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Understanding Research Methodology Quiz

Test your knowledge on research methodology with our engaging quiz! This quiz is designed to challenge your understanding of key concepts in research, including validity, reliability, and the ethics of conducting studies.

Multiple choice questions
Covering fundamental principles
Perfect for students and enthusiasts

77 Questions19 MinutesCreated by LearningEagle202

Which of the following jobs most likely involves producer-ofresearch skills rather than consumer-of-research skills?

Police officer

University professor

Physician

Journalist

As a true empiricist, one should:

Base one’s conclusions on direct observations

Strive to prove all theories with research.

Be sure that one’s research can be applied in a real-world setting.

Discuss one’s ideas in a public setting, such as on social media.

A statement, or set of statements, that describes general principles about how variables relate to one another is a(n)

Prediction

Hypothesis

Empirical observation

Theory

Why is publication an important part of the research process?

Because publication enables practitioners to use the research in applied settings.

Because when a study is published, other scientists can verify or challenge it, making science self-correcting.

Because journalists can make the knowledge available to the general public.

Because publication is the first step of the theory-data cycle.

Which of the following research questions best illustrates an example of basic research?

Has our company’s new marketing campaign led to an increase in sales?

How satisfied are our patients with the sensitivity of the nursing staff?

Does wearing kinesio-tape reduce joint pain in figure skaters?

Can 2-month-old human infants tell the difference between four objects and six objects?

Destiny concluded that her new white noise machine helped her fall asleep last night. She based this conclusion on personal experience, which might have confounds. In this context, a confound means:

Another thing might have also occurred last night to help Destiny fall asleep

Destiny’s experience has left her puzzled or confused.

Destiny has not compared last night with times she didn’t use the white noise machine.

What does it mean to say that research results are probabilistic?

Researchers refer to the probability that their theories are correct.

Research predicts all possible results

Research conclusions explain a certain proportion of possible cases but may not explain all.

If there are exceptions to a research result, it means the theory is probably incorrect.

After two students from his school commit suicide, Marcelino concludes that the most likely cause of death in teenagers is suicide. In fact, suicide is not the most likely cause of death in teens. What happened?

Marcelino was probably a victim of the bias blind spot.

Marcelino was probably influenced by the availability heuristic; he was too influenced by cases that came easily to mind

Marcelino thought about too many examples of teens who died from other causes besides suicide.

Marcelino did not consider possible confounds.

When is it a good idea to base conclusions on the advice of authorities?

When authorities have an advanced degree, such as a Ph.D. Or a master’s degree

When authorities base their advice on research that systematically and objectively compares different conditions.

When the authority’s website has an official-looking logo or domain name

When authorities state they have many years of experience in their area.

Which of the following is the most reliable source for reading the details of a psychological study?

Scientific journals

Online podcasts

Newspaper science pages

Full-length books

In reading an empirical journal article, what two questions should you be asking as you read?

What is the argument? What is the evidence to support the argument?

Why was this research done? Were there any significant findings?

How reputable is (are) the author(s)? Did the findings include support for the hypotheses?

How does this research relate to other research? What are ways to extend this research further?

Which of the following variables are manipulated, rather than measured? (Could be more than one.)

Number of shoes owned, in pairs

A person’s height, in cm

Amount of aspirin a researcher gives a person to take, either 325 mg or 500 mg

Degree of happiness, rated on a scale from 1 to 10.

Which of the following headlines is an association claim?

Chewing Gum Can Improve Your Mood and Focus

Handling Money Decreases Helpful Behavior in Young Children

Workaholism Is Tied to Psychiatric Disorders

Eating Kiwis May Help You Fall Asleep

Which of the following headlines is a frequency claim?

Obese Kids Are Less Sensitive to Tastes

Eighty Percent of Women Feel Dissatisfied with How Their Bodies Look

Feeling Fat? Maybe Facebook Is to Blame

Daycare and Behavior Problems Are Not Linked

Which of the following headlines is a causal claim?

Taking a Deep Breath Helps Minimize High Blood Pressure, Anxiety, and Depression

Younger People Can’t Read Emotions on Wrinkled Faces

Strange But True: Babies Born in the Autumn Are More Likely to Live to 100

Check the Baby! Many New Moms Show Signs of OCD

Which validity would you be interrogating by asking: How well did the researchers measure sensitivity to tastes in this study?

Construct validity

Statistical validity

External validity

Internal validity

In most experiments, trade-offs are made between validities because it is not possible to achieve all four at once. What is the most common trade-off?

Internal and external validity

Construct and statistical validity

Statistical and internal validity

External and statistical validity.

In a study of a new drug for asthma, a researcher finds that the group receiving the drug is doing much better than the control group, whose members are receiving a placebo. Which principle of the Belmont Report requires the researcher to also give the control group the opportunity to receive the new drug?

Informed consent

Justice

Beneficence

Respect for persons

What type of research misconduct involves representing the ideas or words of others as one’s own?

Plagiarism

Obfuscation

Suppression

Data falsification

Which of the following is not one of the three principles of the Belmont Report?

Respect for persons

Justice

Beneficence

Fidelity and responsibility

To study a sample of participants from only one ethnic group, researchers must first demonstrate that the problem being studied is especially prevalent in that ethnic group. This is an application of which principle from the Belmont Report?

Respect for persons

Beneficence

Special protection

Justice

Following a study using deception, how does the researcher attempt to restore an honest relationship with the participant?

By apologizing to the participant and offering monetary compensation for any discomfort or stress.

By debriefing each participant in a structured conversation.

By reassuring the participant that all names and identifiers will be removed from the data.

By giving each participant a written description of the study’s goals and hypotheses, along with references for further reading.

Which of the following correlation coefficients best describes the pictured scatterplot?

R = .78

R = −.95

R = .03

R = −.45

Classify each of the following results as an example of internal reliability, interrater reliability, or test-retest reliability.

A researcher finds that people’s scores on a measure of
extroversion stay stable over 2 months.
An infancy researcher wants to measure how long a 3-month-old
baby looks at a stimulus on the right and left sides of a screen.
Two undergraduates watch a tape of the eye movements of ten
infants and time how long each baby looks to the right and to the
left. The two sets of timings are correlated r = .95
A researcher asks a sample of 40 people a set of five items that
all capture how extroverted they are. The Cronbach’s alpha for
the five items is found to be .85.

1. Interrater reliability 2. test-retest reliability 3. Internal reliability

1. test-retest reliability 2. Interrater reliability 3. Internal reliability

1. Interrater reliability 2. Internal reliability 3. test-retest reliability

1. Internal reliability 2. Interrater reliability 3. test-retest reliability

Classify each result below as an example of face validity, content validity, convergent and discriminant validity, or criterion validity.

A professor gives a class of 40 people his five-item measure of
conscientiousness (e.g., “I get chores done right away,” “I follow
a schedule,” “I do not make a mess of things”). Average scores
are correlated (r = −.20) with how many times each student has
been late to class during the semester.
A professor gives a class of 40 people his five-item measure of
conscientiousness (e.g., “I get chores done right away,” “I follow
a schedule,” “I do not make a mess of things”). Average scores
are more highly correlated with a self-report measure of tidiness
(r = .50) than with a measure of general knowledge (r = .09).
The researcher e-mails his five-item measure of
conscientiousness (e.g., “I get chores done right away,” “I follow
a schedule,” “I do not make a mess of things”) to 20 experts in
personality psychology and asks them if they think his items are
a good measure of conscientiousness.
The researcher e-mails his five-item measure of
conscientiousness (e.g., “I get chores done right away.” “I follow
a schedule,” “I do not make a mess of things”) to 20 experts in
personality psychology and asks them if they think he has
included all the important aspects of conscientiousness.

1. Content validity 2. Convergent and discriminant validity 3. Face validity 4. Criterion validity

1. Criterion validity 2. Convergent and discriminant validity 3. Content validity 4. Face validity

1. Criterion validity 2. Convergent and discriminant validity 3. Face validity 4. Content validity

1. Convergent and discriminant validity 2. Criterion validity 3. Face validity 4. Content validity

The following item appears on a survey: “Was your cell phone purchased within the last two years and have you downloaded the most recent updates?” What is the biggest problem with this wording?

It is a leading question.

It involves negative wording.

It is a double-barreled question.

It is not on a Likert scale.

In which of the following situations do people most accurately answer survey questions?

When they are describing the reasons for their own behavior.

When they are describing what happened to them, especially after important events

When they are describing their subjective experience; how they personally feel about something.

People almost never answer survey questions accurately

Which of the following makes it more likely that behavioral observations will have good interrater reliability?

A masked study design

A clear codebook

Using naive, untrained coders

Open-ended responses

Which one of the following is a means of controlling for observer bias?

Using unobtrusive observations

Waiting for the participants to become used to the observer

Making sure the observer does not know the study’s hypotheses.

Measuring physical traces of behavior rather than observing behavior directly

Which of the following is a way of preventing reactivity?

Waiting for the participants to become used to the observer.

Making sure the observers do not know the study’s hypotheses

Making sure the observer uses a clear codebook.

Ensuring the observers have good interrater reliability.

Which of the following four terms is not synonymous with the others?

Generalizable sample

Externally valid sample

Representative sample

Biased sample

A researcher’s population of interest is New York City dog owners. Which of the following samples is most likely to generalize to this population of interest?

A sample of 25 dog owners visiting dog-friendly New York City parks.

A sample of 25 dog owners who have appointments for their dogs at veterinarians in the New York City area.

A sample of 25 dog owners selected at random from New York City pet registration records.

A sample of 25 dog owners who visit New York City’s ASPCA website.

Which of the following samples is most likely to generalize to its population of interest?

A convenience sample of 12,000

A quota sample of 120

A stratified random sample of 120

A self-selected sample of 120,000

Externally valid samples are more important for some research questions than for others. For which of the following research questions will it be most important to use an externally valid sampling technique?

Estimating the proportion of U.S. Teens who are depressed.

Testing the association between depression and illegal drug use in U.S. teens

Testing the effectiveness of support groups for teens with depression.

Suppose you hear that conscientious people are more likely to get regular health checkups. Which of the following correlations between conscientiousness and getting checkups would probably support this claim?

R = .03

r = .45

R = -.35

R = -1.0

Which of these associations will probably be plotted as a bar graph rather than a scatterplot?

The more conscientious people are, the greater the likelihood they’ll get regular health checkups.

Level of depression is linked to the amount of exercise people get.

Students at private colleges get higher GPAs than those at public colleges

Level of chronic stomach pain in kids is linked to later anxiety as adults

A study found that people who like spicy foods are generally risk takers. Which of the following questions interrogates the construct validity of this correlation?

How strong is the effect?

Did the study use a random sample of people?

Were there any outliers in the relationship?

How well did they measure each variable: risk taking and liking spicy foods?

Darrin reads a story reporting that students at private colleges get higher GPAs than those at public colleges. He wonders if this means going to a private college causes you to have a higher GPA. If so, he’ll go to a private college! Applying the three causal criteria, Darrin knows there is covariance here. He also knows there is temporal precedence because you choose a college first, and then you get your GPA. Which of the following questions would help Darrin ask about the third criterion, internal validity?

Could there be restriction of range?

Is the link between private college and high grades the same for both men and women?

. How did they decide what qualifies a college as private or public?

Is there some other reason these two are related? Maybe better students are more likely to go to private colleges, and they are also likely to get better grades?

Which of the following sentences describes a moderator for the relationship between risk taking and liking spicy foods?

There is a positive relationship between liking spicy foods and risk taking for men, but no relationship for women.

Older adults tend to like spicy foods less than younger adults.

The relationship between liking spicy foods and risk taking is the same for people in cities and in rural areas.

A headline about social media use makes the following (bivariate) association claim: “Social media use is linked to lower grades in college.” The two variables in this headline are:

Social media use and quality of grades

High social media use or low social media use.

Good grades or poor grades.

Suppose a researcher uses a longitudinal design to study the relationship between social media use (e.g., Instagram and Snapchat) and grades over time. She measures both of these variables in Year 1 and then measures both variables again in Year 2. Which of the following is an example of an autocorrelation in the results?

The correlation between social media use in Year 1 and social media use in Year 2.

The correlation between social media use in Year 1 and grades in Year 2.

The correlation between grades in Year 1 and social media use in Year 2

The correlation between grades in Year 1 and social media use in Year 1

In the longitudinal study described in Question 2, which pattern of cross-lag correlations would indicate that social media use leads to lower grades (rather than the reverse)?

Grades at Year 1 shows a strong correlation with social media use at Year 2, but social media use at Year 1 shows a weak correlation with grades at Year 2.

Grades at Year 1 shows a weak correlation with social media use at Year 2, but social media use at Year 1 shows a strong correlation with grades at Year 2.

Grades at Year 1 shows a strong correlation with social media use at Year 2, and social media use at Year 1 shows a strong correlation with grades at Year 2.

Consider this statement: “People who use social media got worse grades in college, even when the researchers controlled for the level of college preparation (operationalized by SAT scores) of the students.” What does it mean?

Social media use and grades are correlated only because both of these are associated with SAT score.

SAT score is a third variable that seems to explain the association between social media use and grades.

SAT score can be ruled out as a third variable explanation for the correlation between social media use and college grades.

Which of the following statements is an example of a mediator of the relationship between social media use and college grades?

Social media use and college grades are more strongly correlated among nonathletes, and less strongly correlated among athletes

Social media use and college grades are only correlated with each other because they are both related to the difficulty of the major. Students in more difficult majors get worse grades, and those in difficult majors have less time to use social media

Social media use and college grades are correlated because social media use leads to less time studying, which leads to lower grades.

A news outlet reported on a study of people with dementia. The study found that among patients with dementia, bilingual people had been diagnosed 3–4 years later than those who were monolingual. What are the variables in this bivariate association?

Being bilingual or monolingual

Being bilingual or not, and age at dementia diagnosis

Age at dementia diagnosis

The journalist reported that the relationship between bilingualism and age at diagnosis did not change, even when the researchers controlled for level of education. What does this suggest?

That the relationship between bilingualism and dementia onset is probably attributable to the third variable: level of education.

That the relationship between bilingualism and dementia onset is not attributable to the potential third variable: level of education.

That being bilingual can prevent dementia.

Researchers speculated that the reason bilingualism is associated with later onset of dementia is that bilingual people develop richer connections in the brain through their experiences in managing two languages, and these connections help stave off dementia symptoms. This statement describes:

A mediator

A moderator

A third variable

Why does Max’s experiment satisfy the causal criterion of temporal precedence?

Max ran an experiment in which he asked people to shake hands with an
experimenter (played by a female friend) and rate the experimenter’s
friendliness using a self-report measure. The experimenter was always the
same person and used the same standard greeting for all participants.
People were randomly assigned to shake hands with her either after she
had cooled her hands under cold water or after she had warmed her hands
under warm water. Max’s results found that people rated the experimenter
as friendlier when her hands were warm than when they were cold

Because Max found a difference in rated friendliness between the two conditions, cold hands and warm hands

Because the participants shook the experimenter’s hand before rating her friendliness.

Because the experimenter acted the same in all conditions, except having cold or warm hands.

Because Max randomly assigned people to the warm hands or cold hands condition.

In Max’s experiment, what was a control variable?

The participants’ rating of the friendliness of the experimenter.

The temperature of the experimenter’s hands (warm or cold).

The gender of the students in the study

The standard greeting the experimenter used while shaking hands

What type of design is Max’s experiment?

Posttest-only design

Pretest/posttest design

Concurrent-measures design

Repeated-measures design

Max randomly assigned people to shake hands either with the “warm hands” experimenter or the “cold hands” experimenter. Why did he randomly assign participants?

Because he had a within-groups design.

Because he wanted to avoid selection effects.

Because he wanted to avoid an order effect.

Because he wanted to generalize the results to the population of students at his university.

Which of the following questions would you use to interrogate the
construct validity of Max’s experiment?

How large is the effect size comparing the rated friendliness of the warm hands and cold hands conditions?

How well did Max’s “experimenter friendliness” rating capture participants’ actual impressions of the experimenter?

Were there any confounds in the experiment?

Can we generalize the results from Max’s friend to other experimenters with whom people might shake hands?

Dr. Weber conducted a long-term study in which people were tested on happiness, asked to make two new friends, and then tested on happiness 1 month later. He noticed that six of the most introverted people dropped out by the last session. Therefore, his study might have which of the following internal validity threats?

Attrition

Maturation

Selection

Regression

How is a testing threat to internal validity different from an instrumentation threat?

A testing threat can be prevented with random assignment; an instrumentation threat cannot

A testing threat applies only to within-groups designs; an instrumentation threat applies to any type of study design

A testing threat can be prevented with a double-blind study; an instrumentation threat can be prevented with a placebo control.

A testing threat refers to a change in the participants over time; an instrumentation threat refers to a change in the measuring instrument over time.

A regression threat applies especially:

When there are two groups in the study: an experimental group and a control group

When the researcher recruits a sample whose average is extremely low or high at pretest.

In a posttest-only design

When there is a small sample in the study

Dr. Banks tests to see how many training sessions it takes for dogs to learn to “Sit and stay.” She randomly assigns 60 dogs to two reward conditions: one is miniature hot dogs, the other is small pieces of steak. Surprisingly, she finds the dogs in each group learn “Sit and stay” in about the same number of sessions. Given the design of her study, what is the most likely explanation for this null effect?

The dogs loved both treats (her reward manipulation has a ceiling effect).

She used too many dogs.

She didn’t use a manipulation check.

There were too many individual differences among the dogs.

Dr. Banks modifies her design and conducts a second study. She uses the same number of dogs and the same design, except now she rewards one group of dogs with miniature hot dogs and another group with pieces of apple. She finds a big difference, with the hot-dogs group learning the command faster. Dr. Banks avoided a null result this time because her design:

Increased the between-groups variability

Decreased the within-groups variability

Improved the study’s internal validity

When a study has a large number of participants and a small amount of unsystematic variability (low measurement error, low levels of situation noise), then it has a lot of:

Internal validity

Manipulation checks

Dependent variables

Power and precision

Why might the Wood team have conducted their study as a factorial design?

To test how well positive self-statements work, compared to no statements.

To compare the moods of high self-esteem and low self-esteem people.

To test whether the effect of positive self-statements would depend on a person’s level of self-esteem.

What are the factors in this study?

Self-esteem level: high versus low

Self-statement instructions: positive versus none

Self-esteem level: high versus low; and self-statement instructions: positive versus none

Positive mood

There is an interaction in the results. How do you know?

When the cell means are graphed, the lines are not parallel.

The difference between low and high self-esteem is larger for the positive self-statement condition and smaller for the “no statement” condition.

Positive self-statements raised the mood of high self-esteem people and lowered the mood of low self-esteem people

All of the above.

Which of the following sentences describes the main effect for selfesteem in the Wood study?

Overall, the moods of high self-esteem people are more positive than the moods of low self-esteem people.

Mood depended on both the participants’ level of self-esteem and what self-statement condition they were in.

Overall, the moods of people in the “I am a lovable person” condition are about the same as the moods of people in the “no statement” condition

Positive self-statements raised the moods of high self-esteem people and lowered the moods of low self-esteem people.

This study is an example of a(n):

Independent-groups factorial design

Within-groups factorial design

Mixed factorial design

Suppose these researchers ran their study again, but this time they compared how high or low self-esteem people responded to three kinds of statements: Positive self-statements, negative selfstatements, and no statements. What kind of design would this be?

2 x 2

2 x 3

2 x 2 x 2

6 x 1

What is the term for a quasi-experimental design with at least one treatment group and one comparison group, in which the participants are measured once and have not been randomly assigned to the groups?

Nonequivalent control group design

Independent-groups design

Factorial design

Reversal design

Which of these is not a reason for a researcher to select a quasiexperimental design?

To enhance external validity

To avoid the ethical issues a true experiment would cause.

To ensure internal validity

To take advantage of real-world opportunities to study phenomena and events.

Researchers studied preteens at an outdoor education camp that prevented kids from using devices with screens, such as cell phones (Uhls et al., 2014). They predicted the camp would improve children’s nonverbal communication skills. One group of sixth graders attended the camp in the spring. They were compared with a group of sixth graders from the same school who had not attended the camp. The kids were tested on how well they could read emotions in faces. The camp group took the emotion test on Monday and Friday (the first and last days of their camp week); the control group took the emotion test on Monday and Friday of a regular school week. What type of design was this?

Interrupted time-series design

Nonequivalent control group interrupted time-series design

Nonequivalent control group posttest-only design

Nonequivalent control group pretest/posttest design

For the kids’ camp study, you could ask: Did the researchers use a reliable and valid test of nonverbal communication skills? You would be asking about which kind of validity?

Construct validity

Statistical validity

Internal validity

External validity

The researchers found that the ability to read emotions in faces improved significantly in the kids who had been to the camp, but not in the control kids. Which of the following would be a threat to internal validity in this study?

If the kids who went to camp were selected for their low levels of emotional communication skills, but the control children were not

If the kids in the two groups were not representative of children from their local school district

If the sample size of the study was very small.

A psychologist is working with four siblings, all of whom exhibit violent behavior toward one another. The children’s parents are instructed to record the number of violent behaviors each child exhibits in the hour before dinner for 1 week. The parents then begin using a positive reinforcement technique to shape the behavior of the youngest child, while continuing to record the behavior of all children. The recording continues, and the technique is used on one additional child each week. By the end of 6 weeks, there is a significant decrease in violent behaviors for each of the children. What type of design did the psychologist use?

Stable-baseline design

Multiple-baseline design

Reversal design

Interrupted time-series design

Which of these is not a method for addressing the external validity of the conclusions of a small-N study?

Triangulate by comparing results with other research

Specify a limited population to which to generalize

Randomly assign people to the treatment and control conditions.

Specify that the result applies only to the participant studied

If you repeat a study and find the same results as the first time, what can you say about the original study?

It is replicable.

It is statistically significant.

It is valid.

It is consistent.

When researchers conduct a replication study in which they have the same variables at an abstract level but use different operationalizations of each variable, what type of study is it?

Direct replication

Meta-analysis

Conceptual replication

Replication-plus-extension

Which of these new research practices is most relevant for preventing HARKing?

Open data

Open materials

Preregistration

Using a larger sample

Which of the following claims is most likely to have been tested in generalization mode?

Four out of 10 teenagers can’t identify fake news when they see it.

Reading stressful news makes adults anxious

People who walk faster live longer.

Which of these is a field setting?

A psychology lab with a hidden camera

A neuropsychology lab with an MRI machine

A preschool playground with video cameras

A biology lab with galvanic skin response detectors

Which of these statements is true of external validity?

Psychologists usually strive to generalize to all people.

For generalization to a population, the larger the sample, the better

External validity comes from how the sample is obtained, rather than sample size

A sample that contains female college students can generalize to all female college students.

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