SayAgain (NS closed)

NAME

This course contains the following modules:

	Introduction
	Standard Phraseology & Plain English
	Rate of Speech
	Pronunciation & Accents
	Readback & Clarification
	Simple Transmissions
	Vocabulary
	Grammar
	Human Factors
	Summary

This course contains the following modules:

	Introduction
	Standard Phraseology & Plain English
	Rate of Speech
	Pronunciation & Accents
	Readback & Clarification
	Simple Transmissions
	Vocabulary
	Grammar
	Human Factors
	Summary

Module 1: Introduction

In this module you will learn:

Why English is important for aviation safety
ICAO language regulations
Why native English speakers need language training

Approximate training time: 7 minutes

Progress: Module 1 of 10

Module 1: Introduction

In this module you will learn:

Why English is important for aviation safety
ICAO language regulations
Why native English speakers need language training

Approximate training time: 7 minutes

Progress: Module 1 of 10

The development of this course included research with 526 pilots, air traffic controllers and other aviation specialists in 82 countries.

Their experiences of communicating with native English speakers form the backbone of this training.

One of the main questions we asked was:

What advice would you give native English speakers in order to improve aviation safety?

You will hear their advice throughout the course and see statistical results from our research.

The development of this course included research with 526 pilots, air traffic controllers and other aviation specialists in 82 countries.

Their experiences of communicating with native English speakers form the backbone of this training.

One of the main questions we asked was:

What advice would you give native English speakers in order to improve aviation safety?

You will hear their advice throughout the course and see statistical results from our research.

INTRODUCTION

This video gives an overview of English language problems in aviation

Module 1/10

INTRODUCTION

This video gives an overview of English language problems in aviation

Module 1/10

NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKERS

This video shows the communication responsibilities of native speakers

Module 1/10

NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKERS

This video shows the communication responsibilities of native speakers

Module 1/10

ICAO LANGUAGE REQUIREMENTS

This video looks at what we can expect from non-native speakers

Module 1/10

ICAO LANGUAGE REQUIREMENTS

This video looks at what we can expect from non-native speakers

Module 1/10

Summary: Introduction

Progress: Module 1 of 10

You have completed the training for Module 1

Checklist:

ICAO requires ALL pilots and Air Traffic Controllers to meet English Language Safety Standards
This includes native English speakers
Native English speakers are in the minority
Most non-native English speakers say that we are difficult to communicate with
We need training to make our use of language safer

Summary: Introduction

Progress: Module 1 of 10

You have completed the training for Module 1

Checklist:

ICAO requires ALL pilots and Air Traffic Controllers to meet English Language Safety Standards
This includes native English speakers
Native English speakers are in the minority
Most non-native English speakers say that we are difficult to communicate with
We need training to make our use of language safer

I'm ready for Module 2
This module will take about 5 minutes to complete

Module 2: Standard Phraseology & Plain English

In this module you will learn:

The importance of standard phraseology
When and how to use plain English
The difference between plain English in aviation and everyday conversations

Approximate training time: 5 minutes

Progress: Module 2 of 10

Module 2: Standard Phraseology & Plain English

In this module you will learn:

The importance of standard phraseology
When and how to use plain English
The difference between plain English in aviation and everyday conversations

Approximate training time: 5 minutes

Progress: Module 2 of 10

STANDARD PHRASEOLOGY

This video looks at the importance of Standard Phraseology

Module 2/10

STANDARD PHRASEOLOGY

This video looks at the importance of Standard Phraseology

Module 2/10

Safe communication

Safe communication is not just about using standard phraseology wherever possible – it’s also about delivering it correctly.

Some of the key guidelines are:

Use a normal conversation tone, speak clearly and distinctly
Maintain an even rate of speech not exceeding 100 words per minute
Maintain the speaking volume at a constant level

(ICAO Document 9432)

Be aware that the mother-tongue of the person receiving the message may not be English. Therefore, speak clearly

(UK CAP Document 413)

These apply to all aviation communications and we’ll explore them in more detail as we go through the course.

Safe communication

Safe communication is not just about using standard phraseology wherever possible – it’s also about delivering it correctly.

Some of the key guidelines are:

Use a normal conversation tone, speak clearly and distinctly
Maintain an even rate of speech not exceeding 100 words per minute
Maintain the speaking volume at a constant level

(ICAO Document 9432)

Be aware that the mother-tongue of the person receiving the message may not be English. Therefore, speak clearly

(UK CAP Document 413)

These apply to all aviation communications and we’ll explore them in more detail as we go through the course.

PLAIN ENGLISH

The role of plain English in aviation

Module 2/10

PLAIN ENGLISH

The role of plain English in aviation

Module 2/10

Summary: Standard Phraseology & Plain English

Progress: Module 2 of 10

You have completed the training for Module 2

Checklist:

Deviating from standard phraseology when we shouldn’t compromises safety even between native speakers
It can be even more dangerous if non-native speakers are involved
Plain English for aviation may seem unnatural to us at first
It is a skill that we have to learn

Summary: Standard Phraseology & Plain English

Progress: Module 2 of 10

You have completed the training for Module 2

Checklist:

Deviating from standard phraseology when we shouldn’t compromises safety even between native speakers
It can be even more dangerous if non-native speakers are involved
Plain English for aviation may seem unnatural to us at first
It is a skill that we have to learn

I'm ready for Module 3
This module will take about 20 minutes to complete

Module 3:

Rate of Speech

In this module you will learn about:

ICAO rate of speech regulations
Why speech rate is important
Why getting it right is difficult
Techniques to help you comply with rate of speech safety regulations

Approximate training time: 20 minutes

Progress: Module 3 of 10

Module 3:

Rate of Speech

In this module you will learn about:

ICAO rate of speech regulations
Why speech rate is important
Why getting it right is difficult
Techniques to help you comply with rate of speech safety regulations

Approximate training time: 20 minutes

Progress: Module 3 of 10

HOW FAST WE SPEAK

This video looks at our rate of speech

Module 3/10

HOW FAST WE SPEAK

This video looks at our rate of speech

Module 3/10

HOW FAST WE LISTEN

This video shows how our listening skills change under cognitive load

Module 3/10

HOW FAST WE LISTEN

This video shows how our listening skills change under cognitive load

Module 3/10

WHY DO WE SPEAK SO FAST?

This video looks at why we sometimes speak quickly

Module 3/10

WHY DO WE SPEAK SO FAST?

This video looks at why we sometimes speak quickly

Module 3/10

THE ELEPHANT IN THE ROOM

This video shows why speaking slowly can actually save time

Module 3/10

THE ELEPHANT IN THE ROOM

This video shows why speaking slowly can actually save time

Module 3/10

Slow Speech Simulator Training

In the next section we look at techniques to help slow our speech.

There are a number of techniques for you to practise.

They have been developed by experts and are proven to work.

Some of these may feel unnatural at first - but persevere.

It’s like simulator training – it’s not natural to experience lots of emergencies during one flight but we practise dealing with them to make aviation safer.

The same applies to practising slower speech.

Slow Speech Simulator Training

In the next section we look at techniques to help slow our speech.

There are a number of techniques for you to practise.

They have been developed by experts and are proven to work.

Some of these may feel unnatural at first - but persevere.

It’s like simulator training – it’s not natural to experience lots of emergencies during one flight but we practise dealing with them to make aviation safer.

The same applies to practising slower speech.

BREATHING

Changing our breathing can help us slow our speech

Module 3/10

BREATHING

Changing our breathing can help us slow our speech

Module 3/10

SLOW THE BEAT

The natural rhythm of English affects speech rate

Module 3/10

SLOW THE BEAT

The natural rhythm of English affects speech rate

Module 3/10

PAUSING

How to pause to make RTF messages clearer

Module 3/10

PAUSING

How to pause to make RTF messages clearer

Module 3/10

OPEN YOUR MOUTH

This video explains a physical technique for slower speech

Module 3/10

OPEN YOUR MOUTH

This video explains a physical technique for slower speech

Module 3/10

SPEAK & WRITE

Another strategy to help you slow down

Module 3/10

SPEAK & WRITE

Another strategy to help you slow down

Module 3/10

Summary:
Rate of Speech

Progress: Module 3 of 10

You have completed the training for Module 3

Checklist:

Fast speech is one of the biggest causes of communication failure
This is not just about language level - it’s a physiological and mental factor which affects everyone
However, fast speech does place a greater burden on non-native speakers
The ICAO requirement is to speak at no more than 100 words per minute

Summary:
Rate of Speech

Progress: Module 3 of 10

You have completed the training for Module 3

Checklist:

Fast speech is one of the biggest causes of communication failure
This is not just about language level - it’s a physiological and mental factor which affects everyone
However, fast speech does place a greater burden on non-native speakers
The ICAO requirement is to speak at no more than 100 words per minute

I'm ready for Module 4
This module will take about 6 minutes to complete

Module 4:

Pronunciation & Accents

In this module you will learn:

Why English can be hard for non-native speakers to pronounce
How we can adapt our own pronunciation
How we can become familiar with international accents

Approximate training time: 6 minutes

Progress: Module 4 of 10

Module 4:

Pronunciation & Accents

In this module you will learn:

Why English can be hard for non-native speakers to pronounce
How we can adapt our own pronunciation
How we can become familiar with international accents

Approximate training time: 6 minutes

Progress: Module 4 of 10

PRONUNCIATION 1

Why English pronunciation can be hard for non-native speakers

Module 4/10

PRONUNCIATION 1

Why English pronunciation can be hard for non-native speakers

Module 4/10

PRONUNCIATION 2

How NATIVE English speakers can meet ICAO pronunciation requirements

Module 4/10

PRONUNCIATION 2

How NATIVE English speakers can meet ICAO pronunciation requirements

Module 4/10

Accent Tool

Understanding international accents can be difficult.

Each language has its own idiosyncrasies; so the way a French person speaks English will be different to the way a Chinese person speaks, etc…

Understanding international accents is vital for clear communication.

Accent Tool

Understanding international accents can be difficult.

Each language has its own idiosyncrasies; so the way a French person speaks English will be different to the way a Chinese person speaks, etc…

Understanding international accents is vital for clear communication.

Accent Tool

The key to understanding is familiarity.

The SayAgain Accent Tool at end of this course provides over 500 audio recordings from people of 18 different nationalities speaking English.

This will give you exposure to a wide range of international accents.

Accent Tool

The key to understanding is familiarity.

The SayAgain Accent Tool at end of this course provides over 500 audio recordings from people of 18 different nationalities speaking English.

This will give you exposure to a wide range of international accents.

Summary:

Pronunciation & Accents

Progress: Module 4 of 10

You have completed the training for Module 4

Checklist:

English pronunciation can be hard for non-native speakers
Our accents can also be difficult to understand
Speaking slowly, clearly and using pauses can help us meet ICAO pronunciation requirements
The SayAgain Accent tool at the end of this course can help

Summary:

Pronunciation & Accents

Progress: Module 4 of 10

You have completed the training for Module 4

Checklist:

English pronunciation can be hard for non-native speakers
Our accents can also be difficult to understand
Speaking slowly, clearly and using pauses can help us meet ICAO pronunciation requirements
The SayAgain Accent tool at the end of this course can help

I'm ready for Module 5
This module will take about 8 minutes to complete

Module 5:

Readback & Clarification

In this module you will learn:

The extent of the problem of incorrect readback and hearback
What we can expect from non-native speakers
How to help

Approximate training time: 8 minutes

Progress: Module 5 of 10

Module 5:

Readback & Clarification

In this module you will learn:

The extent of the problem of incorrect readback and hearback
What we can expect from non-native speakers
How to help

Approximate training time: 8 minutes

Progress: Module 5 of 10

READBACK 1

Why readback is important & how often it goes wrong

Module 5/10

READBACK 1

Why readback is important & how often it goes wrong

Module 5/10

READBACK 2

The causes of readback failure

Module 5/10

READBACK 2

The causes of readback failure

Module 5/10

READBACK 3

Solutions - improving readback

Module 5/10

READBACK 3

Solutions - improving readback

Module 5/10

Summary: Readback & Clarification

Progress: Module 5 of 10

You have completed the training for Module 5

Checklist:

Readback and hearback frequently go wrong
Non-native speakers are not expected to understand every message first time round
Allow time for non-native speakers to process your message
Avoid complicated language
Give non-native speakers the chance to check, confirm and clarify
Listen carefully to readback and correct it if necessary

Summary: Readback & Clarification

Progress: Module 5 of 10

You have completed the training for Module 5

Checklist:

Readback and hearback frequently go wrong
Non-native speakers are not expected to understand every message first time round
Allow time for non-native speakers to process your message
Avoid complicated language
Give non-native speakers the chance to check, confirm and clarify
Listen carefully to readback and correct it if necessary

I'm ready for Module 6
This module will take about 10 minutes to complete

Module 6: Simple Transmissions

In this module you will learn:

Why all personnel can find long transmissions hard to process
The extra challenges faced by non-native speakers
ICAO and FAA guidance on message length and complexity

Approximate training time: 10 minutes

Progress: Module 6 of 10

Module 6: Simple Transmissions

In this module you will learn:

Why all personnel can find long transmissions hard to process
The extra challenges faced by non-native speakers
ICAO and FAA guidance on message length and complexity

Approximate training time: 10 minutes

Progress: Module 6 of 10

SIMPLE TRANSMISSIONS

This video shows how short messages benefit ALL personnel

Module 6/10

SIMPLE TRANSMISSIONS

This video shows how short messages benefit ALL personnel

Module 6/10

HOW MEMORY WORKS

Why long messages are hard to process

Module 6/10

HOW MEMORY WORKS

Why long messages are hard to process

Module 6/10

MEMORY CHUNKS

This video shows why long, complex messages are problematic

Module 6/10

MEMORY CHUNKS

This video shows why long, complex messages are problematic

Module 6/10

KEEPING MESSAGES SHORT

This video gives some practical tips

Module 6/10

KEEPING MESSAGES SHORT

This video gives some practical tips

Module 6/10

Summary: Simple Transmissions

Progress: Module 6 of 10

You have completed the training for Module 6

Checklist:

Simple RTF transmissions benefit all personnel
They are especially helpful for non-native speakers
The brain finds it difficult to process long messages
Keep messages short, without speaking too quickly
Avoid putting too much different information in one message
If you are using plain English, your message may be even harder to understand

Summary: Simple Transmissions

Progress: Module 6 of 10

You have completed the training for Module 6

Checklist:

Simple RTF transmissions benefit all personnel
They are especially helpful for non-native speakers
The brain finds it difficult to process long messages
Keep messages short, without speaking too quickly
Avoid putting too much different information in one message
If you are using plain English, your message may be even harder to understand

I'm ready for Module 7
This module will take about 10 minutes to complete

Module 7: Vocabulary

In this module you will learn:

The level of vocabulary we can expect from non-native speakers
How to keep our language simple
Types of vocabulary to avoid

Approximate training time: 10 minutes

Progress: Module 7 of 10

Module 7: Vocabulary

In this module you will learn:

The level of vocabulary we can expect from non-native speakers
How to keep our language simple
Types of vocabulary to avoid

Approximate training time: 10 minutes

Progress: Module 7 of 10

WHAT IS SIMPLE VOCABULARY?

This video shows how to simplify vocabulary to improve aviation safety

Module 7/10

WHAT IS SIMPLE VOCABULARY?

This video shows how to simplify vocabulary to improve aviation safety

Module 7/10

SIMPLE EXPLANATIONS

Some practical ways to explain what you mean

Module 7/10

SIMPLE EXPLANATIONS

Some practical ways to explain what you mean

Module 7/10

IDIOMS

Why this type of vocabulary can be a problem

Module 7/10

IDIOMS

Why this type of vocabulary can be a problem

Module 7/10

PHRASAL VERBS

What are they and why do they cause problems?

Module 7/10

PHRASAL VERBS

What are they and why do they cause problems?

Module 7/10

Summary: Vocabulary

Progress: Module 7 of 10

You have completed the training for Module 7.

Checklist:

Non-native speakers are not expected to have a wide range of plain English vocabulary
Give simple explanations by defining words clearly
Avoid phrasal verbs, idioms and slang
Revert back to Standard Phraseology as soon as possible

Summary: Vocabulary

Progress: Module 7 of 10

You have completed the training for Module 7.

Checklist:

Non-native speakers are not expected to have a wide range of plain English vocabulary
Give simple explanations by defining words clearly
Avoid phrasal verbs, idioms and slang
Revert back to Standard Phraseology as soon as possible

I'm ready for Module 8
This module will take about 10 minutes to complete

Module 8: Grammar

In this module you will learn:

The minimum level of grammar ICAO expects from non-native speakers
Differences between English grammar and other languages
How to use safe, simple grammar where necessary

Approximate training time: 10 minutes

Progress: Module 8 of 10

Module 8: Grammar

In this module you will learn:

The minimum level of grammar ICAO expects from non-native speakers
Differences between English grammar and other languages
How to use safe, simple grammar where necessary

Approximate training time: 10 minutes

Progress: Module 8 of 10

Grammar is the system and structure of a language. The rules of grammar help us decide:

the order we put words in, and
which form of a word to use

English grammar can be difficult for non-native speakers. We need to be aware how we use grammar so that we can be understood.

Grammar is the system and structure of a language. The rules of grammar help us decide:

the order we put words in, and
which form of a word to use

English grammar can be difficult for non-native speakers. We need to be aware how we use grammar so that we can be understood.

ICAO GRAMMAR REQUIREMENTS

This video explains the minimum level of grammar that non-native speakers are expected to know

Module 8/10

ICAO GRAMMAR REQUIREMENTS

This video explains the minimum level of grammar that non-native speakers are expected to know

Module 8/10

WHY ENGLISH IS DIFFICULT

Why is English grammar often difficult for international speakers to learn?

If we can understand the challenges international aviators face then we can focus on what they mean rather the any 'mistakes' they make.

Module 8/10

WHY ENGLISH IS DIFFICULT

Why is English grammar often difficult for international speakers to learn?

If we can understand the challenges international aviators face then we can focus on what they mean rather the any 'mistakes' they make.

Module 8/10

PAST TENSES - BE AWARE

The English language has many ways of expressing the past.

For example:

I worked
I was working
I have worked
I have been working
I had worked
I had been working

PAST TENSES - BE AWARE

The English language has many ways of expressing the past.

For example:

I worked
I was working
I have worked
I have been working
I had worked
I had been working

PAST TENSES - BE AWARE

These past tenses often have no equivalent in other languages. Therefore, try to use the simplest grammar whenever you can.

For example:

'I spoke to the pilot about the incident'

... will normally be better than:

'I have been speaking to the pilot about the incident'

PAST TENSES - BE AWARE

These past tenses often have no equivalent in other languages. Therefore, try to use the simplest grammar whenever you can.

For example:

'I spoke to the pilot about the incident'

... will normally be better than:

'I have been speaking to the pilot about the incident'

PAST TENSES - BE AWARE

We also use PAST tenses to talk about… THE PRESENT:

If Jack was navigating they would probably not get lost
Jack is a good navigator

Hypothetical situations:

I would stay late if I was needed to
I am happy to stay late

Wishes:

I wish the manual wasn’t so long
I don't like the manual because it is too long

And to be polite:

Excuse me, I was wondering if this was the United check-in desk?
Is this the United check-in desk?

Imagine how confusing this is to non-native speakers!

Try to use simple grammar when you can.

PAST TENSES - BE AWARE

We also use PAST tenses to talk about… THE PRESENT:

If Jack was navigating they would probably not get lost
Jack is a good navigator

Hypothetical situations:

I would stay late if I was needed to
I am happy to stay late

Wishes:

I wish the manual wasn’t so long
I don't like the manual because it is too long

And to be polite:

Excuse me, I was wondering if this was the United check-in desk?
Is this the United check-in desk?

Imagine how confusing this is to non-native speakers!

Try to use simple grammar when you can.

NOUNS

Some nouns are the names of things which aren't a physical object.

For example:

a process
a technique
an emotion

These are formed from verbs.

For example:

VERB	NOUN
complete	completion
introduce	introduction
provide	provision
fail	failure
arrange	arrangement
investigate	investigation

WHAT'S WRONG WITH THAT?

Using this type of noun can make sentences long-winded and difficult.

For example:

The investigation of the incident has been carried out by a team ✘
A team has investigated the incident ✔

NOUNS

Some nouns are the names of things which aren't a physical object.

For example:

a process
a technique
an emotion

These are formed from verbs.

For example:

VERB	NOUN
complete	completion
introduce	introduction
provide	provision
fail	failure
arrange	arrangement
investigate	investigation

WHAT'S WRONG WITH THAT?

Using this type of noun can make sentences long-winded and difficult.

For example:

The investigation of the incident has been carried out by a team ✘
A team has investigated the incident ✔

Ways we can simplify our grammar:

ONE IDEA PER SENTENCE (this avoids relative clauses)

Runway 20, which is 400 metres long, is the runway in use. ✘
Runway 20 is the runway in use. It is 400 metres long. ✔

Ways we can simplify our grammar:

ONE IDEA PER SENTENCE (this avoids relative clauses)

Runway 20, which is 400 metres long, is the runway in use. ✘
Runway 20 is the runway in use. It is 400 metres long. ✔

Ways we can simplify our grammar:

USE ACTIVE VERB FORMS (rather than the passive)

The message was passed ✘
The aircraft passed the message ✔

Ways we can simplify our grammar:

USE ACTIVE VERB FORMS (rather than the passive)

The message was passed ✘
The aircraft passed the message ✔

Ways we can simplify our grammar:

AVOID NEGATIVE QUESTIONS

Didn’t you understand? (i.e. Did you not understand?) ✘
Did you understand? ✔

Ways we can simplify our grammar:

AVOID NEGATIVE QUESTIONS

Didn’t you understand? (i.e. Did you not understand?) ✘
Did you understand? ✔

Summary: Grammar

Progress: Module 8 of 10

You have completed the training for Module 8.

Checklist:

Non-native speakers are not expected to understand complex grammar
Keep sentences short (one idea per sentence)
Use active not passive verb forms

Summary: Grammar

Progress: Module 8 of 10

You have completed the training for Module 8.

Checklist:

Non-native speakers are not expected to understand complex grammar
Keep sentences short (one idea per sentence)
Use active not passive verb forms

I'm ready for Module 9
This module will take about 10 minutes to complete

Module 9: Human Factors

In this module you will learn about:

Non-language factors that can impede communication
Techniques to manage communication better

Approximate training time: 10 minutes

Progress: Module 9 of 10

Module 9: Human Factors

In this module you will learn about:

Non-language factors that can impede communication
Techniques to manage communication better

Approximate training time: 10 minutes

Progress: Module 9 of 10

HUMAN FACTORS 1

Non-language factors can hinder communication - but we can help

Module 9/10

HUMAN FACTORS 1

Non-language factors can hinder communication - but we can help

Module 9/10

HUMAN FACTORS 2

The potential for unconscious bias to reduce safe communications

Module 9/10

HUMAN FACTORS 2

The potential for unconscious bias to reduce safe communications

Module 9/10

HUMAN FACTORS 3

Intercultural communication

Module 9/10

HUMAN FACTORS 3

Intercultural communication

Module 9/10

HUMAN FACTORS 4

Our responsibilities as native speakers and how we can use our linguistic & interpersonal skills to improve safe communications

Module 9/10

HUMAN FACTORS 4

Our responsibilities as native speakers and how we can use our linguistic & interpersonal skills to improve safe communications

Module 9/10

Summary: Human Factors

Progress: Module 9 of 10

You have completed the training for Module 9.

Checklist:

Factors such as fatigue, traffic volume and information overload can hinder language processing
Empathise with your non-native speaking colleagues
Be aware of any unconscious biases you may have (even though this can be uncomfortable)
Use your linguistic and interpersonal skills to help manage the dialogue

Summary: Human Factors

Progress: Module 9 of 10

You have completed the training for Module 9.

Checklist:

Factors such as fatigue, traffic volume and information overload can hinder language processing
Empathise with your non-native speaking colleagues
Be aware of any unconscious biases you may have (even though this can be uncomfortable)
Use your linguistic and interpersonal skills to help manage the dialogue

I'm ready for Module 10
This module will take about 20 minutes to complete

Module 10: Summary

	This module provides a summary of the previous 9 modules:
	Approximate training time: 20 minutes
	Progress: Module 10 of 10

Module 10: Summary

	This module provides a summary of the previous 9 modules:
	Approximate training time: 20 minutes
	Progress: Module 10 of 10

SUMMARY
Module 1: Introduction

Module 10/10

SUMMARY
Module 1: Introduction

Module 10/10

SUMMARY
Module 1: Introduction

Communication is a causal factor in 80% of aviation incidents
ICAO requires ALL pilots and air traffic controllers to meet the English language proficiency standards
This includes native English speakers

SUMMARY
Module 1: Introduction

Communication is a causal factor in 80% of aviation incidents
ICAO requires ALL pilots and air traffic controllers to meet the English language proficiency standards
This includes native English speakers

SUMMARY
Module 1: Introduction

88% of personnel who speak English as their second language say that it's harder to communicate with native speakers like us, than with other non-native speakers

SUMMARY
Module 1: Introduction

88% of personnel who speak English as their second language say that it's harder to communicate with native speakers like us, than with other non-native speakers

SUMMARY
Module 1: Introduction

What level of English does ICAO expect from non-native speakers?

Most non-native pilots and controllers are required to take an ICAO English exam every few years
Speaking and listening skills are tested. Reading and writing skills are not
Aviation English skills are rated on a scale of 1 to 6
The minimum standard is called Operational Level 4
Although this standard is strict, if someone has Operational Level 4 English, it does not mean their English is perfect

SUMMARY
Module 1: Introduction

What level of English does ICAO expect from non-native speakers?

Most non-native pilots and controllers are required to take an ICAO English exam every few years
Speaking and listening skills are tested. Reading and writing skills are not
Aviation English skills are rated on a scale of 1 to 6
The minimum standard is called Operational Level 4
Although this standard is strict, if someone has Operational Level 4 English, it does not mean their English is perfect

SUMMARY
Module 1: Introduction

What level of English does ICAO expect from non-native speakers?

Level 4 English does not require “native” or “native-like” proficiency
Level 4 speakers are allowed to have a strong accent
Level 4 speakers are only expected to know simple grammar
A wide range of vocabulary is not expected
Level 4 aviators are not expected to be able to speak as quickly as we often do when we're chatting with other native speakers
Level 4 does not imply perfect listening skills or understanding

SUMMARY
Module 1: Introduction

What level of English does ICAO expect from non-native speakers?

Level 4 English does not require “native” or “native-like” proficiency
Level 4 speakers are allowed to have a strong accent
Level 4 speakers are only expected to know simple grammar
A wide range of vocabulary is not expected
Level 4 aviators are not expected to be able to speak as quickly as we often do when we're chatting with other native speakers
Level 4 does not imply perfect listening skills or understanding

SUMMARY
Module 1: Introduction

What does ICAO expect from native speakers like us?

Native speakers in particular have:

“ an ethical obligation to increase their linguistic awareness ”

and must

“ ... focus on strategies that aid comprehension and clarity ”.

SUMMARY
Module 1: Introduction

What does ICAO expect from native speakers like us?

Native speakers in particular have:

“ an ethical obligation to increase their linguistic awareness ”

and must

“ ... focus on strategies that aid comprehension and clarity ”.

SUMMARY
Module 1: Introduction

If we, as native speakers, recognise the minimum level of English we can expect from our international colleagues, we can begin to adjust the way we use English to help improve safe communications.

SUMMARY
Module 1: Introduction

If we, as native speakers, recognise the minimum level of English we can expect from our international colleagues, we can begin to adjust the way we use English to help improve safe communications.

SUMMARY
Module 2: Standard Phraseology and Plain English

One of the biggest complaints from non-native speakers is that WE deviate from standard phraseology when we shouldn’t

SUMMARY
Module 2: Standard Phraseology and Plain English

One of the biggest complaints from non-native speakers is that WE deviate from standard phraseology when we shouldn’t

SUMMARY
Module 2: Standard Phraseology and Plain English

A study examined the consequences of native speakers deviating from standard phraseology when we shouldn’t have
In half of these incidents, there were:
- near mid-air collisions
- loss of separation
- runway transgressions
- other serious problems

SUMMARY
Module 2: Standard Phraseology and Plain English

A study examined the consequences of native speakers deviating from standard phraseology when we shouldn’t have
In half of these incidents, there were:
- near mid-air collisions
- loss of separation
- runway transgressions
- other serious problems

SUMMARY
Module 2: Standard Phraseology and Plain English

Plain English should only be used where standard phraseology does not exist for a particular situation
Plain English is not the same as ordinary conversational English
It needs to be short, simple, precise and unambiguous
This does not mean we are being patronising
It means we are communicating safely

SUMMARY
Module 2: Standard Phraseology and Plain English

Plain English should only be used where standard phraseology does not exist for a particular situation
Plain English is not the same as ordinary conversational English
It needs to be short, simple, precise and unambiguous
This does not mean we are being patronising
It means we are communicating safely

SUMMARY
Module 2: Standard Phraseology and Plain English

The ICAO regulations

Be aware that the mother-tongue of the person receiving the message may not be English. Therefore:
- Speak clearly
- Use a normal conversation tone
- Maintain an even rate of speech not exceeding 100 words per minute
- Maintain the speaking volume at a constant level

SUMMARY
Module 2: Standard Phraseology and Plain English

The ICAO regulations

Be aware that the mother-tongue of the person receiving the message may not be English. Therefore:
- Speak clearly
- Use a normal conversation tone
- Maintain an even rate of speech not exceeding 100 words per minute
- Maintain the speaking volume at a constant level

SUMMARY
Module 3: Rate of Speech

Regulations and reality

ICAO mandates that we speak at a rate not exceeding 100 words per minute
In fact native speakers in aviation often speak 2 or 3 times faster than this
This causes major problems for non-native speakers

SUMMARY
Module 3: Rate of Speech

Regulations and reality

ICAO mandates that we speak at a rate not exceeding 100 words per minute
In fact native speakers in aviation often speak 2 or 3 times faster than this
This causes major problems for non-native speakers

SUMMARY
Module 3: Rate of Speech

Fast speech: the problem

550 pilots and controllers from 82 countries rated problems caused by native English speaking aviators
Fast speech averaged a score of 4.7

SUMMARY
Module 3: Rate of Speech

Fast speech: the problem

550 pilots and controllers from 82 countries rated problems caused by native English speaking aviators
Fast speech averaged a score of 4.7

SUMMARY
Module 3: Rate of Speech

Fast speech: the problem

Eurocontrol found that fast speech was the main reason for communication breakdown in:
- 28% of misunderstood call signs, and
- 42% of misunderstood frequency changes.

SUMMARY
Module 3: Rate of Speech

Fast speech: the problem

Eurocontrol found that fast speech was the main reason for communication breakdown in:
- 28% of misunderstood call signs, and
- 42% of misunderstood frequency changes.

SUMMARY
Module 3: Rate of Speech

Fast speech: the causes

There are many reasons why we talk too fast:

- It may be a habit
- We are physiologically designed to do this when we're busy or multi-tasking
- We may not realise we're doing it
- We may not have realised how big a problem it is in international aviation

SUMMARY
Module 3: Rate of Speech

Fast speech: the causes

There are many reasons why we talk too fast:

- It may be a habit
- We are physiologically designed to do this when we're busy or multi-tasking
- We may not realise we're doing it
- We may not have realised how big a problem it is in international aviation

SUMMARY
Module 3: Rate of Speech

Fast speech: the solutions

Remember the 100 words per minute rule
Practice makes perfect!

Practise slowing your breathing

SUMMARY
Module 3: Rate of Speech

Fast speech: the solutions

Remember the 100 words per minute rule
Practice makes perfect!

Practise slowing your breathing

SUMMARY
Module 3: Rate of Speech

Fast speech: the solutions

Remember the 100 words per minute rule

Practice makes perfect!

Practise putting pauses before important words or numbers

SUMMARY
Module 3: Rate of Speech

Fast speech: the solutions

Remember the 100 words per minute rule

Practice makes perfect!

Practise putting pauses before important words or numbers

SUMMARY
Module 3: Rate of Speech

Fast speech: the solutions

Remember the 100 words per minute rule
Practice makes perfect!

Practise using a metronome (the SayAgain metronome is available at the end of this course)

SUMMARY
Module 3: Rate of Speech

Fast speech: the solutions

Remember the 100 words per minute rule
Practice makes perfect!

Practise using a metronome (the SayAgain metronome is available at the end of this course)

SUMMARY
Module 3: Rate of Speech

Fast speech: the solutions

Remember the 100 words per minute rule
Practice makes perfect!

Practise speaking as slowly as you write

SUMMARY
Module 3: Rate of Speech

Fast speech: the solutions

Remember the 100 words per minute rule
Practice makes perfect!

Practise speaking as slowly as you write

SUMMARY
Module 3: Rate of Speech

Fast speech: the solutions

Remember the 100 words per minute rule
Practice makes perfect!

Practise opening your mouth more when you speak

SUMMARY
Module 3: Rate of Speech

Fast speech: the solutions

Remember the 100 words per minute rule
Practice makes perfect!

Practise opening your mouth more when you speak

SUMMARY
Module 3: Rate of Speech

Fast speech: the solutions

Remember the 100 words per minute rule
Practice makes perfect!

Practise using our rate of speech tool (available at the end of this course)

SUMMARY
Module 3: Rate of Speech

Fast speech: the solutions

Remember the 100 words per minute rule
Practice makes perfect!

Practise using our rate of speech tool (available at the end of this course)

SUMMARY
Module 4: Pronunciation & Accents

English pronunciation can be hard for non-native speakers because it is not always possible to tell how to pronounce a word from the way it is written.

SUMMARY
Module 4: Pronunciation & Accents

English pronunciation can be hard for non-native speakers because it is not always possible to tell how to pronounce a word from the way it is written.

SUMMARY
Module 4: Pronunciation & Accents

In some cases, non-native speakers may have seen a word but not heard it - especially if it is in plain English rather than standard phraseology.

SUMMARY
Module 4: Pronunciation & Accents

In some cases, non-native speakers may have seen a word but not heard it - especially if it is in plain English rather than standard phraseology.

SUMMARY
Module 4: Pronunciation & Accents

To ensure safe communication, we need to focus on what people mean rather than how they say it
ICAO allows non-native speakers to have a strong accent

SUMMARY
Module 4: Pronunciation & Accents

To ensure safe communication, we need to focus on what people mean rather than how they say it
ICAO allows non-native speakers to have a strong accent

SUMMARY
Module 4: Pronunciation & Accents

Native speakers, like us, are in the minority of people who speak English around the world
This means that our pronunciation can sometimes sound strange to non-native speakers, especially if we're using plain English
ICAO requires us to “use an accent or dialect which is intelligible to the international aeronautical community”
We cannot assume that we automatically speak clearly just because we're native speakers

SUMMARY
Module 4: Pronunciation & Accents

Native speakers, like us, are in the minority of people who speak English around the world
This means that our pronunciation can sometimes sound strange to non-native speakers, especially if we're using plain English
ICAO requires us to “use an accent or dialect which is intelligible to the international aeronautical community”
We cannot assume that we automatically speak clearly just because we're native speakers

SUMMARY
Module 4: Pronunciation & Accents

We need to pronounce words in the way that ICAO recommends

FIFE NINE-er DAY-SEE-MAL

As well as speaking at the correct rate of speech, say each word clearly and slowly, without chopping off the endings of words
Place appropriate pauses between words and phrases
Maintain a constant volume
This is all especially important when we’re using plain English

SUMMARY
Module 4: Pronunciation & Accents

We need to pronounce words in the way that ICAO recommends

FIFE NINE-er DAY-SEE-MAL

As well as speaking at the correct rate of speech, say each word clearly and slowly, without chopping off the endings of words
Place appropriate pauses between words and phrases
Maintain a constant volume
This is all especially important when we’re using plain English

SUMMARY
Module 4: Pronunciation & Accents

We can become more familiar with international accents by using the SayAgain accent tool at the end of this course
This provides over 500 audio recordings of people of 18 different nationalities speaking English
This will give you exposure to a wide range of international accents

SUMMARY
Module 4: Pronunciation & Accents

We can become more familiar with international accents by using the SayAgain accent tool at the end of this course
This provides over 500 audio recordings of people of 18 different nationalities speaking English
This will give you exposure to a wide range of international accents

SUMMARY
Module 5: Readback and Clarification

An FAA study found that in certain circumstances, 25% of readbacks are incorrect
An Australian investigation found the figure can be as high as 32%
The FAA found that as many as 95% of wrong readbacks were not corrected by Air Traffic Control

SUMMARY
Module 5: Readback and Clarification

An FAA study found that in certain circumstances, 25% of readbacks are incorrect
An Australian investigation found the figure can be as high as 32%
The FAA found that as many as 95% of wrong readbacks were not corrected by Air Traffic Control

SUMMARY
Module 5: Readback and Clarification

Improving readback with non-native speakers:

The first thing is to have realistic expectations
ICAO does not expect understanding to be immediate - especially if we use difficult English or there is a non-routine situation

SUMMARY
Module 5: Readback and Clarification

Improving readback with non-native speakers:

The first thing is to have realistic expectations
ICAO does not expect understanding to be immediate - especially if we use difficult English or there is a non-routine situation

SUMMARY
Module 5: Readback and Clarification

Improving readback with non-native speakers:

Non-native speakers are not always expected to understand a message the first time they hear it
In fact, they're often expected to need to check, confirm or clarify what we've said

SUMMARY
Module 5: Readback and Clarification

Improving readback with non-native speakers:

Non-native speakers are not always expected to understand a message the first time they hear it
In fact, they're often expected to need to check, confirm or clarify what we've said

SUMMARY
Module 5: Readback and Clarification

Improving readback with non-native speakers:

We should be especially careful when we listen to readback from non-native speakers
We also need to give them time to process what we've said
Stick to standard phraseology wherever possible
If we need to use plain English, or we're in a non-routine situation, we can expect understanding to be slower

SUMMARY
Module 5: Readback and Clarification

Improving readback with non-native speakers:

We should be especially careful when we listen to readback from non-native speakers
We also need to give them time to process what we've said
Stick to standard phraseology wherever possible
If we need to use plain English, or we're in a non-routine situation, we can expect understanding to be slower

SUMMARY
Module 5: Readback and Clarification

We can make allowances for language background and we can moderate our rate of speech and message length
We need to be prepared to repeat or paraphrase what we’ve said

SUMMARY
Module 5: Readback and Clarification

We can make allowances for language background and we can moderate our rate of speech and message length
We need to be prepared to repeat or paraphrase what we’ve said

SUMMARY
Module 5: Readback and Clarification

SUMMARY
Module 6: Simple Transmissions

Long messages are one of the biggest causes of misunderstandings in RTF communications.

SUMMARY
Module 6: Simple Transmissions

Long messages are one of the biggest causes of misunderstandings in RTF communications.

SUMMARY
Module 6: Simple Transmissions

Simple transmissions and non-native speakers:

We asked non-native speakers to rate communication problems on a scale of 1-5
Long messages were rated at 4.9 – a huge problem

SUMMARY
Module 6: Simple Transmissions

Simple transmissions and non-native speakers:

We asked non-native speakers to rate communication problems on a scale of 1-5
Long messages were rated at 4.9 – a huge problem

SUMMARY
Module 6: Simple Transmissions

Our brains cannot handle long messages when we're busy
When we're multi-tasking, we can only process about 3 pieces of information at one time
And we often can’t remember information for more than 15-30 seconds
That’s a good guide to the maximum length an RTF message should be

SUMMARY
Module 6: Simple Transmissions

Our brains cannot handle long messages when we're busy
When we're multi-tasking, we can only process about 3 pieces of information at one time
And we often can’t remember information for more than 15-30 seconds
That’s a good guide to the maximum length an RTF message should be

SUMMARY
Module 6: Simple Transmissions

Help non-native speakers by keeping messages as short as possible.

Especially if you need to use plain English or lots of numbers about different things
Break long messages into shorter transmissions if necessary

SUMMARY
Module 6: Simple Transmissions

Help non-native speakers by keeping messages as short as possible.

Especially if you need to use plain English or lots of numbers about different things
Break long messages into shorter transmissions if necessary

SUMMARY
Module 6: Simple Transmissions

Help non-native speakers by keeping messages as short as possible.

ICAO:

“The transmission of long messages should be interrupted momentarily from time to time… to permit the receiving operator to request repetition.”

SUMMARY
Module 6: Simple Transmissions

Help non-native speakers by keeping messages as short as possible.

ICAO:

“The transmission of long messages should be interrupted momentarily from time to time… to permit the receiving operator to request repetition.”

SUMMARY
Module 7: Vocabulary

What level of vocabulary does ICAO expect from non-native speakers?

We can expect non-native speakers to understand standard phraseology
But non native speakers are NOT expected to understand a broad range of general vocabulary

SUMMARY
Module 7: Vocabulary

What level of vocabulary does ICAO expect from non-native speakers?

We can expect non-native speakers to understand standard phraseology
But non native speakers are NOT expected to understand a broad range of general vocabulary

SUMMARY
Module 7: Vocabulary

What level of vocabulary does ICAO expect from non-native speakers?

"When confronted with plain English, comprehension may be slower, require clarification, and depend on the appropriate choices of simple vocabulary"

SUMMARY
Module 7: Vocabulary

What level of vocabulary does ICAO expect from non-native speakers?

"When confronted with plain English, comprehension may be slower, require clarification, and depend on the appropriate choices of simple vocabulary"

SUMMARY
Module 7: Vocabulary

We need to keep our vocabulary as simple as possible

SUMMARY
Module 7: Vocabulary

We need to keep our vocabulary as simple as possible

SUMMARY
Module 7: Vocabulary

How can we simplify our vocabulary to help non-native speakers?

Say only what your listener needs to know:

Pilot “We have a problem with the left engine cowling.”

Pilot “We have a problem with the left engine.”

SUMMARY
Module 7: Vocabulary

How can we simplify our vocabulary to help non-native speakers?

Say only what your listener needs to know:

Pilot “We have a problem with the left engine cowling.”

Pilot “We have a problem with the left engine.”

SUMMARY
Module 7: Vocabulary

How can we simplify our vocabulary to help non-native speakers?

Give simple explanations by defining words clearly

SUMMARY
Module 7: Vocabulary

How can we simplify our vocabulary to help non-native speakers?

Give simple explanations by defining words clearly

SUMMARY
Module 7: Vocabulary

How can we simplify our vocabulary to help non-native speakers?

Avoid Phrasal Verbs

SUMMARY
Module 7: Vocabulary

How can we simplify our vocabulary to help non-native speakers?

Avoid Phrasal Verbs

SUMMARY
Module 7: Vocabulary

How can we simplify our vocabulary to help non-native speakers?

Avoid idioms and slang

‘How are you riding today, much chop?’ “Do you see the rabbit lights?”

“How is your flight, much turbulence?” “Do you see the runway lights?”

SUMMARY
Module 7: Vocabulary

How can we simplify our vocabulary to help non-native speakers?

Avoid idioms and slang

‘How are you riding today, much chop?’ “Do you see the rabbit lights?”

“How is your flight, much turbulence?” “Do you see the runway lights?”

SUMMARY
Module 8: Grammar

English grammar is often very different to other languages

SUMMARY
Module 8: Grammar

English grammar is often very different to other languages

SUMMARY
Module 8: Grammar

ICAO divides grammar into basic and complex forms

SUMMARY
Module 8: Grammar

ICAO divides grammar into basic and complex forms

SUMMARY
Module 8: Grammar

ICAO does not expect non-native speakers to be able use basic grammar perfectly at all times
Mistakes are allowed, as long as the overall meaning is clear

SUMMARY
Module 8: Grammar

ICAO does not expect non-native speakers to be able use basic grammar perfectly at all times
Mistakes are allowed, as long as the overall meaning is clear

SUMMARY
Module 8: Grammar

ICAO does not expect non-native speakers to be able to use complex grammar

SUMMARY
Module 8: Grammar

ICAO does not expect non-native speakers to be able to use complex grammar

SUMMARY
Module 8: Grammar

This means we need to simplify our own grammar as much as possible
We need to focus on what people mean, not on mistakes that people make

SUMMARY
Module 8: Grammar

This means we need to simplify our own grammar as much as possible
We need to focus on what people mean, not on mistakes that people make

SUMMARY
Module 8: Grammar