increase and extinction rate increase as species increase
Selection against immigrants
Varied geology similar to nearby continent
Nestedness
Immigration, Speciation and Island Life Cycle
Kreft et al 2008
Whittaker et al. 2010
Neoendemics
Allopatric speciation, more remote, less species can disperse there. More endemics
Remoteness
Disharmony
Poor dispersal
Sweepstake- flying, floating,weather
Species must establish after dispersal e.g. Speziale and Ezcurva 2012
Tend to have high cation exchange and phosphorus retention
Taxon cycle
80% of extinctions over past 400 years were island species
Whittaker et al 2007
Opportunity drives, speciation rate, speciation rate related to island life cycle.
Paleoendemics
Species disappearing from survey to survey
Mostly volcanic rocks, Basaltic/Andesitic
Adaptive radiation
For last 700ka sea levels similar to today, but for 10ka of every 100ka years sea levels dropped so much that isolated islands become connected.
Allows simplification of the world
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