Physio Cycle 2 - 2022 | Take the Quiz

1.Which of the following are elements of the reflex arc of the inverse-stretch reflex?

1. Alpha - motor neuron projecting its axon to skeletal muscle cells

2. Excitatory interneuron of the spinal cord (

4. Alpha - motor neuron projecting its axon to the flexor muscle of the ipsilateral limb

5. Golgi tendon organ

6. Sensory protoneuron of the dorsal root ganglion collecting input from A delta fiber

7. Sensory protoneuron of the dorsal root ganglion collecting input from A alpha sensory fiber

2.Which of the following phenomena are mediated by (beta ?) adrenergic receptor:

1. Intestinal relaxation (beta 2)

2. Urinary bladder sphincter

3. Lipogenesis

4. Bronchodilation (beta 2)

3.Which of the following cells are cholinergic neurons of the autonomic nervous system (liberate Ach):

1. Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

2. Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

3. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

4. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons to gastric glands

5. Alpha - motor neurons of anterior horns

4.Identify all the true statements concerning threshold potential:

1. Threshold potential equals -40mV in standard neuron

2. Threshold potential is the minimum amplitude of the stimulus which is able to elicit action potential

3. The lower the threshold potential, the higher cell excitability

4. Threshold potential is the membrane charge able to open voltage gated channels initiating spontaneous distribution of excitation

5.How far from the lens is the focal point of the eye, which refractive power is 50 diopters?

1. 50 mm beyond the lens

2. 25 mm beyond the lens and it is always located on the fovea

3. 2 cm beyond the lens

4. 50 mm in front of the lens

6.Phototransduction begins with absorption of light by the rhodopsin, next…(PROPER ORDER IS REQUIRED):

1. Hyperpolarization of photoreceptor

2. Activation of transduction

3. Increase of the concentration of the cyclic GMP (cGMP)

4. Changing of the rhodopsin configuration from the 11-cis to all-trans form

5. Closure of the cGMP-dependent Na+ channel

6. Decrease of the concentration of cyclic GMP (cGMP)

7. Increase release of neurotransmitter (in dark)

8. Decrease release of neurotransmitter

7.Gamma -motor neurons:

1. They terminate in form of flower spray endings in peripheral part of the muscle spindle

2. Their bodies are located in intermediolateral part of the gray matter of the spinal cord

3. They terminate in form of plate and trail endings on the nuclear bag and the nuclear chain fibers of muscle spindles

4. They are lower motor neurons of the reticulospinal tract

8.Anterior (ventral) spinothalamic tract is composed of (PROPER ORDER of NEURONS is requires):

1. Neurons in posterior horn of the spinal cord

2. Dorsal root ganglion cell

3. Neurons in nucleus gracilis

4. Neurons in ventral posterolateral nuclei of the thalamus

5. Neurons in postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex

9.Identify right statements concerning the beta- rhythm appearing on an EEG recording:

1. It appears when a patient's eyes are open

2. It is made of low frequency high amplitude waves frequency is 8-13 Hz

3. It forms sleep spindles of the EEG recording

4. It appears over occipital lobes when eyes are closed

5. It represents activity that is the most specific for the frontal region of the conscious brain

10.Rhodopsin is…: (VISUAL PURPLE.)

1. The G-protein that breaks down cGmp

2. Extremely sensitive to light. It begins phototransduction being entered by a single photon of light

3. A metabotropic G-protein coupled receptor

3. A metabotropic G-protein coupled receptor 4. The ionotropic receptor gated by GABA

5. Embedded in the membrane of free floating discs of the outer segment of the rod cell

11.Identify right statements concerning SLOW PAIN:

1. It is modulated by inhibitory interneurons of substantia gelatinosa of the dorsal horn

2. It is transmitted by unmyelinated C-fibers

3. It is conducted via midline and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus to the cingulate gyrus of the cortex

4. It is not transmitted to the cerebral cortex, it reaches only limbic system and hypothalamus

5. It is ‘‘bright’’, easily localized pain, transmitted by Ad-fibers

6. It is intensified by neurons of substantia gelatinosa

12.Left optic tract aggregates axons of ganglion cells from

1. Temporal half of the left retina

2. Temporal half of the right retina

3. Nasal half of the left retina

4. Nasal half of the right retina

13.Which of the following statements properly concern inhibitory interneurons of the spinal cord:

1. Renshaw cells receive the output from alpha motor neurons and perform their recurrent inhibition

2. Inhibitory interneurons are involved in eliciting myotatic reflexes

3. In effect of reciprocal innervation, inhibitory interneurons bring relaxation of extensor muscles in withdrawal reflex

4. Inhibitory interneurons of the cord are mostly GABAergic, mediating IPSP and cellular hyperpolarization via GABAA receptor

14.Sensory input to the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe originates from:

1. Mechanoreceptors of the vestibular organ

2. Mechanoreceptors of the organ of corti

3. Annulospiral endings and flower spray endings of muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

4. Nociceptors of the slow pain pathways

5. Nociceptors of the fast pain pathways

16.Lidocaine, commonly used agent for local anesthesia, blocks action of the fast voltage-gated sodium channel. Identify effects you expect:

1. It produces postsynaptic inhibition decreasing neural excitability

2. It produces presynaptic inhibition within neural axons decreasing their threshold of excitability

3. It increases the amount of GABA - spinal neurotransmitter producing IPSP

4. It has no effect on the threshold of excitability of neurons

5. It creates anesthetic effect by interrupting of propagation of the exteroception, including pain, via nerves

17.Parasympathetic system:

1. Produces contraction of the gallbladder

2. Increases velocity of conduction in the atrioventricular node of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart

3. Produces contraction of the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder

4. Produces dilation of airways

18.Which statements concerning auditions are right?

1. Conduction deafness develops in effect of damage of the cochlea of the inner ear

2. In conduction deafness, bone conduction of sound is better/longer than air conduction in Rinne test

3. In Schwabach test, bone conduction of sound of the healthy examiner is better than bone conduction of the patient suffering from sensorineural loss of hearing

4. In Weber test, sound lateralizes (is heard louder) toward defected ear in conduction deafness

19.Symptoms of cerebellar defects might be:

1. Resting tremor

2. Ataxia, dyscoordination of voluntary and involuntary movements

3. Flaccid paralysis

4. Spasticity and exaggerated stretch reflexes

5. Broad-based gait and intention tremor

6. Atrophy of muscles

7. Discoordination of only involuntary movements

20.Identify right statements concerning phenomena that begin depolarization of the skeletal muscle cell:

1. Activation of nicotinic receptor of the skeletal muscle cell generates action potential of the motor end plate

2. Binding of Ach to the nicotinic receptor produces end plate potential (EPSP)

3. End plate potential of the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle cell is produced by the ligand gated channel

4. Activation of the muscarinic M1 receptor produces IPSP of the motor end-

21.Nociception is conducted by:

1. Lateral spinothalamic tract

2. The same pathway as the sense of vibration and fine, precise touch

3. The same pathway as the input from thermoreceptors

4. Pathways of conscious and unconscious proprioception

22.In myopia

1. Far point of vision can be located even 1 meter from the eye

2. It is related to increased focal length of the eyeball

3. It is related to decreased focal length of the eyeball

4. Far objects are focused on the retina while near objects behind the retina.

5. Near objects are focused on retina while far objects in front of the retina

23.Excitation - contraction coupling in SMOOTH muscle cells involves following events EXCEPT for:

1. Inwards calcium current via the ryanodine receptor of the cellular membrane

2. Activation of the IP3 receptor of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

3. Binding of calcium to calbindin

4. Shortening of sarcomere

5. Formation of calcium- calmodulin complex

24.Sentences related to of the spinal cord:

1. All spinal pathways to cerebral cortex pass through transitional nuclei of thalamus

2. They conduct exteroceptive, proprioceptive and auditory sensation

3. Unconscious proprioceptive sensation terminates with mossy fibers on granule cells of cerebellar cortex

4. Their second neurons can be located in spinal cord or medulla oblongata

25.Purkinje cells of cerebellar cortex:

1. Are excited by climbing fibers from the olivary

2. Collect efferent output from deep cerebellar

3. Are located in molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex(

4. Release GABA from their axon terminals. They produce inhibitory effect to deep cerebellar nuclei

Physio Cycle 2 - 2022

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