Social psychology
Cohesion
2+ people who interact with each other (who often share a goal). The extent to which members of a group are connected. Shared intimacy, history, goals, or background enhances cohesion. Different group members serve different functions, as per individual needs and strengths.
The tendency to have enhanced performance when around others. Athletes and audience. Familiar or simple tasks tend to be facilitated. Is not always the case – some performance is hindered by the presence of others.
Social facilitation
2+ people who interact with each other (who often share a goal). The extent to which members of a group are connected. Shared intimacy, history, goals, or background enhances cohesion. Different group members serve different functions, as per individual needs and strengths.
The tendency to have enhanced performance when around others. Athletes and audience. Familiar or simple tasks tend to be facilitated. Is not always the case – some performance is hindered by the presence of others.
Mere presence
Feeling judged enhances self-consciousness. Can lead to poorer performance
Presence of others causes physical arousal.
Evaluation apprehension
Feeling judged enhances self-consciousness. Can lead to poorer performance.
Presence of others causes physical arousal.
Distraction (Distraction conflict theory)
The presence of others can take attention away from performance. This can lead to poorer performance. Is also affected by the difficulty of the task
Being in a group can cause a decrease in effort. Worse when individual performance is not assessed.
Social Loafing
The presence of others can take attention away from performance. This can lead to poorer performance. Is also affected by the difficulty of the task
Being in a group can cause a decrease in effort. Worse when individual performance is not assessed.
Reducing social loafing
To let go of self-awareness and restraint and go along with the group. Sense of anonymity within a group. Can lead to very dangerous behaviors.
The belief that individual effort will be noted by the assessor. Increasing each group member’s commitment. Increasing task importance.
Deindividuation
To let go of self-awareness and restraint and go along with the group. Sense of anonymity within a group. Can lead to very dangerous behaviors.
The belief that individual effort will be noted by the assessor. Increasing each group member’s commitment. Increasing task importance.
Three factors contribute to deindividuation (Zimbardo, 1969) –
Arousal, Anonymity, Reduced feelings of responsibility
Social identity deindividuation - Deindividuation results from a shifting of identity. An individual changes their focus from the self to the group. Leads to conformity to the norms of that group. Can lead to a loss of self-awareness.
SIDE – social identity deindividuation
Social identity deindividuation - Deindividuation results from a shifting of identity. An individual changes their focus from the self to the group. Leads to conformity to the norms of that group. Can lead to a loss of self-awareness.
Arousal, Anonymity, Reduced feelings of responsibility
Risky Shift
We will take greater risks as a group than we will as individuals. Responsibility is spread out among group members.
An attitude/belief can become magnified within a group after being discussed among group members. We may play off of the emotions/attitudes of others in the group. Ex: Jury deliberation. Social comparison – adjusting our own attitudes for favorable standing in a group. Persuasion.
Group polarization
An attitude/belief can become magnified within a group after being discussed among group members. We may play off of the emotions/attitudes of others in the group. Ex: Jury deliberation. Social comparison – adjusting our own attitudes for favorable standing in a group. Persuasion.
We will take greater risks as a group than we will as individuals. Responsibility is spread out among group members.
Groupthink
The desire for groups to function smoothly may cause the group to ignore other solutions. Maintaining the harmony of the group can exert pressure to avoid "raising red flags."
Rules or expectations regarding desirable behaviors from group members.
Group norms
Rules or expectations regarding desirable behaviors from group members.
The desire for groups to function smoothly may cause the group to ignore other solutions. Maintaining the harmony of the group can exert pressure to avoid "raising red flags."
Solutions to groupthink
Focus on building relationships and group goals. Tend to foster trust and inspire better outcomes. Can also hinder performance when enthusiasm obstructs progress. Research finds that men and women respond differently to various leadership styles.
Reward good behavior but only take action when things go wrong. Believe in a clear authority structure. Make sure that consequences (good and bad) are well-understood.
Remain open to criticism. Work with diverse people. Include members outside the group. Train members in group decision-making.
Transactional leaders
Focus on building relationships and group goals. Tend to foster trust and inspire better outcomes. Can also hinder performance when enthusiasm obstructs progress. Research finds that men and women respond differently to various leadership styles.
Reward good behavior but only take action when things go wrong. Believe in a clear authority structure. Make sure that consequences (good and bad) are well-understood.
Remain open to criticism. Work with diverse people. Include members outside the group. Train members in group decision-making.
Transformational leaders
Remain open to criticism. Work with diverse people. Include members outside the group. Train members in group decision-making.
Focus on building relationships and group goals. Tend to foster trust and inspire better outcomes. Can also hinder performance when enthusiasm obstructs progress. Research finds that men and women respond differently to various leadership styles.
Focus on building relationships and group goals. Tend to foster trust and inspire better outcomes. Can also hinder performance when enthusiasm obstructs progress. Research finds that men and women respond differently to various leadership styles.
Conflict
When different groups compete for resources. Sherif – two groups of campers "came together.“
A situation in which two players each have two options whose outcome depends crucially on the simultaneous choice made by the other, often formulated in terms of two prisoners separately deciding whether to confess to a crime.
A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
Realistic group conflict theory
A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
When different groups compete for resources. Sherif – two groups of campers "came together.“
A situation in which two players each have two options whose outcome depends crucially on the simultaneous choice made by the other, often formulated in terms of two prisoners separately deciding whether to confess to a crime.
Prisoner’s dilemma
A situation in which two players each have two options whose outcome depends crucially on the simultaneous choice made by the other, often formulated in terms of two prisoners separately deciding whether to confess to a crime.
A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
When different groups compete for resources. Sherif – two groups of campers "came together.“
Attributional bias
We form opinions regarding the cause of a behavior without adequate data. Remember situational and dispositional attributions!
The assumption that others have hostile or negative intentions (Prisoner’s dilemma!). Blaming other people when we don’t achieve a goal.
Sometimes simple misunderstandings lead to major conflicts. Different people communicate differently.
Hostile attributional bias
The assumption that others have hostile or negative intentions (Prisoner’s dilemma!). Blaming other people when we don’t achieve a goal.
Sometimes simple misunderstandings lead to major conflicts. Different people communicate differently.
We form opinions regarding the cause of a behavior without adequate data. Remember situational and dispositional attributions!
Communication errors
The assumption that others have hostile or negative intentions (Prisoner’s dilemma!). Blaming other people when we don’t achieve a goal.
We form opinions regarding the cause of a behavior without adequate data. Remember situational and dispositional attributions!
Sometimes simple misunderstandings lead to major conflicts. Different people communicate differently.
Biased perception
Compromise is the key and it leads to de-escalation of emotions and hostility. The goal is trust and cooperation toward a mutually acceptable outcome.
We see ourselves as being "right" while we see others as being biased. Hostile media phenomenon – we think that the media is biased against any view that we hold.
Bargaining (negotiation) to seek a common ground. Differing parties come together to discuss and resolve conflict. Counter-offers and concessions. The goal is for everyone to win a little and no one has to feel like they "lost.“
Resolving Conflict
We see ourselves as being "right" while we see others as being biased. Hostile media phenomenon – we think that the media is biased against any view that we hold
Compromise is the key and it leads to de-escalation of emotions and hostility. The goal is trust and cooperation toward a mutually acceptable outcome.
Bargaining (negotiation) to seek a common ground. Differing parties come together to discuss and resolve conflict. Counter-offers and concessions. The goal is for everyone to win a little and no one has to feel like they "lost.“
GRIT - “Gradual reduction in tension “
Bargaining (negotiation) to seek a common ground. Differing parties come together to discuss and resolve conflict. Counter-offers and concessions. The goal is for everyone to win a little and no one has to feel like they "lost.“
Compromise is the key and it leads to de-escalation of emotions and hostility. The goal is trust and cooperation toward a mutually acceptable outcome.
We see ourselves as being "right" while we see others as being biased. Hostile media phenomenon – we think that the media is biased against any view that we hold.
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