Study guide/slides/practice questions

Vazire and Mehl’s (2008) study of the accuracy of O-data in which EAR data were compared to S- and O-data about the participants’ daily behavior, the results showed that, compared to S-data, O-data’s accuracy is:

Using _____ data, Patrick et al.’s (1993) study of convicted criminals revealed that those identified as psychopaths _____ faster startle responses to unpleasant than pleasant stimuli.

Gosling et al.’s (2008) use of observations of participants’ bedrooms as indicators of their personality traits found that:

Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest relationship between two variables?

Which of these responses could be found on a Likert scale?

When Xerneas responds to the questions on a survey, he answers in a way that would reflect most favorably on him. Xerneas’s behavior best illustrates the _____ bias.

When considering which measure to use for a study on self-efficacy, Dr. Agulnick decides against using the Concise Self-Efficacy Scale because participants often get different scores when they complete the scale multiple times. Dr. Agulnick’s decision is based on the _____ of the scale.

In order to test the _____ validity of a self-report measure of state anxiety, Dr. Chauhan computes correlations between participants’ scores on the measure and the degree of increase in their blood pressure during a stressful task.

Dr. Cucciniello computes correlations between each item with each other item on a new scale of defensive pessimism to determine whether:

Professor Eisenberg’s student asks if the Personnel Reaction Blank, a test of employee integrity, has high validity. Professor Eisenberg looks at the items (e.g., “Is honest if given back too much change at store”) and replies that the questions seem to measure integrity. Professor Eisenberg’s assessment reflects the _____ of the test.

In a review of Dr. Entero’s manuscript describing the development of a new measure of conscientiousness, a reviewer notes a concern that the measure is actually assessing reward sensitivity rather than conscientiousness. In her reply, Dr. Entero should demonstrate the _____ of the new measure of conscientiousness.

If Vazire and Mehl (2008) had first obtained S- and O-data about the participants’ daily behaviors and correlated these scores with EAR data obtained during the following semester, they would have been attempting to establish:

Celebi gives her participants a test of altruism and a test of social desirability to establish that her test of altruism is NOT measuring social desirability. She seeks to establish:

_____ is the type of reliability in which the same measure is administered to the same individuals more than once; r is then calculated.

An indicator of reliability in which the average of all inter-item correlations is computed is:

In a study examining the effect of doing self-affirmation on test anxiety, the participants in both the experimental (self-affirmation) and control (no self-affirmation) write for 10 minutes using a pencil and paper one hour before an exam; test anxiety is then measured. Giving the participants in both the experimental and control conditions the instruction to write for 10 minutes 1 hour prior to the exam and to use a paper and pencil establishes:

Suppose I am interested in determining whether writing on the board is a more effective teaching method than using PowerPoint slides. I test this by using PowerPoint in my Personality Psych class and writing on the board in my General Psych class. A potential confound is:

Suppose you identify a need for a new taxonomy of personality to be used in the workplace, so you obtain the 5 personality scales most frequently used in the workplace and administer them to a large sample of participants. After the participants complete the scales, you subject the data to a factor analysis and find that the 27 items are best captured by 4 factors (commitment, industriousness, energy, and initiative). You have used the _____ approach to developing a personality taxonomy.

Suppose you are developing a new taxonomy of personality and believe that Triandis’s concepts of collectivism and individualism and Markus and Kitayama’s concepts of independence and interdependence will be important aspects of personality. You give several measures of these concepts to a sample to help you narrow down the important factors assessed by these scales. You have used the _____ approach to developing a personality taxonomy.

Mischel argued against the idea of personality as an important predictor of behavior, noting that:

A highly extraverted person would be LEAST likely to say:

Low endorsement of the item “Remains calm in tense situations” and high endorsement of the item “Is depressed, blue on the Big Five Inventory are strong indicators of:

The term for the amount of observed individual differences in some characteristic that can be accounted for by genetic differences is:

Michelle, who is high in openness, often attends poetry slams and improv theater, and has interesting conversations with people there that expand her world views. This most resembles:

The behavioral inhibition system (BIS) is:

Studies on reinforcement sensitivity theory show that:

In the Adjective Check List, personality is assessed by giving participants a series of traits (e.g., honest, cautious) and asking them to place a check next to all that characterize them. This scale is:

A researcher is interested in whether or not students' self-esteem fluctuates throughout the school day. To best capture their self-esteem during class, while in their dorm, and while eating with friends, he should use:

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using the survey method?

When answering questions on a personality test, Zuko's responses indicate that he is more kind, generous, and caring than he actually is. Zuko is exhibiting the ____ response set.

A study that uses occupation as an indicator of personality (surgeons are identified as domineering, nurses as caring, and engineers as studious) uses:

Suppose researchers measure proneness to aggression by having a confederate bump into some of the participants as they walked down a hallway and rating the aggressiveness of the participants' responses. This study produces:

To assess her employees' leadership potential, Dr. Bai asks all team members to provide ratings of each other, which is an example of:

Rachel and Ross are hiring a nanny. They interview all applicants, talk to their references, and watch them interacting with their baby, Emma, using:

Which of the following is the strongest plausible correlation coefficient?

If a research finding is statistically significant, it:

If p = .11, this means:

Suppose you are calculating Cronbach's alpha for a scale with 5 items. How many inter-item correlations will there be?

A researcher, Dr. Abreu, wants to make sure that her new measure of integrity yields the same scores even when a participant is assessed multiple times. Dr. Abreu should calculate:

Dr. Kwak asks her participants to nominate 3 friends who can provide information about their personality. To determine how well the friends' assessments line up with each other, Dr. Kwak should measure:

Sokka and Katara are movie reviewers for the local newspaper. Both have just watched the same movie. Both assign the movie 5 out of 5 stars. Based on their ratings, we might conclude that there is:

Dr. Cromwell wants to ensure that all of the items on an IQ test are measuring the same thing. Which type of reliability should be measured?

Dr. Ahmed, an industrial/organizational psychologist, finds that scores on a measure of integrity are a good indicator of whether or not an employee steals from the company, demonstrating good:

Recall Caspi et al.'s (1987) finding that ill-temperedness in childhood was associated with men's lower career stability in adulthood. This demonstrates:

Alonzo finds that his measure of extraversion has a high correlation with Muggsy’s measure of sociability. This finding would be an example of _____ validity.

A teacher finds that their measure of memory is correlated with the number of digits of pi students can remember. This is an example of:

Suppose, in the study of aggressive responses, the researchers manipulate the situation by having the confederate bump into some participants (experimental condition) and not into others (control condition). How could the researchers establish experimental control?

Suppose Koh develops a personality taxonomy by using personality descriptors used in dating apps in a factor analysis. Koh has used the _____ approach.

Bosco develops a personality taxonomy using the zodiac, in which birth months are thought to be tied to personality traits, using the _____ approach.

A company is using a personality test to identify a job applicant who is reliable, creative, and a good team player. They decide not to hire Monica because her results predicted that she'd use power rather than compromise without consideration of others’ points of view to get what she wants, which would cause rifts between team members. Monica was not hired because of her:

Joey wants to be an actor, but has not been successful because he shows up late for auditions and forgets which part he’s auditioning for. Joey’s failure can be attributed to his:

Phoebe is using a Big Five-based dating app to look for a potential mate. Although David is kind, gets along well with others, and is dependable, Phoebe decides not to meet with him because he isn't interested in having adventures and trying new things. Phoebe is rejecting David based on his:

Which of the following is most likely in a strong situation?

Suppose research shows that watching violent shows increases aggressiveness only for people initially prone to aggression. This demonstrates:

Someone who works in the produce department at my local supermarket is quite agreeable and extraverted. Shoppers constantly stop to chat with him, sharing pleasant greetings and warm wishes; these interactions seem to make him eager to talk with more people. This is an example of:

Whereas Eysenck believed that the biological difference between introverts and extraverts was in _____, the difference is actually in _____.

Monica works hard because she doesn't want to be fired, whereas Phoebe works hard because she wants to get a promotion. Monica is likely to have high levels of _____, whereas Phoebe is likely to have high levels of _____.

Rhys tries to do well at bat because he wants to hit a homerun; Kyle just doesn't want to strike out. Rhys is exhibiting high _____; Kyle is exhibiting high _____.

Patterns of feelings, thoughts and behavior that set people apart from one another defines:

TRUE OR FALSE: To have a personality trait, individuals must be somewhat consistent across situations in their behaviors related to the trait.

The nature vs nurture debate in personality psychology, in measuring what is more important for determining what people will do; _______ or _______

TRUE OR FALSE: Personality is everywhere

__________ can be obtained: through interviews, periodic reports and questionnaires (most commonly used) can take many forms: "fill in the blanks" true or false, forced choice questions

TRUE OR FALSE: The acquiescence response bias (we just say 'yes') occurs in unstructured data

TRUE OR FALSE: Extreme responding (using the endpoints) occurs as a limitation in structured data

TRUE OR FALSE: There is no sequence involved in unstructured measures or tests

___________ is a rating scale used to measure opinions, attitudes, or behaviors. It consists of a statement or a question, followed by a series of five or seven answer statements. Respondents choose the option that best corresponds with how they feel about the statement or question.

________ refers to set of techniques to capture people's behaviors, thoughts, or feelings as they occur in real-time. This would include "naïve" accounts of critical events but also more "processed" representations.

________ is a method for collecting periodic brief audio snippets of participants' daily lives using a portable recording device.

TRUE OR FALSE: Mehl et al. (2007) measured that women are more talkative than men.

A ________ refers to the tendency for people to respond to questions in a way that paints a certain picture of themselves instead of providing honest answers. (BEST CHOICE)

Is a response set unintentional, or intentional?

Are black cats bad luck? You may not have an opinion on this, but you click yes anyway. This is an example of __________

Most people would deny that they drive after drinking alcohol because it reflects poorly on them and others would most likely disapprove. This is an example of _________:

My roommate is very messy all the time, but does not acknowledge or attempt to realize it. This best describes __________:

Self-report and informant-report compared to data from EAR showed the following restults:

T-data is also known as:

Rorschach is an example of which test?

Bedroom/office study that gave a hint into someone’s personality gives us:

Use of multiple data sources (e.g., self, informant) is:

When it is hot outside, and I take off my hoodie, this is an example of:

TRUE OR FALSE: Relationships are stronger if closer to +1 rather than -1

Does correlation mean causation?

TRUE OR FALSE p = .01 we would expect to find these results by chance less than 1 time in 100

Extent to which all of the items in a measure are assessing the same construct BEST describes:

Divide measure into 2 halves, compare scores on first and second halves BEST describes

TRUE OR FALSE: Extent to which a test measures the construct it is intended to measure explains reliability.

Extent to which the test appears (on the surface) to measure what it is intended to BEST describes:

Extent to which a test predicts a specific criterion BEST describes:

Degree of agreement between score on test and another measure of the same or a similar construct BEST describes

Normal distribution means:

Average deviation of scores from the mean BEST describes:

TRUE OR FALSE: Replication is statistical technique of combining results of various studies

The Barnum Effect is:

TRUE OR FALSE: Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale is a scale that shows the need for social approval

TRUE OR FALSE: Personality types are quantitative

TRUE OR FALSE: Traits are qualitative

Statistical approach to identify common factors among a larger number of items BEST describes:

What is Hans Eysenck – 3-factor model?

TRUE OR FALSE: Big Five traits explain personality across all cultures evenly.

Which of the BIG 5 do these facets belong to? Warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking, positive emotion

TRUE OR FALSE: These facets describe Openness to experience: trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tendermindedness

TRUE OR FALSE: correlations between situational variables and behavior are comparable in size to those between personality variables and behavior COMES FROM Mischel’s (1968) argument

B = f(s)

B = f(p)

TRUE OR FALSE: Strong situations easily allow expression of personality

TRUE OR FALSE: Situational selection is personality influences behavior elicited from other people

Depressed

Optimistic

Calm

How much of personality is genetically inherited?

TRUE OR FALSE: Dizygotic twins are identical (100% shared genes)

TRUE OR FALSE: Introversion vs Extraversion no differences in cortical arousal, but in sensitivity to stimulation

The lemon juice test showed:

TRUE OR FALSE: BIS shows motivation to seek out and achieve pleasurable goals

Low levels of serotonin show

When people are excluded from groups

PEACE AND LOVE TO EVERYONE. WE GOT THIS!!