pathophysiology 5

Which of the following statements is least likely to be associated with stable angina

Typically subsided after 10-15 minutes

occurs after a predictable amount of exertion

usually requires both rest and GTN to subside

is characterised by a sharp chest pain rather than pressure

Common complaints in patients experiencing ACS include all of the following except

fatigue

headache

chest pain

palpitations

Hypertensive emergencies in older people

required a controlled decline in blood pressure that often cannot be achieved in the prehospital setting

can cause a ruptured cerebral or aortic aneurysm and should be treated in the field with anti-hypertensives

are relatively uncommon owing to increased elasticity of the blood vessels, which facilitates vasodilation

are typically treated in the prehospital setting with beta blocker medications or a slow nitrate solution

the most important single observation to assess the development of a intracranial haematoma is

the pupil size and reaction

the plantar reflexes

the changing levels of consciousness

the blood pressure

heart murmurs are usually caused by

malfunctioning of the valve or valves

normal opening and closing of valves

a high pre-load

heart attacks

As intercranial pressure rises

the heart rate acutely increases

the brain becomes hypocarbic

cerebral herniation may occur

mean arterial pressure decreases

Airway obstruction, tension pneumothorax and massive haemothorax are 4 of the 6 immediately life threatening injuries, the other 2 are

flail chest and cardiac tamponade

flail chest and pulmonary confusion

cardiac tamponade and pulmonary confusion

myocardial infarction and oesophageal disruption

what is the pathophysiology of neurogenic shock

a loss of sympathetic nervous system tone

inadequate perfusion due to widespread vasoconstriction

bradycardia due to increased parasympathetic tone

central nervous system damage due to a spinal injury

in contrast to somatic pain, visceral pain

is well localised

indicates peritonitis

is difficult to localise

increases with movement

a patient who is profoundly hypovolaemic will display the following signs

tachycardia, tachypnoea, diaphoresis and erythema

tachycardia, tachypnoea, diaphoresis and urticaria

tachycardia, tachypnoea, diaphoresis and pallor

tachycardia, tachypnoea, dispedesis and pallor