MCQ Biomedical sciences

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Biomedical Sciences MCQ Challenge

Test your knowledge in the field of biomedical sciences with our comprehensive quiz! This quiz contains 180 multiple choice questions covering a wide array of topics, from anatomy to pathology.

Each question is designed to challenge your understanding and application of biomedical concepts. Perfect for students and professionals alike, you can:

  • Explore various subjects.
  • Improve your knowledge base.
  • Prepare for exams and certifications.
180 Questions45 MinutesCreated by ClinicalCortex75
มž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžŸแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸฉแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ ED (Emergency Department )แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แžšแž”แžฝแžŸแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แŸ”แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžแžถแžˆแžบแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„ แž แžพแž™แž‚แŸแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผแž“แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแž MRI แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แž›แžถแžŠแŸแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž› แž แžพแž™ แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ CT scan แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ‚แž€แž›แž›แžถแžŠแŸแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž› (Skull)แŸ” แžแžพแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž แžพแž˜ in an epidural hematoma?
Middle meningeal artery.
Anterior communicating artery.
Posterior cerebral artery.
Anterior cerebara artery.
Posterior communicating artery.
มž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžŸแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸฉแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ ED( Emergency Department ) แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แžšแž”แžฝแžŸ แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แŸ” แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžแžถแžˆแžบแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„ แž แžพแž™แž‚แŸแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผแž“แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แŸ… แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแž MRI แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜ (Bleeding ) แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แž›แžถแžŠแŸแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž› แž แžพแž™ CT scan แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ‚แž€แž›แž›แžถแžŠแŸแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แŸ” แžšแž…แž“แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ posterior cranial fossa. แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚ EXCEPT
Occipital lobes.
Jugular foramen.
Cerebellum.
Hypoglossal canal.
Optic foramen.
มž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžŸแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸขแŸฉแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ ED Emergency DepartmentแžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แžšแž”แžฝแžŸ แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„ แž™แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แŸ” แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžแžถแžˆแžบแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„ แž แžพแž™แž‚แŸแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผแž“แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แŸ… แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแž MRI แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜ (Bleeding ) แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แž›แžถแžŠแŸแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž› แž แžพแž™ CT scan แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰ แžแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ‚แž€แž›แž›แžถแžŠแŸแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แŸ” แžŸแžฝแžšแžแžถแžแžพ Cranial nuclei แž“แŸƒ Thalamus แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ Mediating facial sensation แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŽแžถแžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡?
Ventral posterior medial nuclei (PM)
Ventral anterior nucleus.
Lateral geniculate. nucleus.
Ventral posterior lateral nuclei.
Ventral lateral nuclei.
มž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžŸแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸฉแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แžšแž”แžฝแžŸ แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แŸ” แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžแžถแžˆแžบแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„ แž แžพแž™แž‚แŸแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผแž“แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แŸ… แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแž MRI แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แž›แžถแžŠแŸแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž› แž แžพแž™ CT scan แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžแžถแž˜แžถแž“ แž”แŸ‚แž€แž›แž›แžถแžŠแŸแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แŸ” แžŸแžฝแžšแžแžถแžแžพ Cranial nuclei of the thalamus แžŽแžถแžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ mediating facial senation and pian? แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžบแž‡แžถ Brainstem nuclei แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแž“แŸƒ Crania nerve แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚
Superior salivatory nucleus.
Nucleus ambiguus
Nucleus of the sotitary tract
Ventromedial nucleus
Inferior salivatary nucleus
มžŸแžฝแžšแžแžถแžแžพ Germ Layer แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แŸ’แž›แžถแž™แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’ epithelial lining of the cardio vascular?
Mesoderm.
Endoderm.
Ectoderm.
All of the above.
None of the above.
มž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž€แžถแžšแžแž•แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ Tissue attachments แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ?
Tendons form attachments between bone and bone.
Aponeuroses are merely sheetlike layers of tendon.
Neary all connective tissue is of neural crest origin, with head and neck regions of connective tissue being of mesodermal origin.
Ligaments form attachments between muscle and bone.
None of the above are correct.
มž”แžพแž€แžถแž›แžŽแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŠแž›แŸ‹แžšแž…แž“แžถแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžœแžถแž“แžนแž„แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžแžผแžšแž…แž›แž“แžถแž“แŸƒแžขแžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แŸˆ
Genial tubercles
Hamulus
Hyiod bone
Styliod process
None of the above
มž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžŸแž“แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แž“แŸƒ Mandibular condyle แž˜แžถแž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แž‘แŸ…แžŠแŸ„แž™แŸˆ
Dense fibrocartilage.
Loose connective tissue.
Elastic cartilage.
Hyaline cartilage.
None of the above.
มžŸแž“แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹ disc แž“แŸƒ Tempora-mandibular joint แžแž•แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ Condyle แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแŸˆ
Stylomandibular ligament.
Collateral ligament.
Temporomandibular ligament.
Sphenomandibular ligament.
None of the above.
มžแžพแž‘แžทแžŸแžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž› articulating disc of the temporomandibular joint แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž…แž›แž“แžถแžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž‡แžถแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž…แŸˆ
Anteromedially.
Laterally.
Inferiorly.
Superiorly.
Posteromedially.
มžแžพ pituitary gland แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž–แžธแž›แžพแž“แŸƒ Sinus แžŽแžถ ?
Frontal.
Maxillary.
Anterior ethmoid.
Posterior ethmoid.
Sphenoid.
มž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžปแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€ แžŠแŸ„แž™แž…แž„แŸ‹แžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แžแžปแžŸแž‡แžฝแžšแž›แŸแžแŸกแŸงแŸ” แž‘แž“แŸ’แžแž”แžŽแŸ’แžŒแžทแžแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž™แžถแž˜แžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžŠแž„แŸ’แž€แžถแž”แŸ‹ Mandibular cowhorn forcepsแŸ” แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž”แžถแž“แžŠแž€แžšแžฝแž…แž แžพแž™ แžŠแŸ„แž™แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž•แž›แžœแžทแž”แžแŸ’แžแžทแž—แŸ’แž›แžถแž˜แŸ—แž‘แŸแŸ” แž”แžพแž€แžถแž›แžŽแžถ แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžšแžแžถ แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžแžผแžšแžšแžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแžแžท2/3 แž“แŸƒแžขแžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แŸ” แžแžพแžšแž…แž“แžถแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แŸ”
Buccal nerve.
Lingual nerve.
Middle superior alveolar nerve.
Hypoglossal nerve.
Inferior alveolar nerve.
มž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžปแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸขแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€ แžŠแŸ„แž™แž…แž„แŸ‹แžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแžปแžŸแž‡แžฝแžš แž›แŸแž แŸกแŸงแŸ” แž‘แž“แŸ’แžแž”แžŽแŸ’แžŒแžทแžแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž™แžถแž˜แžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพ แžŠแž„แŸ’แž€แžถแž”แŸ‹ Mandibular cowhornแŸ” แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŠแž€แžšแžฝแž…แž แžพแž™ แžแŸ‚แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž•แž›แžœแžทแž”แžแžทแŸ’แžแž—แŸ’แž›แžถแž˜แŸ—แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž‘แŸแŸ” แž˜แžปแž“แž€แžถแžšแžŠแž€ แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพ Infection แž”แžถแž“แž€แž€แžพแžแž“แŸ…แž…แžปแž„แžฌแžŸ (at the root apices) แž“แŸƒแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แž›แŸแžแŸกแŸงแŸ” แžŸแžฝแžš แžแžถแžแžพ Infection แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž“แŸ… facial plane แžŽแžถ?
Sublingual.
Parapharyngeal.
Masticator.
Submandibular.
Parotid.
มž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžปแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸขแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€ แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž›แŸแžแŸกแŸง แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแžปแžŸแž‡แžฝแžš แŸ” แž‘แž“แŸ’แžแž”แžŽแŸ’แžŒแžทแžแž”แžถแž“แžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพ แžŠแž„แŸ’แž€แžถแž”แŸ‹ Mandibular cowhorn foscepsแŸ” แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž”แžถแž“แžŠแž€แžšแžฝแž…แž แžพแž™ แžŠแŸ„แž™แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“ แž‚แžปแžŽแžœแžทแž”แžแžทแŸ’แžแž—แŸ’แž›แžถแž˜แŸ—แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž‘แŸแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžแž”แŸ‹แžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜(air way obstruction)แŸ” แžแžพแž‚แŸแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžœแŸ‡แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแžขแŸ„แž™แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžŠแž€แžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜แž”แžถแž“ (Cricothyrotomy) แž‚แžบแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžแŸ‹ (incising) แžšแžœแžถแž„
Hyoid bone and thryroid cartilage.
Cartilaginous rings of trachea.
Thyroid cartilage and criciod cartilage.
Thyroid gland.
Left 3rd and intercostal muscles, laterally.
มž€แžถแž›แžŽแžถแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ IDB (inferior alveolar nerve block) แž˜แŸ’แž‡แžปแž›แž”แžถแž“แž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžผแž›แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž‡แŸ’แžšแŸ…แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแžถแž„ แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แŸ” แžŸแžฝแžšแžแžถแžแžพแžšแž…แž“แžถแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžšแž„แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡?
Buccinator.
Lateral pterygoid.
Medial pterygoid.
Mylohyoid.
Parotid gland.
มžแžพแžšแž…แž“แžถแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแž–แŸ’แžœแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ Pterygomandibular raphe?
Superior pharyngeal constrictor and mylohyoid.
Medial pterygoid and mylohyoid.
Buccinator and superior pharyngeal constrictor.
Buccinator and mylohyoid.
Medial pterygoid and superior pharyngeal constrictor.
มž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžŸแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸฅแŸฅแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ Deep scaling and root planing แž‡แžถแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž› periodontitis แŸ” แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž˜แžถแž“ pocket แž’แŸ†แž“แžทแž„แž‡แŸ’แžšแŸ… แž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž’แž‡แžปแŸ†แžœแžทแž‰แž’แŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ†แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แž€แžถแžšแž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžŸแŸ’แž–แžนแž€แž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแž…แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธ Scale แž“แžนแž„ plane the rootsแŸ” แž‡แžถแž›แŸ†แžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹ แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ IDB แž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžŸแŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แžšแž€แžšแž…แž“แžถแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แžŽแžถแž˜แžปแž“แž€แžถแžš แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ IDB?
Lingula.
Coronoid notch.
Antilingula.
Angle of the mandible.
External oblique ridge of the mandible.
มž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžŸแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸฅแŸฅแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ Deep scaling and root planing แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž› periodontitis แŸ” แžŠแžผแž…แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž€แžšแžŽแžธ แžŠแŸ‚แž› แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ Periodontal แž‚แžบ periodontal attachment แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แŸ” แžŸแžฝแžšแžแžถแžแžพ Pricipal collagen fibers of the PDL แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžšแžแŸ‹แž–แžธ Cementum แž‘แŸ…แž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ alveolar bone?
Horizontal
Apical
Interradicular
Transseptal
Oblique
มž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžŸแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸฅแŸฅแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ Deep scaling แž“แžนแž„ root planing แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž› periodontitis แŸ”แžŸแžฝแžšแžแžถ แžแžพ Principal collagen fibersโ€‹ of the PDL แž“แŸ…แžšแžœแžถแž„ Type of collagen แžŽแžถ?
Type I only.
Type II only.
Type III only.
Type I and III
Type II and III.
มž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžŸแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸฅแŸฅแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ Deep scaling แž“แžนแž„ root planing แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž› periodontitis แŸ” แžŸแžฝแžšแžแžถ แžแžพ Cell แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแŸ†แž”แžผแžšแžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„ แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแžŸแžปแžแž—แžถแž– Periodontal ligament?
Lymphocytes.
Neutrophils.
Osteoblasts.
Cementobasts.
Fibroblasts.
มž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžปแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸฆแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ แžŠแŸ„แž™แžšแž„แž“แžผแžœแž€แžถแžš แžœแžถแž™แž“แžนแž„แžšแž“แžปแž€แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแžŠแžถแž›แŸ‹แž…แŸ†แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ† แž แžพแž™แžแŸ’แžขแžฝแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แž–แžธแž€แžถแžš แžˆแžบแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แŸ” แž‘แž“แŸ’แžแž”แžŽแŸ’แžŒแžทแž„แž€แžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžแžถ แž˜แžถแž“แž แžพแž˜แž“แŸ…แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ†แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ แž‡แžถแž„แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‘แŸ€แžแž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžแžถ แž–แŸแž›แžŸแŸ’แž‘แžถแž” แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžš แžˆแžบแž˜แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แž แŸ€แž„แž˜แžปแžแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ Infero-lateral แž“แŸƒแž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ† (แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แžšแžฝแž™แž”แžถแžšแž˜แŸ’แž—แž”แž“แŸ’แžแžทแž…) แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž“แžทแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ—แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž“แŸƒ orbit แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แŸˆ
Frontal.
Zygoma.
Ethmoid.
Lacrimal.
Temporal.
มž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžปแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸฆแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ แžŠแŸ„แž™แžšแž„แž“แžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแžœแžถแž™ แž“แžนแž„แžšแž“แžปแž€แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแžŠแžถแž›แŸ‹แž…แŸ†แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ† แž แžพแž™แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แžˆแžบแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แŸ” แž‘แž“แŸ’แžแž”แžŽแŸ’แžŒแžทแžแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžแžถ แž˜แžถแž“แž แžพแž˜แž“แŸ…แžšแž„แŸ’แžœแž„แŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ†(periorbital edema) แž แžพแž™แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžแžถ แž–แŸแž›แžŸแŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž˜แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แž แŸ€แž„แž˜แžปแžแž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ Infero-lateral แž“แŸ…แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ†แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แŸ” แžŸแžฝแžšแžแžถแžแžพ Artery แž’แŸ†แž…แŸ†แž”แž„แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜ แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž…แžทแž‰แŸ’แž…แžนแž˜ orbit แž“แžนแž„แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€?
Facial
Ophthalmic
Maxillary
Transverse facial
Infraorbital
มž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžปแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸฆแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ แžŠแŸ„แž™แžšแž„แž“แžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแžœแžถแž™แž“แžนแž„ แžšแž“แžปแž€ แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžœแžถแž™แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžŠแŸ†แžŽแŸ†แž“แŸ…แž…แŸ†แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ† แž แžพแž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบ แž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แŸ” แž™แžพแž„แž”แžถแž“แž€แžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžแžถ แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž แžพแž˜แž“แŸ…แžšแž„แŸ’แžœแž„แŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ† แž แžพแž™แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžแžถ แž–แŸแž›แžŸแŸ’แž‘แžถแž” แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž˜แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แž แŸ€แž„แž˜แžปแž แž“แŸ… Infero-lateral แž“แŸƒแž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ†แŸ”แžแžพแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแžแž–แžธแž›แžพ Zygamatic Process of Maxilla (superfi-ciallyn ) แž“แžทแž„ Zygamatic arch ( Deep)
Lateral pterygoid.
Temporalis.
Buccinator.
Masseter.
Medial pterygoid.
มž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸขแŸฆแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แžšแž„แž“แžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแžœแžถแž™แž“แžนแž„ แžšแž“แžปแž€ แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž‚แŸแžœแžถแž™แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžŠแŸ†แžŽแŸ†แž…แŸ†แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ† แž แžพแž™แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžขแžฝแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžแžถ แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แŸ” แž™แžพแž„แž€แžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžƒแžพแž‰แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž แžพแž˜แž“แŸ…แžšแž„แŸ’แžœแž„แŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ† แž“แžทแž„แž‡แžถแž„แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‘แŸ…แž‘แŸ€แž แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžขแžฝแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžšแžแžถ แž€แžถแž›แžŽแžถแž‚แŸแžŸแŸ’แž‘แžถแž” แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž˜แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แž แŸ€แž„แž˜แžปแžแž“แŸ…แž˜แŸ’แžแžปแŸ† Infero-Lateral แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ†แŸ” แžแžพ Superior orbital fissure แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…แžšแžœแžถแž„แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžŽแžถแžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡?
Lesser wing of sphenoid and frontal
Ethmoid and maxilla
Greater wing of sphenoid and maxilla.
Greater wing of sphenoid and lesser wing of sphenoid.
Lesser wing of sphenoid and ethmoid.
มžแžพแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ† platysma แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แžŽแžถ?
Trigeminal.
Facial.
Glossopharyngeal.
Spinal accessory.
Vagus.
มžแžพ layer of fascial แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“ Lymphatic vessels แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€?
Pretracheal.
Prevertebral.
Subcutaneous.
Investing.
None of the above.
มžแžพ แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„cartilage แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž˜แžแŸ’แžแž—แžถแž– Calcify ?
Fibrocartilage.
Hyaline.
Elastic.
Elastic and Hyaline.
Hyaline and Fibrocartilage.
The one-cell thick layer แžŸแŸ’แžšแž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แž“แŸƒ Osteoprogenitor cell แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‚แžบ
Endosteum.
Haversian canal.
Volkmann canal.
Lacuna.
Periosteum.
มžแžพ Type of syndesmosis แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แŸˆ
Tooth in socket.
Cranial sutures.
Temporomandibular joint.
Epiphyseal plate of long bones.
Connection between radius and ulna.
มžแžพ Granulocyte แžŽแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡?
T cell.
Marcrophage.
Platelet.
Neutrophil.
B cell.
มžแžพ Nuclei แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžฝแžแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž›แžถแž”?
Subperior Salivatory.
Nucleus ambiguus.
Inferior Salivatory.
Facial Nucleus.
Nucleus of the solitary tract.
มž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹ แžแžพ Layer of mucosa interdigitates แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžšแžนแž?
Stratum granulosum.
Papillary layer of lamina propria.
Stratum corneum.
Reticular layer of lamina propria.
Stratum spinosum.
มž€แžถแžšแž›แžผแžแž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹ cell แž“แŸƒแžšแž…แž“แžถแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แž›แŸแž…แž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแŸˆ
Inner enamel epitphelium.
Dental follicle.
Dental papilla.
Dental follicle and papilla.
Inner enamel epitphelium and Dental papilla.
มž–แŸแž›แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž› Ameloblasts แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž“แŸ… Enamel matrix?
During the cap stage.
After the odontoblasts form dentin.
Before the odontoblasts form dentin.
After root formation begins.
Before cap stage.
มžแžพ cribiform plate แž”แžถแž“แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž‡แžถแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžŽแžถ?
Sphenoid.
Ethmoid.
Frontal.
Maxilla.
Vomer.
มžงแž”แž˜แžถแžแžถแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžŸแŸ’แž–แžนแž€แž‡แžถแž…แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แž“แŸ… anterior palatal mucosa แŸ” แžแžพ Nerve แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแž„แž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž“แŸแŸ‡?
Nasopalatine.
Middle superior alveolar.
Posterior superior alveolar.
Maxillary.
Lesser palatine.
Stylomandibular ligament แž˜แžถแž“แžŠแžพแž˜แž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแžแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžŽแžถ?
Temporal.
Sphenoid.
Occipital.
Maxilla.
Parietal.
มž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž“แžทแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ—แžŸแžปแž‘แŸ’แž’แžแŸ‚แž‡แžถแž‚แžผแžšแŸ— แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แŸˆ
Occipital.
Sphenoid.
Ethmoid.
Frontal.
None of the above.
มžŸแžผแž˜แž˜แžพแž›แž€แžถแžšแžแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸƒแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ† Mylohyoid? แžŸแžฝแžšแžแžถ แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ?
มžœแžถแžแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž‚แŸ‚แž˜แžแžถแž„แž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž’แŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แž แžพแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ Hyoid.
มžœแžถแžแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž‚แŸ‚แž˜แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž’แŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แž แžพแž™แžแžถแž„ แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž„แžแžผแž…แž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ hyoid.
มžœแžถแžแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž‚แŸ‚แž˜แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž’แŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แž แžพแž™แžแžถแž„ แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ แžŸแŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž„แž’แŸ†แž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ hyoid.
มžœแžถแžแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž‚แŸ‚แž˜แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แž แžพแž™แžแžถแž„ แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ แžŠแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ hyoid
มžœแžถแžแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž‚แŸ‚แž˜แžแžถแž„แž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž’แŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แž แžพแž™แžแžถแž„ แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ แžŠแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ hyoid
มžแžพ Nerve แžŽแžถแž‘แŸ…แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแž„ digastric muscle ( innervates the anterior Belly of the digastric muscle?)
Inferior alveolar nerve.
Mental nerve.
Mylohyoid nerve.
Auriculotemporal nerve.
Facial nerve.
The infrahyoid musculature แž“แŸƒแž€ แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž“แžผแžœแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž…แž›แž“แžถแž–แžธแŸˆ
C4-C6.
Ansa cervicalis.
Leesser occipital nerve.
Greater occipital nerve.
C6- C8.
มž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžปแž‘แŸ’แž’แž‡แžถแž˜แŸ‚แž€แž’แžถแž„แž“แŸƒ External carotid artery แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แŸˆ
Ophthalmic artery.
Ascending pharyngeal artery.
Superior thyroid artery.
Posterior aurcular artery.
Occipital artery.
Crista galli แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžšแžธแž€แž›แžพแž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžŽแžถ?
Sphenoid.
Ethmoid.
Vomer.
Frontal.
Maxilla.
มž“แžทแž™แžถแž™แžขแŸ†แž–แžธ Hypothetically, แž€แžถแž›แžŽแžถแž‚แŸแžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ Cavity แž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸ…แž›แžพ Crown แž“แŸƒ แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แžšแžปแž€แž˜แžฝแž™ แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž‡แžถแžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž“แžผแžœ Enamel แž แžพแž™แž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แžŠแž›แŸ‹ DentinแŸ” แžแžพแžšแž…แž“แžถแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แŸ‹?
Circumpulpal dentin.
Mantle dentin.
Odontoblasts.
Radicular dentin.
Circumpulpal and radicular dentin.
มž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžถแž“แžŠแž€แž˜แž€แž แžพแž™ แž แžพแž™แžฌแžŸแž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžถแž“แž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ Alveolus แŸ” แžแžพแžฌแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แžšแž”แžฝแžŸแžŠแž›แŸ‹ Maxillary Sinus?
Buccal root of the maxillary 1st premolar.
Root of the maxillary canine.
Root of the maxillary lateral incisor.
Lingual root of the maxillary 1st molar.
Lingual root of the maxillary 1st premolar.
มž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ Zygoma แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แŸˆ
Temporal.
Maxilla.
Frontal.
Sphenoid.
Parietal.
มž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แžŸแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸกแŸจแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ แžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžšแž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„ แžŠแŸ„แž™แž…แž„แŸ’แž€แžถแž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แžทแž“แžขแžถแž…แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž…แž›แž“แžถแž”แžถแž“ แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž”แžถแž“แžŸแž“แŸ’แž“แžทแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžถแž“แžแžถ แž‡แžถ Luxation แž“แŸƒ MandibleแŸ” แžแžพแž‘แžทแžŸแžŠแŸ…แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž› Mandible condyle แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž…แž›แž“แžถแž”แžถแž“แž›แŸ’แžขแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแžœแžทแž‰?
Posterior and superior.
Posterior and inferior.
Lateral and inferior.
Anteriorly.
Medially.
มžแžพ the inferior alveolar artery แž€แžพแžแž…แŸแž‰แž˜แž€แž–แžธ Artery แžŽแžถ?
Meddle meningeal.
Facial.
External carotid.
Maxillary.
Buccal.
มžแžพ attachment of epithelium แžแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžŽแžถ?
Hemidesmosome.
Zonula adherens.
Zonula occludens.
Desmosome.
Gap junction.
A-gamma fibers แž˜แžถแž“แž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„
Touch sensation.
Muscle spindle apparatus.
Pressure sensation.
Temperature sensation.
Sharp pain sensation.
The submaxillary ganglion แž”แžถแž“แž‘แž‘แžฝแž› Presynap-tie efferent innervation แž–แžธ Nerve แžŽแžถ?
Inferior alveolar.
Facial.
Buccinator.
Maxillary.
Lingual.
มžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž“แžทแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ—แž”แžถแž“แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž“แžผแžœ motor innervation แž–แžธ Facial Nerve แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แŸˆ
Risorius.
Masseter.
Orbicularis oris.
Mentalis.
Buccinator.
The jaw-jerk reflex แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„ efferent signals แž–แžธ Cranial nerves?
V-1
V-3
VII
V-2
IX
มž‡แžถแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ the esophagus แž˜แžถแž“ epithelium แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžŽแžถ?
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous
Columnar
Keratinized stratified squamous
Cuboidal
Pseudostratified squamous
Spem แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แžผแž›แž‘แžปแž€แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸˆ
Epididymis
Urethra
Testis
Seminiferous tubules
Prostate gland
มžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‡แžถแž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ—แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€ แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แŸˆ
Sensation of touch, pain , and pressure.
Synthesis of vitamin E from ultraviolet light.
Excretion via sweat glands.
Homeostatic regulation of body temperature.
Protection against physical and chemical stresses.
1/3 แž“แŸƒแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แžขแžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžแž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžผแžšแž…แŸแž‰ tymphatiel แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸˆ
Deep cervical nodes.
Submental nodes.
Submandibular nodes.
Rectopharyngeal nodes.
Subpraclavicular nodes.
มž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ bone marrow แž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž›แžพแž“แžทแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแžปแžŸ ?
It is contained within the medullary spaces of spongy bone.
Red marrow contain fatty cells and is the predominant marrow type in the mandibular ramus and condyles.
Red marrow contains hematopoietic cells.
Yellow marrow contains fatty cells.
Yellow marrow is the predominant marrow type in the maxilla and mandible.
มžแžพ combination of epithelium แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แž…แŸ’แžšแž˜แžปแŸ‡?
Stratified squamous, pseudostratified ciliated columnar, olfactory.
Simple squamous, olfactory, simple columnar.
Stratified squamous, olfactory, stratified columnar.
Simple cuboidal, simple squamous, simple columnar.
Stratified columnar, simple squamous, simple columnar.
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แžปแžแžขแŸ’แž“แž€ แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž‘แž„แŸ’แž‚แžทแž…แž“แŸ…แž…แž„แŸ’แž€แžถ แž™แžพแž„แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แžƒแžพแž‰แžแžถ แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแžถแž„แž˜แžปแžแžขแžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžแž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžถแž…แŸ‹ แž แžพแž™แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แŸ” แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž“แžทแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ— แžŸแžปแž‘แŸ’แž’แž“แžถแŸ†แžˆแžถแž˜แž‘แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž‚แžแŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž‚แž„แŸ‹แžขแžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžแž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แŸˆ
Facial artery.
Ascenting pharyngeal artery.
Lingual artery.
Superior laryngeal artery.
External carotid artery.
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แžปแžแžขแŸ’แž“แž€ แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž‘แž„แŸ’แž‚แžทแž…แž“แŸ… แž…แž„แŸ’แž€แžถแŸ”แž‚แŸแž€แžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžถแž…แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแžถแž„แž˜แžปแžแž“แŸƒแžขแžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž แž แžพแž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„ แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แŸ” แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž˜แžฝแž™แŸ—แžŸแžปแž‘แŸ’แž’แžแŸ‚แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžแŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แŸˆ
Longitudinal.
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus.
Transverse.
Palatoglossus.
มžแžพ Combinations of cranial nerves แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž•แŸ’แž‚แžแŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž‚แž„แŸ‹ motor innervation แžŠแž›แŸ‹แžขแžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžแŸˆ
VII, X.
X, XII.
VII, XII.
V, XII.
VII, IX.
มžแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžšแžŸแž‡แžถแžแžทแžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„ แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แžปแž„แžขแžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžแž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž‘แž„แŸ’แž‚แžทแž…?
Sweet.
Salt.
Bitter.
Sour.
None of the above.
มžแžพ formation แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžแžผแžšแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ compete bilateral paratal clefting?
Lip.
Primary palate.
Alveolar process.
Inferior nasal turbinate/concha
Secoondary palate
มžแžพแžแžถแž˜แž”แŸ‚แž”แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž–แž“แŸ’แž›แž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž›แŸแž…แžกแžพแž„?
Elongation of cervical loop and formation of HERS.
Fusion of REE and oral epithelium.
Disappearance of the enamel knot.Formation of the enamel organ.
Formation of the enamel organ.
Mergin of the OEE with the IEE.
มž‚แŸแžŸแž„แŸ’แž€แŸแžแžƒแžพแž‰แžแžถ แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžแžผแžšแž“แžผแžœ hemostasis Malfunction แžแžพแžœแžถแžขแžถแž…แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžขแžธแŸ’แžœ?
Monocytes.
B cells.
Megakaryocytes.
Erythroblasts.
Granulocytes.
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžแžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž“แžผแžœ bile pigment แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แžแžพแžœแžถแž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž•แŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แž“แŸƒ causative factor แžŽแžถ?
Neutrophils.
Eosinophils
Erythrocytes.
Platelets.
Macrophages.
มžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸƒ Gingival crevicular fluid. แž–แžทแžแž‡แžถแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžฌ?
It is comprised mostly of PMNs and leukocytes.
It lacks plasma proteins and epithelial cells.
It is contained mostly within the vestibule of the buccal mucosa.
It lacks function in immune defense.
It is not located within the gingival sulcus.
มžแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸƒแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“brownish pigmentation and mottling of his dentition?
Conginatal syphilis.
Nutritional deficiency.
Fluorosis.
Hypocalcification.
Hypomineralization.
มžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž“แŸƒแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž›แž›แžถแžŠแŸแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แŸ‡แžฅแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž–แž›แžŠแž›แŸ‹ efferent output of the gag reflex?
CN XII
CN V
CN IX
CN VII
CN X
Vein แž“แžทแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ—แžแŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แž“แžถแŸ† deoxygenated blood แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แŸˆ
Hepatic vein.
Superior vena cava.
Inferior vena cava.
Pulmonary vein.
Coronary sinus.
มžแžพแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แžถแžแŸ‹ Maxillary artery แž‡แžถแž”แžธแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แŸ—แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถ?
Lateral pterygoid.
Masseter.
Posterior belly of digastric.
Stylohyoid.
Anterior belly of digastric.
มžšแž…แž“แžถแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แž“แžทแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ—แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžˆแžถแž˜แž–แžธ External carotid แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แŸˆ
Thyroid.
Brain.
Salivary glands.
Teeth.
Jaw bones.
มžแžพแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž› Vestibulocochlear nerve แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแž„แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ?
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Frontal
Maxilla
มžแžพ Arteries แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž‚แžแŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž‚แž„แŸ‹ Maxillary Canines and Incisors?
Pterygoid
Sphenopalatine
Descenting palatine
Infraorbital
Pharyngeal
Dentin แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžขแžถแž™แžปแž…แžถแžŸแŸ‹(แž€แŸ’แžšแžทแž“) แžแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แŸแž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸ‡?
Increased dentinal tubule diameter.
Decreased reparative dentin.
Decreased dead tracts.
Decreased sclerrotic dentin.
Increased deposition of peritubularl dentin.
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸกแŸงแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€ แž”แžถแž“แžŸแžฝแžšแžแžถ แžแžพแž แŸแžแžป แžขแžธแŸ’แžœแž”แžถแž“แž‡แžถแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž–แžŽแŸ Brownish โ€“gray แž†แŸ’แž“แžผแžแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แž‘แžนแž„แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŸแž„แŸ’แžŸแŸแž™แžแžถ แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแžผแž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžขแŸ„แž™แž›แŸแž”แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžšแžœแžถแž„แžขแžถแž™แžปแž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“?
10
11
5
14
17
มžแžพแž€แžถแžšแžแŸ’แžœแŸ‡แžแžถแžแžŠแŸแžแžทแž…แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž“แŸƒ Vitamin แžŽแžถ?แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŠแž›แŸ‹แžšแž…แž“แžถแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’ Enamel ?
A
B
C
K
Calcium
มžแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ Epithelium แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แŸแž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸ‡แžƒแžพแž‰แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžœแžถแž–แžถแžŸ Body cavities?
Simple columnar
Simple squamous
Transitional
Stratifies squamous
Pseudostratified columnar
มžแžพ basement membrane แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ?
Lamina lucida is electron dense.
Lamina densa is a product of the connective tissue.
Type IV collagen is typically found in the basal lamina.
Reticular lamina contains anchoring fibrils.
It does not have a filtering function.
มžแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ Oral epithelium แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ Keratinized?
Sulcular epithelium.
Alveolar mucosa.
Junctional epithelium.
Attached gingiva.
Gingival col.
มžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“ Organic Composition แž‘แžถแž”แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„?
Cementum
Dentin
Pulp
Enamel
Alveolar bone
มž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ (Pulpal Chamber)แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžขแžถแž™แžปแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“ แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž“แžทแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ—แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แŸˆ
Decreased collagen content.
Decreased size of apical foramen.
Decreased sensitivity.
Decreased cellularity
Increased calcification
มž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แžฌแžšแž…แž“แžถแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž…แž›แž“แžถ Orthodontic?
Enamel
Cementum
Dentin
Epithelial attcachment
Alveolar bone
มžแžพ Nerve แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แž”แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ periodontal ligament?
Coiled
Spindle
Free
Meissner
Ruffini
มžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ†แž–แžถแž’แž“แŸƒ Interdental gingiva แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ lingual แž“แžนแž„ facial Papillae?
Gingival col
Alveolar mucosa
Attached gingiva
Mucogingival junction
Interdental papilla
มžแžพแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžทแž“แž–แžทแž แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž–แžธ primary palate?
It can be involved in facial clefting
It contains the incisive foramen.
It Usually contains no teeth.
It is mesenchymal in origin.
It is formed by fusion of two metian nasal processes.
มžแžพแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž“แžผแžœ circumpulpal dentin?
Most is produced in the form of intertubular dentin.
It is the initial 150 ยตm of dentin laid down.
It lacks hydroxyapatite.
It forms before mantle dentin.
It lacks dead tracts
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ†แžกแžปแž„แž–แŸแž›แž“แŸƒ Amelogenesis แžแžพ Enamel แž”แžถแž“แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž˜แžฝแž™แžแŸ’แž„แŸƒแž‡แžถแž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แž˜แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“?
0.04 ยตm
1mm
0.1mm
4 ยตm
4mm
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž› odontogenesis แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž–แžธแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แž€แžพแž?
Mesoderm
Mesenchyme
Ectomesenchyme
Endoderm
Ectoderm
มž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แž“แŸƒแžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แžŠแžŽแŸ’แžแž”แŸ‹ parotid gland แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž“แžผแžœ sensory innervation แž–แžธแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แžŽแžถ?
Transverse cervical
Superficial temporal
Long buccal
Lesser occipital
Great auricular
มž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ Temporal แž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžŠแžผแž…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แŸˆ
Parietal
Occipital
Zygoma
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
The embryological stomodeum แž‚แžบแž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แžŠแžŽแŸ’แžแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Neural crest
Ectoderm
Ectomesenchyme
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž“แžผแžœ Vitamin D แžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŽแžถ?
Large intestine
Kidney
Spleen
Liver
Epidermis
Serum แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แž“แžปแž…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚
Electrolytes
Fibrinogen
Immunglobulins
Water
Albumin
มžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒแžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž“แžนแž„แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„?
The pericardium contains cardiac muscle.
The endocardium has a layer of simple squamous endothelium.
The innermost layer of the heart is pericardium.
Normally the thickest portion of the heart is the endocardium.
A layer of columnar epithelium surrounds the pericardium.
มžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒแžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž“แžนแž„ Platelets?
They range 200,000-400,000 per mm3 blood.
They are involved in immunoregulation.
They average lifespan is upward of 120 days.
They are nucleated.
They function in blood gas trasport.
มžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒแžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แž“แŸƒ B-cell maturation?
Lymph nodes
Blood
Thymus
Bone marrow
Target tissue
Thyroxine แž•แž›แžทแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแŸˆ
Follicular cells.
Outer cortex of adrenals.
Pars distalis.
Pars intermedia.
Parafollicular cells.
มž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž“แŸƒ blood elements แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถ fragment แž“แŸƒ megakaryocytic cytoplasm?
Platelet
Normoblast
Erythrocyte
Promyelocyte
Proerythroblast
มžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž…แŸ†แž”แž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž…แž›แž“แžถ retracting and elevating the mandible?
Masseter
Digastric
Mylohyoid
Temporalis
Lateral pterygoid
มžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜แžŠแž›แŸ‹ walls of large arteries แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแžŸแŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžแžถแž‡แžถแŸˆ
Arterioles
Capillaries
Vasa vasorum
Metarterioles
Glomus
มžšแž…แž“แžถแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž› Calcified แž“แŸƒแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžทแž“แžขแžถแž…แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž›แžผแžแž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž–แžธแž”แžถแž“แžŠแžปแŸ‡แž…แŸแž‰แž˜แž€แž‚แžบแŸˆ
Enamel
Dentin
Cementum
True denticle
มžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž‘แžธแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒ Dentin
Circumpulpal.
Intertubular
Transparent.
Reparative.
Mantle
มžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž“แŸƒ oral cavity แž“แžนแž„แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแžถแž„แž˜แžปแžแž“แŸƒ fauces?
Tonsil.
Soft palate.
Dorsum of the tongue.
Palatopharyngeal arch.
Palatoglossal arch.
มžแžพfiber groups PDL (แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแž‡แžปแŸ†แžœแžทแž‰แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰) แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„central incisor แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แž˜แžฝแž™ ?
Apical
Oblique
Horizontal
Alveolar crest
Interradicular
มžแžพแžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แŸ‚แž“แžขแžšแž˜แžผแž“ Peptide hormone?
PTH
Insulin
GH
Aldosterone
ADH
มžแžพแžŸแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž’แŸ†แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž“แŸƒ vascular resistance ?
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
มžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‡แžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ Carbonic anhydrase แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚
มž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžขแžถแžแžผแž˜โ€‹ Zinc แž“แŸ…แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›
มž”แŸ’แžšแžแžทแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž”แŸ†แž›แŸ‚แž„แž–แžธโ€‹ Carbon dioxide and bicarbonate
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž›แŸ’แž”แžฟแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžแžทแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž‚แžฝแžš
มž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹ Platelets
มž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ Osteoclastic activity
มž”แžšแžทแž˜แžถแžŽแž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž˜แžถแž“แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž’แŸ€แž”แž“แžนแž„แž”แžšแžทแž˜แžถแžŽแž‘แžนแž€แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แžŸแžšแžปแž” ?
25%
33%
50%
66%
75%
มžแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ cartilage แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ may calcify ?
Elastic
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
B and C
All of the above
มž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‡แžถ Key Enzyme แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แž™แŸ„แž‚ DNA แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚
Polymerase
Exonuclease
Aminotransferase
Topoisomerase
Helicase
มž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‡แžถแž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ Feedback axis with the Hypothalamus แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Pituitary
Adrenal
Testicular
มž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‡แžถแž…แŸ†แž›แžพแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž“แžนแž„ somatic nervous system แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚
มžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžŸแŸƒแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„ แŸกแŸข(12Cranial Nerves)
มžœแžถแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผแž“แž€แžถแžšโ€‹แžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…
มž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แžœแžทแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŽแžŠแž›แŸ‹โ€‹ Skeletal muscle
มžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž›แžแŸ’แž›แžธแž“แŸƒpreganglionic motor neurons
มž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž‡แžถแž…แŸ†แž›แžพแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„ Somatic nervous system
มž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‡แžถแž…แŸ†แž›แžพแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„ Pulmonary circulation แž”แŸ’แžšแŸ€แž”แž’แŸ€แž”แž“แžนแž„ System circulation แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚
มžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“ResistanceแžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„
มžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“Compliance แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„
มžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแŸ†แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜แž‘แžถแž”แž‡แžถแž„
มžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžŠแŸ€แž„แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžแžˆแžถแž˜แž แžผแžš
มžœแžถแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†โ€‹Deoxygenated แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹ pulmonary artery
Aldosteroneแž‚แžบแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž“แŸ…pathwayแžŠแžพแž˜แžธแŸ’แž”แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžขแžšแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž“แžขแŸ’แžœแžธ?
Renin
ADH
Vasopressin
Erythropoietin
ACTH
มž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‡แžถแž…แŸ†แž›แžพแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„plasma membranes แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚
Selectively permeable
Function as barriers
Symmetrical
Contain cholesterol
Have a hydrophobic inner layer
มž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ… แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžแžทแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž“แžนแž„แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž“แŸƒแž€แžแŸ’แžแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แžŸแžธแžแžปแžŽแŸ’แž แž—แžถแž–
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž”แŸ’แžšแžแžทแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹Substrate
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž”แŸ’แžšแžแžทแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜
มž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‡แžถ Zymogens แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚
Clotting factor I
Calmodulin
Trypsinogen
Clotting factor X
Procollagen
Hyperventilation แž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚
Increased PO2
Hypocapnia
Decrease cerebral blood flow
Increased PCO2
Respiratory alkalosis
มž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžŸแŸ’แž–แžนแž€ LA function by
Activating Na+ย  channels
Blocking Na+ cannels
Activating K+ channels
Blocking K+ channels
มž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
มžแžพแž…แŸ†แž›แžพแž™แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„Osteonecrosis of the jawsแžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜?
Pamidronate
Zolendronate
Alendronate
มž…แŸ†แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแžปแžŸแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
Insulin แž•แž›แžทแžแž˜แž€แž–แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž‰แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ?
Mecrocrin
Acinar
Tubular
A and B
Non Of the above
มž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แžŸแžšแžปแž”แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แžขแžปแž€แžŸแŸŠแžธแžŸแŸ‚แž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžš
Bicarbonate
Dissolved O2
Dissolved O2 & Bound to hemoglobin
B and C
มžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
มžแžพแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แŸ‚แž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„plasma membranes
Sphinogomyelin
Cholesterol
G proteins
Collagen
Arachidonic acid
มžแžพแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž‡แžถแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แžทแž„แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…?
Dorsal column pathway
Anterior spinothalamic tract (of the antero-lateral pathway)
Lateral spinothalamic tract ( of the antero-lateral pathway)
Corticospinal tract (of the pyramidal system)
Medial lemniscal pathway
มžแžพแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž˜แžทแž“แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž›แŸแž”Swallowing
Salpingopharyngeus
Levator veli palatine
Palatopharyngeus
Tensor veli palatine
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
มžšแžŽแŸ’แžแŸ…แžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แž˜แžธแž“แžนแž„แž”แŸ†แž–แŸแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžแŸ’แž˜แžธแž“แŸ…แž–แžธแžšแž”แžธแžแŸ‚แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แžแžพแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แž“แŸ…แžขแŸ†แžกแžปแž„แž–แŸแž›แž“แŸ„แŸ‡?
Intramembranous
Endochodral
Intermembranous
A and B
มžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแžปแžŸแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
Epinephrine แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแž›แžถแž™แžŽแžถแž“แŸƒAmino acids แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜
Histidine
Serin
Glycine
Tryptophan
Phenylalanine
มžแžพ Receptorsแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€แž’แŸ†แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž›แžพ detecting stretch?
Free nerve endings
Meissner corpuscles
Ruffini corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscles
Merkel discs
ADH แž•แž›แžทแžแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžšแž…แž“แžถแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แžŽแžถ?
Hypothalamus
Anteroir pituitary
Posterior pituitary
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal cortex
มžแžพแžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“?
Bile
Pancreatic
Gastric
Intestinal
มž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ Amino acid แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ collagen แž‡แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜?
Apartate
Proline
Glycine
Lysine
Glutamine
Hematopoiesis แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แž‡แžถแž…แŸ†แž”แž„แž›แžพแž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ?
Lymph nodes
Red marrow
Yellow marrow
Spleen
Thymu
มž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžš Na+ /K+ pump แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžšแžฝแž›แž—แžถแž–แž”แž“แŸ’แžŸแžถแž™ แž–แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžœแžถแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แžถแžš ATP
มž แŸแžแžปแž•แž›โ€‹แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‚แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž–แžธแžšแž‚แžบแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœโ€‹แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž…แž„แŸ’แžœแžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถ
มž แŸแžแžปแž•แž›โ€‹แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‚แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž–แžธแžšแž‚แžบแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแŸ‚แž˜แžทแž“แžŸแŸŠแžธแž…แž„แŸ’แžœแžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถ
มž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‚แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœโ€‹แžแŸ‚แž แŸแžแžปแž•แž›แž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‚แž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœโ€‹แžแŸ‚แž แŸแžแžปแž•แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‚โ€‹แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แž แŸแžแžปแž•แž›โ€‹แž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž”แžปแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แž›แŸแž”แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†Prednisoneแžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž›แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แžแŸ‚แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž“แžนแž„แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜
Addison disease
Cushing disease
Cushing syndrome
Plummer disease
Myxedema
มžแžพแžŸแžŸแŸƒแžœแžทแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŽแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸแž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผแž“ แžšแžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแžแžทแž‘แŸ…แžแžฝแžšแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›?
VII
IX
X
A and B
มžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพ
มž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แž™แŸ„แž‚DNA แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžถแž›แžŽแžถแž“แŸƒแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase
มžšแŸ„แž‚แž›แžฟแž„(Jaundice)แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แž›แžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžแžˆแžถแž˜แž€แžพแž“แž“แŸƒ
Bilirubin
Bile
Hemoglobin
Cholesterol
Cholecystokinin
มžแžพแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžถแžšแŸˆแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹regulating serum Calcium levels
PTH
Calcitonin
Vitamin D
Hydroxyapatite
มž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ Fatty acids แžขแžถแž…แž”แŸ†แž›แŸ‚แž„แž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถ Glucose แž แžพแž™ Glucose แžขแžถแž…แž”แŸ†แž›แŸ‚แž„แž‡แžถ fatty acids
มžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž–แžธแžšแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž–แžธแžšแž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž‘แžธแŸกแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž‘แžธแŸขแžแžปแžŸ
มžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž‘แžธแŸกแžแžปแžŸ แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž‘แžธแŸขแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
Taste Buds แž˜แžถแž“แžƒแžพแž‰แž“แŸ…แž›แžพ Papillae แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แŸˆ
Fungiform
Filiform
Vallate
Foliate
มž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
Reverse transcriptase
Synthesizes a complementary strand of RNA from DNA
Synthesizes a complementary strand of DNA from RNA
Ligates each anticodon to tRNA
Copies cellular RNA
Copies cellularDNA
Hematocrit is defined as
The concentration of hemoglobin within erythrocytes
The percentage of erythrocytes in blood plasma volume
The number of erythrocytes in blood volume
The percentage of hemoglobin in blood volume
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžœแžถแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แž›แžพแžŸแž€แŸ†แžšแžทแž thyroid แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚
Grave disease
Plummer disease
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Cretinism
Toxic multinodular goiter
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž‡แžถAntibiotic inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
Amoxicillin
Doxycycline
Metronidazole
Cephalexin
Ciprofloxacin
Mandible แž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ‚แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ cortical bone แž แžพแž™ Maxillaแž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ‚แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ cancellouse bone
มžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž–แžธแžšแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž–แžธแžšแž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž‘แžธแŸกแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœโ€‹ แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž‘แžธแŸขแžแžปแžŸ
มžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž‘แžธแŸกแžแžปแžŸ แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž‘แžธแŸขแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž“แžถแž‘แžธแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹
Alanine
Leucine
Glutamate
Methionine
Valine
มžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž‘แžธแŸก Eeccrine sweat แžแŸ’แžšแžฝแžแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แžŠแŸ„แž™ cholinergic neurons แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž‘แžธแŸข Apocrine sweat glands แž•แž›แžทแžแžŠแŸ„แž™ pheromones
มžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž–แžธแžšแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž–แžธแžšแž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž‘แžธแŸกแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž‘แžธแŸขโ€‹แžแžปแžŸ
มžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž‘แžธแŸกแžแžปแžŸ แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž‘แžธแŸขแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
All of the following would likely result in an individual with severe anemia EXCEPT
Fatigue, Folic acid, Vitamin E
Cyanosis, Biotin
Hypoxia
Increase cardiac output
Pulmonary vasoconstriction
มžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‡แžถแžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“แžšแž›แžถแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แžนแž€(Water-soluble vitamin)แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แŸˆ
Vitamin B6
Vitamin C
Na+ Channel closure
K+ channel closure
Ca+ channel opening
มžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž‡แžถ Transient cessation of breathing
Hypoventilation
Dyspnea
Hypocapnia
Apnea
Hyperapnea
Beta-2 adrenergic agonistsแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™
Vascular smooth muscle vasoconstriction
Bronchodilation
Miosis
Increase heart rate
GI relaxation
มžแžพแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž˜แžถแž“ LOWEST organic composition
Cementum
Dentin
Pulp
Enamel
มžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
มžแžพแžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™ pernicious anemia
Cobalt
Iodine
Magnesium
Manganese
Zinc
มžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž‡แžถ impair odontogenesis
Cephalexin
Amoxicillin
Doxycycline
Clindamycin
มž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
มž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถ smooth muscle cellsแž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚
They have only one nucleus
They are typically very long
Their myofibrils are not striated
They have an extensive SR
They do not have T tubules
มžขแžšแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž“แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แŸ‹แž›แžพแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž‰แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แŸˆ
Adrenal medulla
Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
B and C
มžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
มžŠแŸ„แž™แž•แŸ’แžขแŸ‚แž€แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแž˜แŸแž€แžถแž“แžทแž… Frank โ€“ Starling แžแžพแž…แŸ†แž›แžพแž™แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžถแžšแŸ‡ แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž€แžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ Cardiac Output ?
มž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแž…แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แž”แŸ‹ แž“แŸƒ Diastolic Volume
Stroke Volume
มž…แž„แŸ’แžœแžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹ Oxygen
มžŸแŸ†แž–แžถแž’แž“แŸƒ Systolic intraventricular
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜ Carbon dioxide แž‡แžถ
CO2 แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แžšแž›แžถแž™
Bicarbonate
Carbaminohemoglobin
A and B
All of the above
มžแžพแž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžŽแžถแžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แž˜แžถแž“ Post โ€“ ganglionic sympathetic neurons แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถ Cholinergic ?
Sebaceous glands
Skeletal muscle vasculature
Sweat glands
B and C
All of the above
มžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‡แžถแžšแž…แž“แžถแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แŸแž“ Anatomic แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ แžขแŸŠแžšแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž“แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžแž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแŸ’แž€แžšแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ แžˆแžถแž˜แžกแžพแž„แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹ แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚
Pituitary Gland แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแžถแž„แž˜แžปแž
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal Cortex
Pancreatic Alpha - Cell
Pancreatic Delta - Cell
Sickle cell anemia แž‚แžบแž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™ Mutation แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžขแŸ’แžœแžธ?
Non sense mutation
Transition mutation
Repeat mutation
Transverse mutation
Missense mutation
Hypoglycemia แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™แž›แžพแžŸแž›แž”แŸ‹
Glucose
Insuline
Glucagon
Cyclic-AMP
Epinephrine
มž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹ Fluoride แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžšแžถแžœแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž™แžพแž„ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžšแž”แžŸแŸ†แžšแžฝแž›แž‡แžถแž…แŸ†แž”แž„ แžŠแŸ„แž™
มžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸŠแžšแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž“
Bone resorption แž“แžทแž„ แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ Kidney tubular
Simple skeletal exchange and resorption of bone
Skeletal uptake and soft tissue deposition
Skeletal uptake and renal excretion
มžแžพแžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžœแŸแž™แž…แŸ†แžŽแžถแžŸแŸ‹?
Vitamin A
Niacin
Thiamine
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
มžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžทแž“แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แž—แžถแž–แž“แŸƒแžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† Apnea แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธ แž˜แžถแž“ Hyperventilation แž›แžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžŸแŸ’แž–แžนแž€แž แžพแž™แž‚แžบ แž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž“แŸƒ
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแž Oxygen
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž›แŸ†แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ Cerebral
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžปแŸ‡ แžแž„แŸ‹แžŸแžปแž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹Carbon dioxide
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹ แžขแžธแž™แžปแž„ Hydrogen
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžปแŸ‡ Oxydation oxygenation of carotid bodies
Anemia แž‡แžถแžšแžพแž™แŸ—แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžแŸ’แžœแŸ‡
Vitamin A and D
Vitamin C and D
Vitamin E and K
Vitamin B12 and folic acid
Thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin
มžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‘แžบแž€แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹ แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚ แž˜แžฝแž™ แž‚แžบ
มž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž– Buffering
Facilitates deglutition
Initiates protein digestion
มž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžš แž˜แžทแž“แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“ Demineralization
มž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžš แž˜แžทแž“แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“ Demineralization
มž”แžปแžšแžŸแžขแžถแž™แžปแŸฃแŸ แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แž˜แž€แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแžทแž™แžถแž›แŸแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธ แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž’แŸแŸ’แž˜แž‰แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“ แžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžšแž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‚แž€แž‰แžพแžŸแž–แŸแž›แž™แž”แŸ‹แž“แžทแž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„ แž›แŸ’แž แžทแž“แž›แŸ’แž แŸƒแŸ” แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™ แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž”แžถแž“แž€แžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แž“แžผแžœแž€แžถแžš แž€แžถแžšแžกแžพแž„ แž’แŸ† แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„ แž“แžทแž„แž แžพแž˜ แž“แžผแžœ Node แžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡ แž“แŸ…แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹ Cervical แž“แžทแž„ Sub mandibular แŸ” แžŸแž”แŸ’แžแžถแž แŸแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž˜แž€ Node แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€แž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แž’แŸ† แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŸแŸ†แžšแŸแž…แž…แžทแžแŸ’แž แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž› แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ Biosy แž›แžพ Node แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แŸ” แžแžพแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŽแžถแžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰ แž–แžธ Reed โ€“ Sternberg cell แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž–แŸแž› แž’แžพแŸ’แžœ Cytological Exam ?
Non โ€“ Hodgkin Lymphoma
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Hodgkin lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
มž”แžปแžšแžŸแžขแžถแž™แžปแŸฃแŸ แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แž˜แž€แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžทแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธ แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž’แŸแŸ’แž˜แž‰แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“ แžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžšแž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‚แž€แž‰แžพแžŸแž–แŸแž›แž™แž”แŸ‹แž“แžทแž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„ แž›แŸ’แž แžทแž“แž›แŸ’แž แŸƒแŸ” แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™ แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž”แžถแž“แž€แžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แž“แžผแžœแž€แžถแžš แž€แžถแžšแžกแžพแž„ แž’แŸ† แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„ แž“แžทแž„แž แžพแž˜ แž“แžผแžœ Node แžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡ แž“แŸ…แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹ Cervical แž“แžทแž„ Sub mandibular แŸ” แžŸแž”แŸ’แžแžถแž แŸแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž˜แž€ Node แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€แž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แž’แŸ† แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŸแŸ†แžšแŸแž…แž…แžทแžแŸ’แž แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž› แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ Biosy แž›แžพ Node แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แŸ” แž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‚แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‚แžนแž˜แžถแž“แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸ‡แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ แž“แŸƒ Cell โ€“ immediate Immunity แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„ แžแŸ‚
มžœแžถแž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแž”แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ Type IV hypersensitivity reaction
มžœแžถแž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„ แž“แžนแž„ Parasite
มžœแžถแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ Transplant Recjection
มžœแžถแž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„ NK Cell แž“แžทแž„ Macrophage
Hemophilia C
มž”แžปแžšแžŸแžขแžถแž™แžปแŸกแŸงแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แžถแŸ’แž“แž€แŸ‹ แž˜แž€แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแžทแž™แžถแž›แŸแž™แžขแŸ’แž“แž€ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‚แŸ„แž›แž”แŸ†แžŽแž„แžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž’แŸ†แž‘แžธแŸฃ แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แŸค แž…แŸแž‰แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แž–แžธ Medical History แž“แžทแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž˜แž€แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜ แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž˜แžปแž“แž–แŸแž›แžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แŸ” แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜ Intra โ€“ venous line แžŠแŸƒแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž€แžถแžšแž˜แžปแžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž…แŸƒแžŠแž“แŸ’แž™ แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แž€ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แŸ” แžแžพ แž‡แŸ†แž„แžน Secondary hemostatic แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž… แž˜แžถแž“
Von Willebrand disease
Hemophilia A
Bernard โ€“ Soulier syndrome
Thrombocytopenia
Hemophilia C
มž”แžปแžšแžŸแžขแžถแž™แžปแŸกแŸงแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แžถแŸ’แž“แž€แŸ‹ แž˜แž€แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžทแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‚แŸ„แž›แž”แŸ†แžŽแž„แžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž’แŸ†แž‘แžธแŸฃ แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แŸค แž…แŸแž‰แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แž–แžธMedical History แž“แžทแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž˜แž€แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜ แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž˜แžปแž“แž–แŸแž›แžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แŸ” แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜ Intra โ€“ venous line แžŠแŸƒแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž€แžถแžšแž˜แžปแž แžŠแŸ„แž™แž…แŸƒแžŠแž“แŸ’แž™ แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แž€ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แŸ” แž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‚แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžšแžทแž™แžถแž™แž–แžธ แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ Von Willebrand แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚
มžœแžถแž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แŸ‹ แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“โ€‹ Platelet ( Qualitative Platelet defect)
VWF แž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžขแžทแžแž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แŸƒ Platelets แž“แžนแž„ Collagen
มžœแžถแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŠแž›แŸ‹ Pletelet plug แž“แžทแž„ Coagu-lation cascade.
VWF functions independent of factor VIII
มžœแžถแž‡แžถ แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบAutosomal dominantโ€‹ disorder
มž”แžปแžšแžŸแžขแžถแž™แžปแŸกแŸงแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แžถแŸ’แž“แž€แŸ‹ แž˜แž€แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžทแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžขแŸ’แž“แž€ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‚แŸ„แž›แž”แŸ†แžŽแž„แžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž’แŸ†แž‘แžธแŸฃ แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แŸค แž…แŸแž‰แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แž–แžธMedical History แž“แžทแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž˜แž€แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜ แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž˜แžปแž“แž–แŸแž›แžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แŸ” แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜ Intra โ€“ venous line แžŠแŸƒแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž€แžถแžš แž˜แžปแžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž…แŸƒแžŠแž“แŸ’แž™ แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แž€ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แŸ” แžแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‚ แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž˜แžถแž“แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸ‡แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„ แž€แžถแžšแžแŸ’แžœแŸ‡ Vitamin K
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž– แž“แŸƒ Clotting factors II VII IX X
มžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡ PT
มž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžแžผแžš PTT
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™ แž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แž™แž€แžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰
มž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“ Platelet แž˜แžทแž“แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ
มž”แžปแžšแžŸแžขแžถแž™แžปแŸกแŸงแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แžถแŸ’แž“แž€แŸ‹ แž˜แž€แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžทแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžขแŸ’แž“แž€ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‚แŸ„แž›แž”แŸ†แžŽแž„แžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž’แŸ†แž‘แžธแŸฃ แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แŸค แž…แŸแž‰แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แž–แžธMedical History แž“แžทแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž˜แž€แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜ แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž˜แžปแž“แž–แŸแž›แžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แŸ” แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜ Intra โ€“ venous line แžŠแŸƒแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž€แžถแžšแž˜แžปแžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž…แŸƒแžŠแž“แŸ’แž™ แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แž€ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แŸ” แž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‚แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แž–แžทแžแž‡แžถแž˜แžถแž“แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸ‡แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž€แžถแžšแž‡แžถแžŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แž”แžพแž™แž“แŸƒแž˜แžปแž แžšแž”แžฝแžŸแž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚
Secondary intention wound healing occurs when a sizeable gap exists between margins.
A large extraction socket heals by primary intention.
The inflammatory stage occurs immedi- ately after tissue injury.
Contact inhibition occurs when migrating epithelial wound margins meet.
Healing by primary intention occurs at a faster rate than secondary intention.
มž”แžปแžšแžŸแžขแžถแž™แžปแŸกแŸงแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แžถแŸ’แž“แž€แŸ‹ แž˜แž€แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžทแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžขแŸ’แž“แž€ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‚แŸ„แž›แž”แŸ†แžŽแž„แžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž’แŸ†แž‘แžธแŸฃ แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แŸค แž…แŸแž‰แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แž–แžธMedical History แž“แžทแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž˜แž€แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜ แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž˜แžปแž“แž–แŸแž›แžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แŸ” แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜ Intra โ€“ venous line แžŠแŸƒแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž€แžถแžšแž˜แžปแžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž…แŸƒแžŠแž“แŸ’แž™ แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แž€ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แŸ” แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‡แžถ Topical antibiotic แž›แžพแž€แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚
Neomycin
Bacitracin
Polymyxin B
Ofloxacin
All of the above are topical antibiotics
มžแžพแž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸแžšแžธแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž‡แžถ Gram positive Cooci แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แž›แžพ แžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€แž“แžทแž„ แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แž‡แžถแž”แžผแžŸ?
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus bovis
Streptococcus viridians
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Actinomyces israelii
มžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžธแžขแžถแž™แžป แŸฅแŸฅแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แž€แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžทแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€ แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž› Burning mouth แžŸแŸ’แž„แžฝแžแž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžถแž“แžšแž˜แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แžพแž˜แžปแžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ แŸ”แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž”แžถแž“แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แžƒแžพแž‰แž˜แžถแž“ Multiple carious lesions แž“แžทแž„ แž€แžถแžšแžแŸ’แžœแŸ‡แž‘แžนแž€แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แŸ” แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แž€ แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž€แŸแžŸแŸ†แžšแŸแž…แž…แžทแžแŸ’แž แž™แž€แžˆแžถแž˜ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž˜แž“แŸ’แž‘แžธแžšแž–แžทแžŸแŸ„แž’แž“แŸแžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธ แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ Immunologic marker แž‡แžถแž˜แžปแž“ แž˜แžปแž“แž“แžนแž„แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แŸ” แžงแž‘แžถแž แžšแžŽแŸแžแžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแžŸแŸ„แž’แž“แŸแž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แžธantinuclear antibodies แŸ” แžแžพแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž“แŸแŸ‡?
Reiter syndrome
Behcet syndrome
Scleroderma
Ankylosing spondylitis
Sjร–gren syndrome
มžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžธแžขแžถแž™แžป แŸฅแŸฅแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แž€แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžทแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€ แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž› Burning mouth แžŸแŸ’แž„แžฝแžแž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžถแž“แžšแž˜แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แžพแž˜แžปแžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ แŸ”แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž”แžถแž“แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แžƒแžพแž‰แž˜แžถแž“ Multiple carious lesions แž“แžทแž„ แž€แžถแžšแžแŸ’แžœแŸ‡แž‘แžนแž€แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แŸ” แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แž€ แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž€แŸแžŸแŸ†แžšแŸแž…แž…แžทแžแŸ’แž แž™แž€แžˆแžถแž˜ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž˜แž“แŸ’แž‘แžธแžšแž–แžทแžŸแŸ„แž’แž“แŸแžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธ แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ Immunologic marker แž‡แžถแž˜แžปแž“ แž˜แžปแž“แž“แžนแž„แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แŸ” แžแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‚แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž› แž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ แž™แŸ„แž„แž‘แŸ…แžแžถแž˜ Stephan curve?
Nonfermentable carbohydrates แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžขแŸ„แž™ แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžปแŸ‡ แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž†แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž แŸแžŸ แž“แŸƒ pH แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‘แžบแž€แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹
B. แžœแžถแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแŸคแŸ แž“แžถแž‘แžธ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžแŸ’แžšแž›แž”แŸ‹แž˜แž€แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹ pH แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแžœแžทแž‰แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž‰แžปแŸ†แžถ แžŸแŸ’แž€แžšแž แžพแž™
C. Sucrose แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„ แžŠแž›แŸ‹ pH แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹
D. pH แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แž‘แžนแž€แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹ แž‚แžบแž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž› 7.0
E. Enamel แžขแžถแž… Demineralize แž“แŸ… pH 5.5
มžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžธแžขแžถแž™แžป แŸฅแŸฅแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แž€แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžทแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€ แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž› Burning mouth แžŸแŸ’แž„แžฝแžแž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžถแž“แžšแž˜แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แžพแž˜แžปแžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹ แŸ”แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž”แžถแž“แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แžƒแžพแž‰แž˜แžถแž“ Multiple carious lesions แž“แžทแž„ แž€แžถแžšแžแŸ’แžœแŸ‡แž‘แžนแž€แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แŸ” แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แž€ แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž€แŸแžŸแŸ†แžšแŸแž…แž…แžทแžแŸ’แž แž™แž€แžˆแžถแž˜ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž˜แž“แŸ’แž‘แžธแžšแž–แžทแžŸแŸ„แž’แž“แŸแžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธ แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ Immunologic marker แž‡แžถแž˜แžปแž“ แž˜แžปแž“แž“แžนแž„แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แŸ” แžแžพแž—แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™ Plaque แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแžแžท แžขแžถแž›แŸ‹แž€แžปแž› แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ?
Total ( Sodium fluoride triclosan)
Gel-Kem ( Stannous fluoride)
Listerine (phenolic/ essential oil compound)
Peridex (Chlorhexidine gluconate)
Scope (cetylpyridinium chloride)
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