Evolution Quiz

What are the four core principles of natural selection?
What was Darwin's problem with inheritance?
Genetic Drift
Blending
Vertical Transmission
What is the difference between ultimate and proximate causation?
What are the four why questions?
What is a phenotype?
A dominant gene
Observable/expressed characteristics
Genetic basis for a trait
Genes inherited without blending
Describe the law of independent assortment
Give four reasons why traits appear blended
What is a key feature of the Modern Synthesis/neo-Darwinism?
Populations evolve, not individuals
Recessive traits are hard to eliminate
What is a selfish gene?
What is the difference between Analogies and Homologies?
What are vestigial traits?
What is an exaptation?
Traits that arise as a byproduct for a selected trait somewhere else
Traits that can be adaptive in the environment in which they arose
Trait that serve a different purpose than the one they were adapted for
What is a developmental byproduct?
Traits that serve a different purpose than the one they were adapted for
Traits that arise as a byproduct for a selected trait
Traits that can be adaptive in the environment in which they arose
What is a maladaptation?
Traits that can be adaptive in which the environment in which they arose but not now
Traits that arise as a byproduct for a selected trait
Traits that serve a different purpose than the one they were adapted for
Describe Hume's Law - 'Is Ought Fallacy'
Describe the Naturalistic Fallacy
How much variation do we share with chimpanzees and rats? (respectively)
67%, 89%
98%, 85%
85%, 98%
95%, 89%
Name 4 key features that primates have
Describe our taxonomy? Subfamily - order
What do new world monkeys have that old world monkeys did not?
Wet noses
Claws
Sideways facing nostrils
What is the link between primates and groups/group size?
Describe one criticism for using Chimpanzees as a comparison to humans
Bipedal locomotion, derived dentition and jaw musculature began to appear around when?
2 MYA
8-9MYA
700,000 YA
7-6MYA
When did the Australopithicines live?
1.7 - 10,000 YA in the Pilocene
5.3 - 2.6 MYA in the Pilocene
1.8 MYA in the Palaeotithic
4.9 - 2.1 MYA in the Palaeotithic
Did Australopithicines have stone tools?
Yes
No
When did the Genus homo live?
1.7 -10,000 YA in the Palaeotithic
1.7 - 10,000 in the Pilocene
2.5 - 1.7 MYA in the Palaeotithic
5.3 - 2.6 MYA in the Pilocene
In which era did 95% of our human technological history come from?
Australopithicene
Homo ergaster
Genus homo
Homo sapiens
In which era did the climate get colder and body size grow larger?
Homo heidelbergensis
Homo ergaster
Homo neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens
When was the era of the Homo ergaster?
1.9MYA
1.8MYA
1.7MYA
1.6MYA
When was the Homo neanderthalensis era?
700,000 - 44,000 YA
500,000 - 23,000 YA
600,000 - 33,000 YA
400,000 - 55,000 YA
What are the key features of the Homo neanderthalensis era?
When was the Homo sapiens era?
190,000 - 70,000 YA
190,000 - 90,000 YA
190,000 - 80,000 YA
190,000 - 100,000 YA
What are the key features of the Homo sapiens era?
 
 
Describe why cooked meat is better to eat
Describe Sociobiology and what is was accused of being
Who are the founders of the 'Church of Santa Barbara'?
What does the EEA stand for and what does it describe?
What is an evolutionary mismatch/adaptive lag?
What is one criticism of the EEA and Tooby and Cosmides approach?
Briefly describe the Red Queen Hypothesis
What is Fishers principle?
Which mating system do males benefit from?
Monogamy
Polyandry
Polygyny
Polygynandry
Which mating system to females benefit from?
Monogamy
Polygyny
Polyandry
Polygynandry
What are some of the costs and benefits of short term mating for males?
What is the closing time hypothesis?
What are some of the costs and benefits of short term mating for females?
Why is mate switching useful for females?
What are some features of beauty that men look for in long term mating? What is symmetry an indicator of?
What is the preferred waist to hip ratio?
0.8
0.6
0.7
0.65
What is the problem with female ovulation and long term mate choice for males?
What sort of resources can women gain from long term mating?
Describe what is meant by 2D:4D
How much of the body's energy does the brain use?
20%
15%
25%
30%
Briefly describe David Marr's 3 levels of explanation
Who were the originators of the Bank Teller Problem?
Tversky & Kahneman
Tversky & Wilson
Kahneman & Trivers
In the bank teller problem, are people misled by the...
Representative algorithm
Representative heuristic
Briefly describe Bayes Theorem
Why is there no debate between nature and nurture?
Briefly describe what Hamilton means by Inclusive Fitness
Briefly describe the cost/benefit analysis
What would be the degree of genetic relatedness with you and your grandad?
0.5
0.25
0.75
What are the 3 trade-offs described by Trivers Parental Investment Theory?
Describe 2 types of parent-offspring conflict
What would be one reason for sibling conflict?
Give three reasons why men kill women
Is there evidence of warfare in chimps?
Yes
No
What is one predictor of warfare in humans?
What are the requirements for direct reciprocity in Trivers' reciprocal altruism theory?
What is the difference between downstream and upstream indirect reciprocity?
Is negative reciprocity uniquely human or universal?
Uniquely human
Universal
Do groups do better or worse with altruists?
Worse
Better
What does Game Theory (vanNeumann & Morgenstern, 1944) state?
What are the 3 key beliefs of strategic decision making?
Which theory believes that each strategy is a best response to another strategy. No one can do better by changing their strategy relative to the behaviour of the other strategies?
Evolutionary Stable Strategy (Maynard Smith & Price, 1973)
Nash Equilibrium (Nash, 1950)
What does TRPS stand for in relation to the prisoner's dilemma?
What would Nash's equilibrium say is the best outcome of the prisoner's dilemma?
Describe the idea behind 'tit-for-tat'
Briefly describe 'cold' and 'hot' cognition
What is symhedonia?
Empathy
Cooperation
Spite
Jealousy
Which two aspects of the 'Fortunes of others emotions' (Ortony, Clore & Collins, 1988) motivate social behaviour?
Symhedonia & jealousy
Empathy & subjectivity
Symhedonia & empathy
Schadenfreude & empathy
Briefly describe the Fortune of others emotions theory
What does the social sciences model of culture argue?
What is the difference between evoked and transmitted culture? (Tooby & Cosmides)
Is genetic evolution non-Larmarckian or Lamarckian?
No, it is non-Lamarckian - it doesnt inherit acquired characterisics
Yes - it is Lamarckian, it does inherit acquired characterisitcs
Learning from others is...
Cheaper and easier
Longer and more expensive
Is cumulative culture universal or unique to humans?
Universal
Unique to humans
What are the parallels between cultural evolution and the evolution that Darwin describes?
What is an example of selection/competition in cultural evolution?
What is a 'meme'?
Describe what gene culture coevoltuion is (dual inheritance)
What is a content bias?
Traits coped from prestigious/successful people
Copy common or rare traits
Entirely random
Traits more likely remembered than others
What is a model based bias?
Traits copied from prestigious/successful people
Entirely random
Copy common or rare traits
Traits more likely remembered than others
What is a frequency dependent bias?
Traits copied from prestigious/successful people
Entirely random
Copy common or rare traitd
Traits more likely remembered than others
Describe oblique, vertical and horizontal transmission
What are the 5 components of emotion?
What are the 'ins' and 'outs' of emotions?
In which order is the common sense model? (e.g. Darwin)
Stimulus - perception - appraisal - arousal
Stimulus - perception - arousal - perception
Briefly describe the Schacter Model
The thematic apperception test tells us that...Give evidence for this
Emotions were adaptive in the past, but no longer are. Emotions are therefore...
Evolved
Vestigial
Involved in goal directed behaviour
Motivate action
 
 
What are the 6 basic emotions?
Is the Duchenne smile...
A fake 'botox' smile
A sincere smile
Intelligence has heritability of...
0.4+0.8
0.4+0.9
0.4+0.7
Is personality adaptive?
Yes
No
In the Sibling Contrast effect (Sulloway 1996), 1st borns are usually...
Conformist, conservative
Open to experience
In terms of animals - shy/bold males...
Fight eachother
Compete for resources
Flock together
Explain pleiotropy, mismatch and compromise
What are some examples of psychopathology disorders?
 
 
What are some reasons someone would commit suicide?
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