Biochemistry
12 Carbon Fatty Acid
Arachidate
Myristate
Stereate
Palmitate
Laurate
14 Carbon Fatty Acid
Arachidate
Myristate
Stereate
Palmitate
Laurate
16 Carbon Fatty Acid
Arachidate
Myristate
Stereate
Palmitate
Laurate
18 Carbon Fatty Acid
Arachidate
Myristate
Stereate
Palmitate
Laurate
20 Carbon Fatty Acid
Arachidate
Myristate
Stereate
Palmitate
Laurate
What is the glycerophospholipid ratio of glycerol to fatty acids to phosphate to amino groups?
1:1:1:1
1:2:2:1
2:2:1:1
1:2:1:1
The simplest monosaccharides contain 2 carbons
True
False
Which amino group is present?
Ethanolamine
Serine
Glycerol
Choline
Which amino group has a +1 charge
Ethanolamine
Serine
Glycerol
Cysteine
The NH at position ___ of a purine bonds with the anomeric carbon of ribose/deoxy ribose
6
7
8
9
DNA has a hydrogen instead of a hydroxyl at position 3
True
False (1)
False (2)
False (4)
The E prime of a standard hydrogen electrode is:
-0.35 V
-0.42 V
+0. 35 V
+0.42 V
What are co-enzymes?
By products of a reaction
Part of the reactants
Carriers of functional groups
Essential vitamins
Choose the correct reactants in beta oxidation preparation
Fatty acid
CoA
ADP
ATP
AMP
Pi
Oxygen
CoA Dehydrogenase
Is the previously mentioned reaction spontaneous or not?
Spontaneous
Non-spontaneous
What is the name of the transporter used to shuttle fatty-acyl CoA into the mitochondrion
GLUT
Carnitine
Malate
Fumarate
Step 1: The fatty acyl CoA is oxidized by which oxidizing agent?
FAD
NAD+
Which enzyme is used in step 1 of beta oxidation?
Acyl-CoA Synthetase
Acyl-CoA Synthase
Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase
Acyl-CoA Oxidase
What can be said about the first product?
It is a trans alkane
It is a trans alkene
It is a cis alkane
It is a cis alkene
Step 2 is a(n)
Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrogenation
Hydration
Water is added across the double bond to give an alcohol on the __ carbon
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
First
The product is
L-a-hydroxy-acyl-CoA
L-B-hydroxy-acyl-CoA
D-a-hydroxy-acyl-CoA
D-B-hydroxy-acyl-CoA
Enzyme used is
Enoyl-CoA Oxidase
Enoyl-CoA Hydrate
Enoyl-CoA Hydratase
Enoyl-CoA Reductase
Step 3 is oxidation by
NAD+
FAD
ATP
ADP
The reaction with B-hydroxyl acyl dehydrogenase forms
A-ketoacyl CoA
B-ketoacyl CoA
Acetyl CoA
B-Acetyl CoA
Step 4 involves
Thiolase and CoA
Thiolase and CoASH
Thiolase and CoAS-
Thiolase and FAD
Glycolysis alone produces ___ ATP
1
2
3
4
In step 1, glucose is phosphorylated to
Glucose-3-Phosphate
Glucose-4-Phosphate
Glucose-5-Phosphate
Glucose-6-Phosphate
Both ___ and ___ are used in this reaction
ADP and hexokinase
ADP and inorganic phosphate
Acetyl CoA and hexokinase
ATP and hexokinase
Glucose-6-Phosphate is converted to Fructose-6-Phosphate using
Fructose isomerase
Glucose isomerase
Phosphohexose isomerase
Phosphofructokinase-1
Using ATP and PFK-1, Fructose-6-Phosphate is converted to
Fructose 1,6 diphosphate
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
Fructose 1,5 diphosphate
Fructose 1,4 diphosphate
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate is then split into _____ by ______
2 GTP by aldolase
2 G3P by fructose dehydrogenase
1 DHAP and 1 G3P by aldolase
1 DHAP and 1 GTP by aldolase
DHAP is then interconverted into G3P by
DHAP isomerase
G3P isomerase
Triose Phosphate Isomerase
DHAP synthetase
Step 6 involves
A reduction and phosporylation
A reduction and dehydrogenation
An oxidation and phosphorylation
An oxidation and dehydrogenation
G3P is oxidized by _____ then phosphorylated to form a _______
NAD+ , hydrogen bond
NAD+ , mixed anhydride bond
NAD+ , thioester
FAD, mixed anhydride bond
This reaction is catalyzed by
G3P oxidase
G3P dehydrogenase
G3P phosphorylase
Phosphorokinase
The product of this step is
1,3 - bisphosphoglycerate
1,2 - bisphosphoglycerate
1,6 - bisphosphoglycerate
2,3 - bisphosphoglycerate
Step 7
Includes a phosporyl transfer
Produces ATP
Uses a kinase
Includes the first substrate level phosphorylation
All of the above
1,3 - bisphosphoglycerate is converted into
1 - phosphoglycerate
2 - phosphoglycerate
3 - phosphoglycerate
4 - phosphoglycerate
How many mol of ATP are produced in this step?
1
2
3
4
The energy used to form the ATP is from breaking
The phosphorus atom
The hydrogen bond
The anhydride bond
The carboxyl bond
What is the name of the enzyme used in this reaction?
Phosphoglycerate mutase
Phosphoglycerate kinase
1,3 - bisphosphoglycerate kinase
1,3 - bisphosphoglycerate mutase
Step 8 involves a
Kinase
Mutase
Shifting of functional groups
Isomerase
All of the above except kinase
3 - phosphoglycerate is converted into
G3P
GDP
2 - phosphoglycerate
Monophosphoglycerate
The enzye responsible is
Mutase kinase
Phospho mutase
Glycerol mutase
Phosphoglycerate mutase
None of the above
Step 9 is a(n)
Dehydration
Hydration
Oxidation
Reduction
The enzyme ____ converts 2 - phosphoglycerate into ______
Enolase , pyruvate
Enolase , phosphoenolpyruvate
Reductase , pyruvate
Hydratase , phosphoenolpyruvate
Step 10 is involves a(n)
Hydration
Dehydration
Oxidation
Reduction
Transfer of a phosphoryl group
Phosphoenolpyruvate is de-phosphorylated into enol pyruvate by
Pyruvate mutase
Pyruvate hydratase
Pyruvate reductase
Pyruvate kinase
This step involves a substrate level phosphorylation
Pyruvate mutase
Pyruvate hydratase
Pyruvate reductase
Pyruvate kinase
Phosphoenolpyruvate is quickly tautomerized to pyruvate,
Disrupting the reaction
Slowing down the reaction
Forming 4 ATP
Pulling the reaction to completion
How many NADH and FADH2 are formed from glycolysis?
2,1
2,0
2,2
0,2
Which enzyme do animals not have?
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Pyruvate decarboxylase
Alcohol hydratase
Pyruvate synthetase
Under anaerobic conditions, animals reduce pyruvate to
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Acetylaldehyde
Lactate
Ethanol
The cori cycle explains the cycle between
Glucose and lactate
Fructose and ethanol
Glucose and ethanol
Glycolysis and lactate
Lactate is converted into glucose in the
Brain
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
The liver, kidney, and heart transfer NADH into the mitochondria using
The carnitine shuttle
Malate/aspartate shuttle
G3P shuttle
Ubiquinone
Skeletal muscle and the brain use the
Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle
Carnitine shutle
Ubiquinone
None of the above
Before it can enter the krebs cycle, pyruvate is oxidized to
Acetic acid
Co-enzyme A
Acetyl CoA
Citrate
Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA by
Pyruvate oxidase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
CoA dehydronase
CoA synthase
This reaction involves
CoA and FAD
CoASH and G3P
CoA and ATP
CoASH and NAD+
The products of this reaction are Acetyl CoA and
H20
CO
CO2
Inorganic phosphate
The first step of the TCA is a ___ reaction
Hydration
Reduction
Condensation
Oxidation
Acetyl CoA is reacted with ____ to form ____
Oxygen , citrate
Water , isocitrate
Oxaloacetate , citrate
Nothing , citrate
The enyzme used to catalyze this reaction is
Acetyl CoA kinase
Acetyl CoA hydratase
Citrate synthase
Citrate synthetase
In the reaction, water is converted into
Nothing, it is completely used up
Oxygen
H+
CoASH
Step 2 is the
Isomerization of acetyl CoA
Isomerization of citrate
Dehydration of citrate
Oxidation of citrate
Citrate is isomerized into iso-citrate by
Citrate isomerase
Isocitrate isomerase
Aldolase
Aconitase
Step 3 is a(n)
Reduction of a hydroxyl group
Oxidation of ATP
Phosphorylation
Oxidative carboxylation
Isocitrate dehydrogenase transfers a _____ to NAD+ and converts ____ to CO2
Hydrogen , COO
Hydride , alcohol
Hydride , COO-
Hydrogen , COO-
The products are
B-ketoglutarate and H20
B-ketoglutarate and CO2
A-ketoglutarate and CO2
A-ketoglutarate and COO-
A-ketoglutarate is then _____
Phosphorylated
Reduced
Deprotonated
Decarboxylated
The product is
Succinate
Malate
Succinyl CoA
Glutarate
The active enzyme involved is
A-ketoglutarate kinase
A-ketoglutarate mutase
A-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
A-ketoglutarate decarboxylase
In this reaction, one ____ is reduced
NAD+
FAD
NADP+
FMN
The hydrolysis of succinyl CoA to succinate involves a
Reduction
Oxidation
Phosphorylation
Carboxylation
One GDP/ADP are phosphorylated with the help of
Succinyl CoA synthase
Succinyl CoA synthetase
Succinate kinase
Succinate oxidase
Succinate is then ____ to _____
Oxidized to fumarate
Reduced to fumarate
Oxidized to malate
Reduced to malate
The enzyme _____ uses _____ to oxidize succinate
Fumarate oxidase , FAD
Fumarate dehydrogenase , NAD
Succinate oxidase , FAD
Succinate dehydrogenase , FAD
None of the above
Step 8 is a(n)
Reduction
Oxidation
Phosphorylation
Hydration
Malate is oxidized to
Pyruvate
Acetate
ATP
Oxaloacetate
The TCA reduces
3 NAD+ and 2 FAD
2 NAD+ and 2 FAD
1 NAD+ and 2 FAD
3 NAD+ and 1 FAD
Per cycle ___ ATP/GTP are produced
1
2
3
4
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