Bias in research can be reduced by the following:
High participation rates in studies
Ensure that there are strict criteria for control and intervention groups
Ensuring there is a large sample
All of the above assist in reducing bias
When appraising primary research what key questions need to be answered:
Do the study results have the potential to impact on practice?
Can the results be applied to a specific clinical setting?
Do the results come from the use of sound methods?
All of the above
An advantage of doing a case control study is:
Fewer participants are needed than in a cross-sectional study
It is easy to control for types of bias.
Selection of the control group is easy to undertake.
Randomization can be done without any difficulties.
Quantitative research uses numbers, counts and statistical tests.
True
False
Select the correct response Ethnography is best described as:
A data collection method used in research
A research methodology that examines cultural practices
a research methodology that examines social environment
A research methodology that examines interpretive meaning
A quantitative researcher would prefer to use a validated measure rather than an unvalidated measure.
True
False
A convenience sample
Allows for generalisability of the findings to the population
Gives everyone an opportunity to participate in a study
Is made up of the most readily available and accessible persons
Is made up of people who enjoy being part of a research study
When appraising qualitative research which of the following needs to be considered?
Is there a clear statement of the aims of the research?
Is the qualitative methodology appropriate?
Has the researcher explained how the participants were selected?
Is there an in-depth description of the anlaysis process?
All of the above are important aspects when appraising qualitative research
What types of data collection are used for qualitative research studies
Observations
Interviews
Focus groups
All of the above
A randomised control-trial is the most powerful type of design for examining cause-and effect-relationships.
True
False
Which of the following are sources of qualitative data?
Interviews
Fieldwork observations
Narratives
All of the above
A key feature of qualitative data analysis is the application of inductive reasoning which generates ideas from the research findings
True
False
Random allocation or assignment
Allows participants to choose the group they want to join
Places participants in specific groups based on age, gender and education
Participants are randomly assigned to a treatment or control group
Excludes some participants from the study
Allison is wanting to undertake a review on chronic pain management in the older Vietnamese person however no systematic reviews or studies have been carried out in this particular area. Which of the following is NOT an appropriate level of evidence she can draw upon.
Case controlled study
Conversation with a peer
Cohort study
Expert opinion
Jenny a district nurse looking after Mrs Nguyen, a 78 year old Vietnamese widow, has become interested in non-English speaking immigrants' experience of managing their chronic health conditions. Jenny would like to do a study to find out about their experiences so that it might assist her practice when caring for this community. Which would be the most appropriate research method for her to use?
Randomised control trial
Grounded theory
Phenomenology
Ethnography
A study using questionnaires with numerical scores to examine feelings, perceptions and social effects is a qualitative study.
True
False
The term 'theoretical saturation' means:
The use of several theories to validate the research approach
Developing and testing a theory
A process associated with grounded theory in which further data collection produces no new insights
Using too many theories during data analysis
A systematic review is a piece of research
True
False
Which of the following statements about the concept of a research paradigm is incorrect?
It is based on philosophical assumptions about knowledge
It shapes researchers' approach to their research question
Outlines the framework for conducting the research
Encompasses qualitative and quantitative methodologies
When critically appraising the evidence the three main aspects are undertaking in the following order:
Applicability, impact, internal validity
Impact, internal validity, applicability
Internal validity, impact, applicability
Internal validity, applicability, impact
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