Chapter 6 PSYCH

Do we have free will? Transcranial magnetic stimulation switched the hand chosen to carry out a task from right to left, but participants insisted that switching hands was their own idea.

A state of awareness

The special understanding of the self as distinct from other stimuli.

Conscious is derived from the Latin conscientia , which means "to know"

James maintained that "consciousness grows the more complex and intense the higher we rise in the animal kingdom"

In Consciousness as Variations in Alertness varying states of awareness might :

One possible advantage of being consciously aware of ongoing sensations is the ability to choose responses rather than to respond instinctively.

The self-awareness aspect of consciousness could heighten an animal's drive to survive.

The rouge test ,provided by developmental psychologists, a dot of rouge or other odorless dye is placed on a child's forehead, and the child is allowed to look in the mirror. If they rub the dot, turn to get a better look, or demonstrate that they know its them in the mirror then they are self-aware.

Chimpanzees, Orangutans, Gorillas raised by humans, bottle-nosed dolphins, Asian elephants, parrots, and cats demonstrated self-awareness in this type of experiment.

Babies 18 months and older are able to recognize themselves in the mirror, physiologists believe indicates a sense of self-awareness.

Some elephants and chimpanzees show an awareness of death and appear to grieve the loss.

In 1950, Alan Turing devised a test of a machine's ability to think. If a human had a conversation with two other beings, on human and one machine, without being able to distinguish between them, then the machine would have passed the test.

Cog the robot was originally programmed to serve as a receptionist, but she taught a science and technology class to 10-year olds in Tokyo in 2009. She is capable of producing six basic emotions :happiness, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, and sadness.

Consciousness, the mind, and the brain are like a set of nested Russian dolls.

Brain structures that are believed to participate in consciousness are the....

The level of conscious awareness of internal states or surroundings, which can high or low and realistic or distorted.

The ongoing catalog of internal and external stimuli that are the focus of current attention.

The special understanding of the self as distinct from other stimuli.

A normal state of consciousness characterized by reduced awareness of external stimuli.

A normal state of consciousness characterized by alertness and awareness of external stimuli.

A daily biological rhythm.

Circadian comes from the latin word about a day.

External stimuli is known as zeitgebers.

A mood disorder in which depression occurs regularly at the same time each year, usually during the winter months; formerly known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is called?

Varying states of awareness can be described using electroencephalogram.(EEG)

During beta activity, a person is actively thinking and alert. Rapid (15-30 cycles per second)

A person showing alpha activity is awake but relaxed. Alpha waves are slightly slower, larger, and more regular than beta waves, with a frequency of 9 to 12 cycles per second.

Gamma waves accompany the processing of sensory input, particularly visual stimuli. A waveform of more than 30 cycles per second.

The component of sleep characterized by waveforms resembling waking, as measured by electroencephalogram, accompanied by rapid motion of the eyes, muscular paralysis, and sympathetic nervous system activation.

The components of sleep characterized by theta and delta wave activity, as recorded by electroencephalogram, and deep physical relaxation.

Theta wave is a waveform of 5-6 cycles per second recorded by electroencephalogram that is characteristic of lighter stages of non-rapid eye movement sleep.

A waveform of 1 to 4 cycles per second recorded by electroencephalogram that usually indicates deep non-rapid eye movement sleep.

The human infant, born at an immature stage of brain development relative to other primate species, spends about half of its sleep time in REM sleep.

20% of sleep time is spent in REM for adolescents and adults.

Premature infants spend up to 80% of their sleep time in REM sleep.

A mental state that usually occurs during sleep that features visual imagery

A conscious awareness of dreaming accompanied by the ability to control the content of the dream .

A sleep disorder occurring in non-rapid eye movement sleep in which the sleeper wakes suddenly in great distress but without experiencing the imagery of a nightmare.

A sleep disorder characterized by an inability to either initiate or maintain normal sleep.

A sleep disorder characterized by the intrusion of rapid eye movement phenomena into waking.

Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder in which the person stops breathing while asleep.

A sleep disorder in which an otherwise healthy infant dies while asleep.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS)A disorder characterized by the voluntary movement of an extremity, usually one leg.

An abnormal state of deep unconsciousness.

An abnormal state following brain injury featuring wakefulness without consciousness.

In Brain death, the patient shows no responses to external stimuli,including pain, and no reflexes related to the cranial nerves.

An altered state of consciousness reported by people who were close to death because of cardiac or other medical problems that features out-of-body experiences, light-at-the-end-of-a-tunnel perceptions, and a state of calmness.

An abnormal level of brain activation with a sudden onset.

Partial seizures originate in a particular part of the brain, known as the focal area, and are often accompanied by an aura, or a premonition that a seizure is about to occur.

Generalized seizures do not arise from a focal area, and are ,typically, not accompanied by an aura, and are characterized by the abnormal activities of circuits connecting the cortex and thalamus.

Any drug with the capability of altering a person's state of consciousness.

The need to administer greater quantities of a drug to achieve the same subject effect.

Physical responses to the removal of some habitually administered drugs.

Addiction is a compulsive physical or psychological dependence on a substance or activity that continues in spite of negative consequences.

Addiction is correlated with the activity in a number of brain circuits.

Marijuana

LSD

Caffeine

Hallucinogen- A drug that stimulates the experience of false perceptions.

Stimulant-Any drug that increases the activity of the nervous system.

Nicotine is a stimulant and produces relaxation with alertness which is unique.

Cocaine and amphetamines,at moderate doses, produce alertness, elevated, mood, confidence, and a sense of well-being.

At high doses cocaine and amphetamines can produce symptoms that are quite similar to schizophrenia.

Many children diagnosed with ADHD are treated with Ritalin(Methylphenidate) or amphetamine salts (Adderall)

MDMA(Ecstasy) is a relative to the amphetamines and the hallucinogen mescaline that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature.

Alcohol was one of the earliest psychoactive drugs used by humans, dating back into our prehistory.

Opiods- Natural or synthetic substances that interact with endorphin receptors known as opioids. They have legitimate medical purposes, including pain control, cough suppression, and control of diarrhea.

Hypnosis-An altered state of consciousness characterized by relaxation and increased suggestibility.

Meditation -An involuntary alteration of consciousness characterized by positive emotion and absence of thought.

What are other methods for altering consciousness?

LSD:Serotonin. Marijuana: Endogenous cannabinoids. Caffeine:__________

Nicotine: Acetylcholine. Cocaine, amphetamines,and methamphetamine :________

Methylphenidate:___________

MDMA(ecstasy)

Alcohol

Opioids