CSA

It is a communication pathway that connects two (2) or more devices or modules used for transferring data. It consists of a set of conductors. Examples of these conductors are ribbon cables, external cabling, copper tracks on a printed circuit board, microscopic aluminum trails on the surface of a silicon chip, and other many forms. Each devices connected to the computer bus, in a form of trailings or wires, transmits a bit of data (1 or 0). Thus, the collection of wires is capable of transferring a byte or a word at a time as a function of its width

It is a unidirectional bus that transports memory addresses which the processor wants to access to read or write data.

It is a bidirectional bus that transfers instructions coming from or going to the processor.

It is a bidirectional bus that transports orders and synchronization signals coming from the control unit and traveling to all other hardware components. It also transmits response signals from the hardware.

It is normally used for long-distance data transfer and in cases where the amount of data being sent is relatively small. It ensures that the data integrity is maintained as it transmits the data bits in a specific order, one after another. Data bits are sent one by one in a medium

When data is sent using parallel data transmission, multiple data bits are transmitted over multiple channels at the same time. This implies that data can be sent faster than using serial transmission methods.

A bus transfers electrical signals from one place to another. Data travels between the CPU and memory along the data bus. The location (address) of that data is carried along the address bus.

Data bits are transmitted as a continuous stream in time with a master clock. The data transmitter and receiver both operate using a synchronized clock frequency; therefore, start bits, stop bits, and gaps are not used. This implies that data moves faster and timing errors are less frequent because the transmitter and receiver time is synced. However, data accuracy is highly dependent on timing being synced correctly between devices.

Data bits can be sent at any point in time. Stop bits and start bits are used between data bytes to synchronize the transmitter and receiver and to ensure that the data is transmitted correctly. The time between sending and receiving data bits is not constant; thus, gaps are used to provide time between transmissions.

More than one (1) module may need control of the bus (e.g., CPU and DMA controller). The I/O module may need to read or write directly to memory, without sending the data to the processor

The process by which multiple requests are recognized and priority is given to one of them is called

In here, an arbitration circuit receives requests from the contending bus masters and then decides which of them is to be given control of the bus. o A single hardware device, known as a bus controller or arbiter, is responsible for allocating time to bus. o The device may be part of the CPU or a separate module such as daisy-chaining.

There is no central controller. Each module may claim the bus. o All devices monitor all the request lines. o In a system with distributed arbitration, each of the masters takes part in the arbitration process. o The system lacks a specific arbiter—each master monitors the other masters and decides whether to continue competing for the bus or give up and wait until later.

All types of buses found in computer transfer data between computer peripherals connected to it

A bus has address lines that match those of the processor. This allows data to be sent to or from specific memory locations

A bus supplies power to various peripherals connected to it

A bus provides a system clock signal to synchronize the peripherals attached to it with the rest of the system

It is a component that routes data between a computer’s buses. This enables all of the components that make up the computer to communicate with each other.

is in charge of controlling the transfer of data between the processor and the random access memory (RAM), which is why it is located physically near the processor.

This allows the processor to communicate with the system’s central memory or the RAM.

Handles communications between peripheral devices. It is also called the ICH (I/O Controller Hub).

This allows various motherboard components (i.e., USB or serial) to communicate with one another

IBM introduced this bus for IBM PC using an 8088 microprocessor. This has an 8-bit data bus and 20 address lines at a clock speed of 8 MHz.

This bus is a standard interface between a computer and its expansion. As applications became more graphically intensive, the VESA bus was introduced to maximize throughput of video graphics memory. This also provides fast data flow between stations and can transfer up to 132 Mbps.

This is connected to the CPU. This operates at the speed of the processor bus and implies that video information is sent quickly to the card for processing. The data transfer rate ranges from 264 Mbps to 528Mbps and 800 Mbps up to 1.5 Gbps. The AGP connector is identified by its brown color

Intel Corporation developed this bus. The PCI bus technology includes a 32- or 64-bit bus that runs at 33/66 MHz clock speed. It offers many advantages for connections to hubs, routers, and network interface cards (NIC). In particular, PCI provides more bandwidth up to 1 Gigabit per second as needed by these hardware components

It is a set of ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard electronic interfaces that allows PCs to communicate faster with peripheral hardware (e. g., disk drives, tape drives, CD-ROM drives, printers, and scanners). It is more flexible than previous parallel data transfer interfaces

This was founded to give a standard bus for laptop computers. A PCMCIA card has a 68-pin connector that connects into a slot in the PC. These cards are plug-and-play devices that are often hot-swappable in most of the operating systems.

It is an interface standard for connecting highspeed components. PCIe slots come in different physical configurations: x1, x4, x8, x16, x32. The number after the “x” implies the number of lanes (how data travels to and from the PCIe card) that a PCIe slot has.

It connects peripheral devices such as digital cameras, mice, keyboards, printers, scanners, media devices, external hard drives, and flash drives. It is intended to enhance plugand-play and to allow hot-swapping. Plug-and-play enables the operating system to configure and discover a peripheral device spontaneously without having to restart the computer. Additionally, hot-swapping allows removal and replacement of a new peripheral without having to reboot. Because of its wide variety of uses, including support for electrical power, the USB has replaced a wide range of interfaces like the parallel and serial ports.