Env Sci
Which of the following statements is true regarding Melinda Zeder's and Bruce Smith's "Conversation on Agricultural Origins?"
Zeder and Smith endorse the position that climate change in the early Holocene period was the primary cause of the rise of agriculture around the globe
Zeder and Smith argue that roaming agriculture developed first before humans settled down into permanent, non-nomadic communities.
With evidence from Mesoamerica and central Asia, Zeder and Smith suggest that human behavior ecology, environmental stress, and constricted resource zones best explain the development of agriculture.
Relying upon evidence from Eastern North America and the Near East, Zeder and Smith, suggest that the origins of agriculture are best explained by niche construction theory, in which localized factors of resources and social development interact with broader scale issues like climate change.
How does the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) protect biodiversity?
It mandates that degraded lands be set aside for restoration
It identifies biodiversity hotspots for designation as preserved habitatit identifies biodiversity hotspots for designation as preserved habitat
It bans the hunting, trade, and selling of endangered species
It provides detailed recovery plans for endangered species
The main reason that wolves were exterminated from much of their habitat is that wolves
Frequently attack humans
Are detrimental to the healthy functioning of ecosystems
Threaten the livestock and ranching livelihood
Have valuable fur
The National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 was a major turning point in natural resource management because it requires
Stakeholder participation
An ecocentric ethic
An expert-driven management strategy
The reintroduction of apex predators
All of the following are similarities between undernutrition and overnutrition except
Both are a type of malnutrition
Both involve a lack of access to sufficient daily calories
Both leave the body susceptible to disease
Both can affect young or old individuals
A type of subsistence agriculture in which short periods of cultivation are followed by long periods of fallow land is called
Shifting cultivation
Slash-and-burn agriculture
Intercropping
Polyculture
One of the problems associated with the "Green revolution" is that
Not enough food is produced for developing countries
it is confined to highly developed countries
It makes developing countries dependent on high-energy consuming imported technology
Technology is not advanced enough to make it practical
All of the following are negative environmental impacts of the use of pesticides in industrialized agriculture
Production of greenhouse gases from pesticide exposed plants
Air pollution from pesticide sprays
Contamination of food supply from pesticide residues
Soil pollution from pesticide residues
The move away from using techniques that produce high yield and towards methods that focus on long-term sustainability of the soil is known as
Subsistence agriculture
Industrialized agriculture
The green revolution
The second green revolution
The production of _______ potatoes was discontinued because of consumer fears about pesticide ingestion.
irish lumper
New leaf
Russet burbank
Peruvian
Which of the following presents the greatest threat to agrodiversity?
Monoculture
Domestication
Hydrogenization
The land ethic
The process by which an animal or plant is made to better fit the needs of humans through selection is
Monoculturation
Domestication
Hydrogenization
Preservation
People are more likely to _______ the risks associated with trans fats because the consequences are _______.
Underestimate; not immediate
Over estimate; immediate
Underestimate; immediate
Overestimate; not immediate
Approximately half of all global antibiotics are given to livestock
True
False
Which one of the following is NOT a hurdle to changing the way beef is grown and processed?
Consumer's unwillingness to pay the premium for sustainably raised beef
Globalization of the industrial beef industry
The flavor of sustainably produced beef
Issues with creating consistent labels and standards for sustainably produced beef
Which of the following are true regarding global meat production and consumption?
As affluence and income increases in the developing countries, the consumption of meat increases.
Approximately 15% of global grain production is for animal feed for meat production.
Most of the world's meat production is grass-based production.
Global meat production has had devastating ecological impacts, including water pollution, loss of biodiversity, and soil erosion.
A and D are true
A and B are true
Which TWO of the following describe ways in which the US government can influence and shape consumer demand for industrially produced beef.
Subsidies to corn growers.
Subsidies for pollution control for CAFOs (Contained Animal Feedlot Operations)
Tax credits for health care.
Fiscal policies promoting farm ownership.
Regulatory restrictions on food additives.
According to Peter Dauvergne in SHADOWS OF CONSUMPTION, US consumption of beef has not significantly increased since the early 1900s.
True
False
Naomi Oreskes argues that the role of science is to provide clear and absolute proof about climate change to society and stakeholders.
True
False
What percentage of global water is available as freshwater for use by terrestrial organisms?
Less than 3%
About 10%
About 20%
About 60%
The upper surface of the saturated zone of groundwater is termed the:
Aquifer
Water table
Water shed
Drainage basin
What is the major difference in the fate of precipitation after urbanization?
Evaporation and transpiration decreases
Surface runoff increases
Groundwater decreases
All of the Above
How does saltwater intrusion occur?
Salts accumulate in irrigated soils due to evaporation
Road salts used in urbanized areas run off into nearby rivers and streams
Ocean water moves into freshwater aquifers before they can recharge
Naturally salty water is released from confined aquifers via artesian wells
All of the following statements about the connections between the Ogallala Aquifer and High Plains agriculture are true EXCEPT:
In some areas of the High Plains, farmers are drawing water from the Ogallala Aquifer as much as 40 times faster than nature replaces it and have lowered the water table more than 30 m (100 ft) in some places.
Most hydrologists predict that groundwater will eventually drop in all areas of the Ogallala to a level uneconomical to pump so High Plains agriculture will eventually have to change back to dry land agriculture as it was before the aquifer was pumped.
As there is not that much urban development in the High Plains, the recharge zones for the Ogallala Aquifer are unaffected and thus if managed appropriately, can in fact recharge the aquifer adequately to keep up with current withdrawal rates.
The High Plains produce about 15% of the nation’s grain crops and almost 40% of its livestock using approximately 30 percent of the irrigation water used in the United States.
According to Karl Wittfogel and Donald Worster, which of the following societal stages tended to be the "first mode" of a hydraulic society?
Agrarian State Mode
Local Subsistence Mode
Capitalist State Mode
Feudal Society Mode
Which of the following are examples that Donald Worster uses of the "agrarian state mode" of hydraulic society? (select all that apply)
California
Ancient China
Australia
Ancient Egypt
Select from below the characteristics or examples that Donald Worster associates with the "capitalist state mode." (select all that apply)
. It is exemplified by the American West.
It advances the domination of nature as well as the domination of people.
It was developed by the Hohokam tribe
It results in a largely unequal distribution of power between the state and the private sector
According to Glennon, Las Vegas is exploring the possibility of importing water from Alaska
True
False
How soon does Glennon suggest that Lake mead could dry up
Before 2030
Before 2040
Before 2050
Before 2060
The process by which an atom’s nucleus is split by neutrons into two lighter nuclei is called
Nuclear fission
fallout
Nuclear proliferation
Nuclear power
The Nuclear Waste Policy Act required the use of _______ to determine the best site for deep-geological radwaste disposal.
Institutions
Risk assessment
Cost-benefit analysis
Environmental justice
_______ is a form of uranium sometimes used as plating for armor and weapons.
Yellowcake
Depleted uranium
Radwaste
Uranium ore
Materials from cathode ray tube (CRT) televisions are no longer recycled because
new materials have reduced demand for leaded glass
All of the materials have already been recycled
they are no longer regulated as hazardous waste
it is now illegal to recycle them
Which of the following represents a market-based solution to the negative externalities associated with e-waste?
ban the production of electronic devices with hazardous materials
Strict monitoring of trade and recycling of e-waste
Collect more information about the potential hazards of component materials
Consumers buy sustainably-produced electronic devices
The purpose of the Basel Convention is to
Prohibit e-waste dumping in ecologically fragile locations
set limits on the total amount of e-waste produced
Ensure that e-waste recycling facilities follow international standards
Prevent the sale of hazardous e-waste from wealthy to poor countries
DDT was sprayed in a Long Island salt marsh over a period of years for mosquito control. A portion of the food web is as follows: algae -> shrimp-> American eel -> Atlantic needlefish -> ring-billed gull. In which organism would biological magnification be MOST evident?
Algae
Shrimp
Eel
Gull
Pollutants that interfere with the normal functioning of hormones are called:
Radioisotopes
synergists
Endocrine disrupters
Stimulators
The most common method of determining whether a chemical causes cancer is to expose groups of laboratory animals, such as rats, to various large doses and count how many animals develop cancer at the different levels. All of the following are problems with this approach in terms of understanding the health risks to humans EXCEPT:
This method is indirect and uncertain as human and rats are different organisms and may respond differently to exposure to the same chemical.
For expediting the research process, in lab settings rats are exposed to massive doses of suspected carcinogens relative to body size whereas humans are usually exposed to much lower amounts.
For ethical reasons, rats in lab settings are given very small doses of suspected carcinogens relative to body size whereas humans are usually exposed to much higher amounts
Risk assessment assumes that we can extrapolate from studies in rats to determine the expected rates of cancer in humans but extrapolating from one species to another and from one dose level to another is uncertain and may overestimate or underestimate a toxicant’s danger.
How does bioaccumulation occur?
Toxins move up the food chain, so that predators ingest higher concentrations.
Toxins do not break down and remain in the environment for long periods of time.
Ingested toxins -that are slow to be metabolized and excreted - are instead stored in the body.
Organisms are exposed to low doses of toxins over several years.
The condition in which people live with chronic hunger and malnutrition is
Food crisis
Famine
Bioaccumulation
Food insecurity
{"name":"Env Sci", "url":"https://www.quiz-maker.com/QPREVIEW","txt":"Which of the following statements is true regarding Melinda Zeder's and Bruce Smith's \"Conversation on Agricultural Origins?\", How does the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) protect biodiversity?, The main reason that wolves were exterminated from much of their habitat is that wolves","img":"https://www.quiz-maker.com/3012/images/ogquiz.png"}