Basic science MCQ 100

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Basic Science MCQ Quiz

Test your knowledge and understanding of basic science concepts with our engaging 100-question multiple choice quiz! Perfect for students, educators, and anyone interested in enhancing their understanding of human biology, anatomy, and physiology.

Features:

  • Covering key topics in biological sciences
  • 100 thoughtfully crafted multiple choice questions
  • Instant feedback on your answers
  • Improve your knowledge and prep for exams
100 Questions25 MinutesCreated by ExploringScience101
มžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸขแŸฃแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž‡แžทแžแž–แŸแž› ovulation แž“แŸƒ menstrual cycle แŸ” แž—แžถแž–แž–แŸแž‰แžœแŸแž™แž“แŸƒ oocyte แž“แžนแž„แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แžกแžพแž„แž‡แžถแž›แžพแž€แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž“แŸƒ meioticdivision (undergo the first meiotic division), แžแžพ Hormone แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แžผแž›แžšแžฝแž˜แž‡แžฝแž™แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ hormonal stimuli ?
มž”แž‰แŸ’แžˆแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแžprogesterone(The cessation of progesterone secretion)
มž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž”แž“แžทแŸ’แžแž…แž˜แŸ’แžแž„แŸ—แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (The gradual elevation of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) titers)
มžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž”แž“แžทแŸ’แžแž…แž˜แŸ’แžแž„แŸ—แž“แŸƒestrogenแžšแžฝแž˜แž–แŸแž›แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แžถแžšแž‘แžปแŸ†แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹follicle (The low estrogen titers associated with the maturing follicle)
มž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž™แžบแžแŸ—แž“แŸƒprogesteroneแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž•แž›แžทแžแžŠแŸ„แž™luteal cells (The slow elevation of progesterone produced by luteal cells)
มž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸƒluteinizing hormone (LH)แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแžŸแžถแžšแž‡แžถแžแžทestrogenแžกแžพแž„แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹(The surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) initiated by high estrogen titers)
มžแžพแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžŸแŸ’แžšแž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž”แžธ(three primitive germ layers)แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž–แžธแžŽแžถ ?
Cytotrophoblast
Epiblast
Syncytiotrophoblast
Hypoblast
Yolk sac
"แž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแž‘แžถแžšแž€ (embryo/fetus)แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž“แŸƒแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ, แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แž“แŸ…แžแŸ‚แž‘แžธแž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“? "
มž‘แžธแŸก (First)
มž‘แžธแŸข (Second)
มž‘แžธแŸค (Fourth)
มž‘แžธแŸฆ (Sixth)
มž‘แžธแŸฉ (Ninth)
Ectoderm แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแžแž•แŸ’แž‘แžถแž›แŸ‹แž˜แž€แž–แžธแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Hypoblast
Epiblastic cells แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แžพแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแž“แŸƒembryoแž–แžทแžแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแž€แžŠ(undergo gastrulation)
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Epiblast แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธembryo แž‘แŸ(Nongastrulated epiblast)
"แžˆแžถแž˜แž‘แžถแžšแž€แž˜แž€แž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแžŸแžปแž€แž˜แžถแž“oxygen แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž› 80% แŸ” แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžŽแžถแž€แŸแžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžˆแžถแž˜แž‘แžถแžšแž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžแŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹ oxygen แž“แŸ…แžแŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ’แžœแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แžผแžœแž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“ oxygen แž”แžถแž“แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžˆแžถแž˜แž–แžธ แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แŸ—แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“oxygen แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แŸ” แžแžพแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แž‘แžถแžšแž€แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€แž›แŸ’แž”แžถแž™oxygen แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ ? "
Abdominal aorta
Common carotid arteries
Ductus arteriosus
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
มž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถ hematopoietic tissues แžฌแžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚(organs) แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แžพแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธ endoderm?
Thymus
Tonsils
Bone marrow
Spleen
Blood islands
มžแžพแžแŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŽแžถแžšแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž‘แžธแžแžถแŸ†แž„แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€แž›แžผแžแž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ’แžšแžนแžแŸ’แžแž‘แŸ…แž–แžธแžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹ thoracic region cranial แž‘แŸ…septum transversum?
Gastrulation
Lateral folding
Cranial folding
Neurulation
Fusion of the endocardial heart tubes
มž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž€แžถแžšแž“แžถแŸ†แžˆแžถแž˜แž–แžธแž˜แŸ’แžแžถแž™แž‘แŸ…แž€แžผแž“แžŠแŸ„แž™แž•แŸ’แž‘แžถแž›แŸ‹แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆ lacunae แž“แŸƒ placenta แžแžพแžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ ?
มž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ cytotrophoblast
Extraembryonic mesoderm
มžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แž‘แžถแžšแž€ (Fetal blood vessels)
มž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ syncytiotrophoblast
มž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ Amniotic
"แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž˜แž€แž‡แžฝแž”แž‚แŸ’แžšแžผแž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹, แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžผแž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†vitamin A แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžšแŸ„แž‚แž˜แžปแž“(แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžŸแžพแžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€) แžแŸ‚แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แžŠแžนแž„แžแžถแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž„แž“แŸ‹แŸขแžแŸ‚แž˜แž€แž แžพแž™แŸ” แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‘แžถแžšแž€แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž›แžผแžแž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ ? "
The digestive system
The endocrine organs
The respiratory system
The urinary and reproductive systems
The skeletal and central nervous systems
มžแžพแžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚ neural plateแž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Somatopleuric mesoderm
Splanchnopleuric mesoderm
Hypoblast
มž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แž‚แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž˜แž€แž–แžธ paraxial mesoderm?
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Humerus
Biceps brachii
Masseter
มžแžพแžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚ cerebral cortex แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
Telencephalon
Myelencephalon
Metencephalon
Mesencephalon
Diencephalon
"แž‡แžถแž™แžแžถแž แŸแžแžปprimordial germ cells แž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž‡แžผแž”แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแžšแžœแžถแž„oogonia แž“แžทแž„ spermatogoniaแŸ” แžแžพแž“แŸ…แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ? "
Dorsal mesentery of the hindgut
Gonadal ridge
Endodermal lining of the yolk sac
Primary sex cords of the developing gonad
Chorion
มž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžขแžถแž…แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž€แžผแž“แž—แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡ (Monozygotic twins) แž”แžถแž“ ?
มž€แžถแžšแž…แžผแž›แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แŸƒembryonic blastomeres แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แž€แžผแž“แŸข(two zygotes)
มž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€แž’แŸ†แž’แžถแžแŸ‹แž“แŸƒoocytes แŸขแžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžš sperm แŸข (Fertilization of two oocytes by two sperm)
มž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€แž’แŸ†แž’แžถแžแŸ‹แž“แŸƒoocytes แŸกแžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžš sperm แŸข (Fertilization of one oocyte by two sperm)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‚แž„แž…แŸ‚แž€แž“แŸƒinner cell mass (embryoblast) แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„embryonic primordia แŸข (Division of the inner cell mass (embryoblast) into two embryonic primordia)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž”แŸ‚แž€แž˜แžทแž“แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹zygote แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“double chorion (Extra cleavage divisions of the zygote induced by the presence of a double chorion)
"แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแž“แŸแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹embryo ,แžแžพแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜(edge)แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ectoderm แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžŽแžถแŸกแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ? "
Chorion
Amniotic membrane
Yolk sac lining
Extraembryonic mesoderm
Adventitia of the umbilical vessels
มž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถ processes แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžแžปแžŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แŸƒ paired dorsal aortae ?
Lateral folding
Craniocaudal folding
Looping of the heart tube
Neurulation
Gastrulation
"แž—แžถแž–แž˜แžทแž“แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžพแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แŸƒแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถmembrane แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแŸกแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ? "
Membrane synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum
Membrane modification in the Golgi apparatus
มžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸƒ carbohydrates แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ cytoplasmic surface
มžšแž”แžถแž™แž“แŸƒ cholesterol
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‚แž„แž…แŸ‚แž€แžแžปแžŸแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž“แŸƒproteins แžšแžœแžถแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘lipidแŸขแž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž€ (Flipping proteins between the leaflets of the lipid bilayer)
มž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ large subunit แž“แŸƒribosome ?
มž…แž„แž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ messenger RNA (mRNA)
มž…แž„แž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ transfer RNA (tRNA)
มž”แŸ’แžšแžแžทแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž”แŸ†แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ‚ peptide (Catalyze peptide bond formation)
มž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ ribosomes แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžกแžถแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ‚ polyribosome (Link adjacent ribosomes in a polyribosome)
มžŸแŸ†แž™แŸ„แž‚ protein แž›แžพแž€แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„ (Initiate protein synthesis)
มž—แžถแž–แž›แŸ†แž“แžนแž„(stability) แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‚แž„แž…แŸ‚แž€แž“แŸƒactin filaments แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž“แŸ’แžแžถแž”แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž“แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแž›แŸ’แžขแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแž‚แžบแžขแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸแž™แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
The structure of the actin filaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filament proteins
Actin-binding proteins
Motor molecules, such as kinesin
มžแžพแŸกแžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แžธแž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž—แŸ’แž›แžถแž˜แŸ—แž“แŸƒ filaments?
Generate movement
Provide mechanical stability
Carry out nucleation of microtubules
Stabilize microtubules against disassembly
Transport organelles within the cell
มžแžพแŸกแžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แž™แž“แŸ’แžแž€แžถแžš(mechanisms) แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžmitochondrial electrochemical gradient ?
The action of ATP synthase
Transfer of electrons from NADH to O2 in the intermembrane space
Pumping of protons into the mitochondrial matrix by respiratory chain activity
Proton-translocating activity in the inner membrane
Transport of ATP out of the matrix compartment by a specific transporter
มž…แž›แž“แžถแž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž“แŸƒ แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”แž…แžผแž›(Endocytosis) แž–แžฝแž€low-density lipoprotein (LDL) แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžแžปแžŸแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแžšแžœแžถแž„phagocytosis แž“แŸƒ damaged cells แŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžš แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
Use of membrane-enclosed vesicles in the uptake process
Coupling with the lysosomal system
Dependence on acidification
Use of clathrin-coated pits
Use of hydrolases
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“Cushingโ€™s syndrome แž‡แžถแžšแžฟแž™แŸ—แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž“แžผแžœosteoporotic changes แŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„แž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž“แŸƒosteoporosis แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšCushingโ€™s syndrome ?
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแž glucocorticoid แž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž‚แžบแž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡ quality of the bone deposited
มž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€แž›แžพแžŸแž“แŸƒ osteoid (Excess deposition of osteoid)
มž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž… แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž”calcium (Stimulation of intestinal calcium absorption )
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžPTH (Decreased PTH levels)
มž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž•แžปแž™ (แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž™) แž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธ excess bone resorption
มž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแžปแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸฅแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž“แžšแž แŸ‚แž€แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†gastrocnemius แž–แŸแž›แžœแžถแž‡แžฝแž”แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžแŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแž‡แžทแŸ‡แž€แž„แŸ‹แžŠแžผแž›แŸ” แžแžพแž€แžถแžšแžŠแžปแŸ‡แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰แžแžถแž˜แŸกแžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ ?
Differentiation of satellite cells
Dedifferentiation of myocytes into myoblasts
Fusion of damaged myofibers to form new myotubes
Hyperplasia of existing myofibers
Differentiation of fibroblasts to form myocytes
มž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžแžฝแž“แžถแž‘แžธแžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„regulator of salivary secretion ?
Antidiuretic hormone
Autonomic nervous system
Aldosterone
Cholecystokinin
Secretin
มž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแžปแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸคแžแŸ’แž„แŸƒ แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž„แž“แŸ‹7 lb, 6 oz, แž˜แŸ’แžแžถแž™แžœแžถแž”แžถแž“แž“แžถแŸ†แž…แžผแž›แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ (emergencyroom) แž‚แŸ’แžšแžผแž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แž”แžถแž“แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แžƒแžพแž‰แžแžถแžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€แž“แžทแž„sclerae แž˜แžถแž“icteric แŸ” แžœแžทแž—แžถแž‚แžˆแžถแž˜แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžแžถelevated unconjugated bilirubinแŸ” แžแžพแž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžbilirubin แž“แŸแŸ‡แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž˜แž€แž–แžธแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
มž€แžถแžšแž…แžปแŸ‡แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ„แž™ enzymes regulating bilirubin solubility
Hepatocellular proliferation
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แŸƒ destruction of red blood cells
มž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€แž“แŸƒ common bile duct
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ hepatocyte uptake of bilirubin
มž”แžปแžšแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸคแŸฃแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž‘แžพแž”แžแŸ’แžšแžกแž”แŸ‹แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž€แŸ†แžŸแžถแž“แŸ’แžแž“แŸ… Peru แž˜แžถแž“severe watery diarrhea,vomiting แž“แžทแž„dehydration แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž€แžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แž•แž„แžŠแŸ‚แžšแž“แžผแžœแžšแž˜แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แžพแž‡แžพแž„ (leg cramps) แž“แžทแž„แž…แžปแŸ‡แž‘แŸ†แž„แž“แŸ‹ 8 lb แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžกแž”แŸ‹ แž˜แž€แžœแžทแž‰แŸ” แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแŸ‡แž›แžถแž˜แž€(Fecal culture)แžƒแžพแž‰แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“V. cholerae แžแžพ V. cholerae แž“แŸแŸ‡แžœแžถแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แŸ€แž”แžŽแžถ?
Activation of enterokinase on the brush border of epithelial cells
Activation of cholecystokinin effects on pancreatic secretion
Closure of chloride channels in the enterocyte cell membrane
Inhibition of cyclic AMP in the enterocytes
ADP-ribosylation of GS of the GTP-binding protein in enterocytes
"Adrenal cortex แž˜แžถแž“แžฅแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž–แž›แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแžแž“แŸƒ adrenal medulla แžแžถแž˜แž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ? "
มž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแž aldosterone แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ intra-adrenal circulation
มž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแž glucocorticoids แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ intra-adrenal circulation
มž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžถแž‘ Autonomic (Autonomic neural connections)
มž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแž monoamine oxidase แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ portal circulation
มž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแž androgens แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ intrarenal circulation
A pituitary adenoma แžขแžถแž…แž“แžนแž„แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแžแŸก แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžŠแžผแž…แžแž‘แŸ…แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Cushingโ€™s syndrome
Deficiency in T3 and T4
Diabetes insipidus
Osteoporosis
Stunted growth or dwarfism
"แž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžestrogen แž€แŸ†แžกแžปแž„แž–แŸแž›menstrual cycle แž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แŸก แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ? "
มžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžLH (Decrease LH levels)
มžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡ regulate แž“แŸƒFSH receptors แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„granulosa cells (Downregulate FSH receptors on granulosa cells)
มž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžFSH (Increase FSH levels)
มž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒ ciliation of the epithelial cells of the oviduct
มžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡ synthesis แž“แžทแž„storage of glycogen แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ the vaginal epithelium
"แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžทแž“แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แŸƒtestosterone แžฌ androgens แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แŸ—แž‘แŸ€แž ? "
มž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแžแž˜แž€แž–แžธprostatic epithelium (Secretion from the prostatic epithelium)
มž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแž“แŸƒprostatic glands (The function of the prostatic glands)
มž€แžถแžšแž›แžผแžแž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹(แžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแž“แŸ)แž“แŸƒpenis แž˜แž€แž–แžธindifferent phallus (Development of the penis from an indifferent phallus)
Spermatogenesis
มž€แžถแžšแž›แžผแžแž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸƒtestis แž‘แžถแžšแž€ แžขแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸแž™แžŠแŸ„แž™indifferent gonad(Fetal testis development from an indifferent gonad)
มžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸขแŸฆแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แžถแžŸแž‘แžธแŸฃแž“แŸƒแž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแžแž‘แžนแž€แžŠแŸ„แŸ‡แž–แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž‰แž‘แžนแž€แžŠแŸ„แŸ‡(mammary glands) แžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…แž•แŸ’แž‘แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™ แž˜แžฝแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Oxytocin from the neurohypophysis
Prolactin from the corpus luteum
The influence of vasopressin
Placental lactogen
Neurohumoral reflexes
"แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž›แŸฃแŸ แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž“แŸƒแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž•แŸ’แžขแŸ‚แž˜แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹, แž˜แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„ แž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜(kidney function) แžขแžถแž…แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แž˜แžฝแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ? "
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“ selectivity แž“แŸƒ filtration barrier
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡ permeability แž“แŸƒ plasma proteins
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ glomerular filtration rate
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡ secretion of aldosterone
Glycation of proteins in the basal lamina
"แžแžถแž˜แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแžŠแŸ„แž™แžกแŸ‚แž€แž“แŸƒrenal medulla? "
Proximal convoluted tubules
Distal convoluted tubules
Collecting ducts
Afferent arterioles
Thin loops of Henle
"The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ? "
มžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸƒ photoreceptor (rod and cone) perikarya
Phagocytosis of worn-out components of photoreceptor cells
มž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž˜แž€แž–แžธ inner layer แž“แŸƒ optic cup แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แžผแžแž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž–แŸแž›embryonic development
มžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸƒ amacrine cells
Synthesis of vitreous humor
"แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžฝแž”แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸ‡แž–แŸแž›แž˜แžถแž“ diabetic retinopathy? "
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แŸ†แžšแžถแžŸแž“แŸƒ basal lamina of small retinal vessels
Microaneurysms
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™capillary permeability (Decreased capillary permeability)
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“retinal blood flow (Increased retinal blood flow)
มž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แžŸแž˜แžแŸ’แžแž—แžถแž–แž“แŸƒ phagocytic of the pigmented epithelium
"แžแžพแž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแž…แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž แŸแžแžปแž•แž›แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™ vestibular hair cell stereocilia แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แž—แŸ’แž›แžบแž…แžถแŸ†แž„(deflected) ? "
มž—แžถแž–แžแžปแžŸแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแžšแžœแžถแž„ type I แž“แžทแž„ type II hair cells
มž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แžแžถแž‘แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แžธ cells are depolarized แžฌ hyperpolarized แž€แŸแžŠแŸ„แž™
มž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แžแžถแž‘แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แžธ linearแžฌangular acceleration แž€แŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰
มž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แž–แžธแž‘แžทแžŸแžŠแŸ…แž“แŸƒ blood flow แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ stria vascularis
มž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™frequency แž“แŸƒแžŸแŸ†แž›แŸแž„(sound)
มžแžพ Perilymph แž“แŸ…แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถ แžšแž…แž“แžถแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แž“แŸ’แž’แŸ(structures) แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ ?
Utricle
Saccule
Semicircular canals
Scala media
Scala tympani
"แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‡แžถแž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹vestibular membrane ? "
มžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแžแžปแž›แŸ’แž™แž—แžถแž–แžšแžœแžถแž„theendolymph แž“แžทแž„ the perilymph
มžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แžšแžœแžถแž„ the tympanic แž“แžทแž„ vestibular cavities
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แž„แžŸแŸ†แžกแŸแž„แž‘แŸ… the oval window
มžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแžแž›แž™แž—แžถแž–แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แŸ—แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ sensory transduction
มžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แž“แŸƒauditory ossicles (Dampen the action of the auditory ossicles)
มž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถ carcinoma แž€แžพแžแžแŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹ medial portion แž“แŸƒแž”แž”แžผแžšแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แžขแŸ„แž™ metastasize แž‘แŸ… lymph nodes แž˜แžฝแž™แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„ แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแž…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแŸกแžŽแžถ ?
Submandibular
Parotid
Superficial cervical
Submental
Buccal
"แžแžพแž‚แžผแžšแžŽแžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แž‘แŸ†แžšแž„แŸ‹แž“แŸƒโ€‹ venous แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแž–แŸ’แžœแž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž…แžทแž‰แŸ’แž…แžนแž˜แžŠแž›แŸ‹ dural sinuses แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž“แŸƒแž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ occipital ? "
Sigmoid แž“แžทแž„ transverse sinuses
Inferior sagittal แž“แžทแž„ cavernous sinuses
Occipital แž“แžทแž„ straight sinuses
Transverse แž“แžทแž„ inferior petrosal sinuses
Superior petrosal แž“แžทแž„ occipital sinuses
"แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž‡แžถแž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแž•แŸ’แž‘แžถแž›แŸ‹(direct route) แž“แžถแŸ†แžขแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแž™แž—แžถแž™ infection แž–แžธ the paranasal sinuses แž‘แŸ… the cavernous sinus แž“แŸƒ the dura mater ? "
Pterygoid venous plexus
Superior ophthalmic vein
Frontal emissary vein
Basilar venous plexus
Parietal emissary vein
"แžแžพvertebral arteries แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž˜แž€แž–แžธแžŽแžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ? "
มžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž˜แž€แž–แžธ the common carotid artery แžแžถแž„แž†แŸ’แžœแŸแž„ แž“แžทแž„ the brachiocephalic artery แžแžถแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ†
มžœแžถแž…แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ cranium แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžแžถแž˜ the anterior condylar canals
มžœแžถแž…แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ cranium แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžแžถแž˜the posterior condylar canals
มž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžแžถแž˜ the transverse processes แž“แŸƒ several cervical vertebrae
มžœแžถแž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แžขแŸ„แž™ the posterior cerebral arteriesแž•แŸ’แž‘แžถแž›แŸ‹
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž—แŸ’แž›แžถแžแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜(jaw) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ†แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‘แžธแž“แŸƒ the articular disk แžขแŸ„แž™แž•แžปแžแž–แžธthe articular tubercle แž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„the temporomandibular joint แž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“ spasm แžฌexcessive contraction แŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜ muscles แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ ?
Buccinator
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
Masseter
Temporalis
"แžŠแžผแž…แž‡แžถแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž‰ endocrine แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แžš, แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž‰ thyroid แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž…แžทแž‰แŸ’แž…แžนแž˜แžŠแŸ„แž™แžˆแžถแž˜แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแŸ” แž‡แžถแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž‰ thyroid แž‘แž‘แžผแž›แžˆแžถแž˜แž˜แž€แž–แžธbranche แŸกแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถ branches แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ? "
Internal carotid artery
Lingual artery
Subclavian artery
Transverse cervical artery
Vertebral artery
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแž…แŸ†แžŽแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸจแŸฅแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž˜แž€แž–แžทแž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž“แŸ…แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แž–แžทแž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžนแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž…แžปแŸ‡แž‘แŸ†แž„แž“แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž–แžทแž”แžถแž€แž‘แŸ†แž–แžถแžšแžขแžถแž แžถแžšแŸ” แžแžพแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžแžฝแž“แžถแž‘แžธแž›แžพแž€แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜(jaw) แž‘แŸ†แž–แžถแžšแž–แžทแž แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแž€แžŠ ?
Buccinator muscle
Geniohyoid muscle
Lateral pterygoid muscle jaw
Medial pterygoid muscle
Posterior fibers of temporalis muscle
มž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แžฝแž™แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž…แŸ†แž แŸ€แž„แž€(neck) แžแžถแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ†แž“แžทแž„แžšแžถแž›แž‘แŸ…แž…แžปแž„แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ†(right clavicle to the tip of the right) แž€แžแŸ’แžแžถแž“แŸแŸ‡แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแŸกแžŽแžถ ?
Cervical cardiac accelerator nerves
Posterior vagal trunk
Right intercostal nerves
Right phrenic nerve
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
"แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžถแž‘แž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธ (intercostal neurovascular bundle)แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แž„แžถแž™แžšแž„แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธ(ribs)แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แŸ†แžšแž„แŸ‹แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแž€แŸ‹(locations)แž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž‘แŸ†แžšแž„แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแžขแžธแŸ’แžœ? "
มž‚แŸ‚แž˜แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธแžแžถแž„แž˜แžปแž (Above the superior border of the ribs, anteriorly)
มž‚แŸ‚แž˜แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™ (Beneath the inferior border of the ribs)
มž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžšแž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ† intercostal แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ… แž“แžทแž„แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„(Between external and internal intercostal muscle layers)
มž‚แŸ‚แž˜แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž“แŸƒ intercostal membrane แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™(Deep to the posterior intercostal membrane)
มž‚แŸ‚แž˜แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธแžแžถแž„แž˜แžปแž (Superficial to the ribs, anteriorly)
มž”แŸ’แžšแž–แž“แŸ’แž’แŸ venous แž’แŸ†แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž“แžถแŸ†แžˆแžถแž˜แž–แžธ coronary sinus แžแŸ’แžšแžกแž”แŸ‹แž…แžผแž›แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„ แžแŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Inferior vena cava
Left atrium
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Superior vena cava
"แž”แžปแžšแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸฃแŸฆแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž“แŸ…แž€แžถแžšแžทแž™แžถแž›แŸแž™แž˜แž€แž–แžทแž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž–แžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžŠแž€แžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แž›แžธแŸ— แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž€แŸแž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž•แž„แžŠแŸ‚แžšแž–แžธแž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แžŠแžพแžšแž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แŸแž›แžกแžพแž„แž‡แžŽแŸ’แžแžพแžšแŸ” แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แžฎแžŸแŸ†แžกแŸแž„ diastolic rumblingmurmur แž“แŸƒ mitral valve แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แŸ” แžแžพแž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŽแžถแžขแžถแž…แžฎแžŸแŸ†แžกแŸแž„ mitral valve แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ ? "
มž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธแž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹sternum แžแžถแž„แž†แŸ’แžœแŸแž„(Left side adjacent to the sternum in the second intercostal space)
มž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธแž‘แžธแŸฅแž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹sternum แžแžถแž„แž†แŸ’แžœแŸแž„(Left side adjacent to the sternum in the fifth intercostal space)
มž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธแž‘แžธแŸฅแž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž†แŸ’แžœแŸแž„แž…แŸ†แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแžแŸ‹แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžŠแž„แž€แžถแŸ†แž”แžทแž (Left side in the midclavicular line in the fifth intercostal space)
มž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธแž‘แžธแŸขแž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹sternum แžแžถแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ† (Right side adjacent to the sternum in the second intercostal space)
มž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธแž‘แžธแŸคแž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹sternum แžแžถแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ†(Right side adjacent to the sternum in the fourth intercostal space)
มžŸแŸ†แž›แŸแž„แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แž‘แžธแŸก (S1, or โ€œlubโ€) แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸแž„แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แž‘แžธแŸข (S2 or โ€œdupโ€) แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแŸก แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžŠแžผแž…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
มž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘pulmonary valve แžšแžฝแž…แž”แž“แŸ’แžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘aortic valve (Closure of the pulmonary valve followed by closure of the aortic valve)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘tricuspid valve แžšแžฝแž…แž”แž“แŸ’แžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘mitral valve (Closure of the tricuspid valve followed by closure of the mitral valve)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘atrioventricular valves แžšแžฝแž…แž”แž“แŸ’แžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘semilunar valves (Closure of the atrioventricular valves followed by closure of the semilunar valves)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘atrioventricular valves แžšแžฝแž…แž”แž“แŸ’แžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘semilunar valves (Closure of the atrioventricular valves followed by opening of the semilunar valves)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แžพแž€atrioventricular valves แžšแžฝแž…แž”แž“แŸ’แžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘atrioventricular valves (Opening of the atrioventricular valves followed by closure of the atrioventricular valves)
มžšแžผแž”แž—แžถแž–แžแžถแž˜แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹ diaphragm แžŠแŸ„แž™ esophageal hiatusแž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แž˜แžฝแž™แž‘แŸ€แžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Azygos vein
Hemiazygos vein
Azygos and hemiazygos veins
Anterior and posterior vagal trunk
Thoracic duct
"แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แž€แž–แžธแžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แž“แŸ…แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹ epigastric แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž“แžถแŸ†แžฒแŸ’แž™แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžˆแžบแž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž…แŸ†แž แŸ€แž„แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแŸ† แž“แžทแž„แžขแžถแž…แž˜แžถแž“แžˆแžบแž“แŸ…แž˜แŸ’แžแžปแŸ†แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แŸ‚แž“แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž“แŸƒแžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แŸแŸ” แžแžพแžแžถแž˜แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„Anatomy แž“แŸแŸ‡แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŽแžถ ? "
มž“แŸ…แž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡ left lobe แž“แžทแž„ caudate lobe แž“แŸƒแžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜ liver
มž“แŸ…แž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡ right lobe แž“แžทแž„ quadrate lobe แž“แŸƒแžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜ liver
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ falciform ligament
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ lesser omentum
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ right anterior leaf แž“แŸƒ coronary ligament
มž”แžปแžšแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸฆแŸฅแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž…แŸแž‰แž›แžฟแž„แž›แžพแžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€แžแžถแŸ†แž„แž–แžธ แŸขแž‘แŸ…แŸฃแžขแžถแž‘แžทแžแŸ’แž™, แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„ แž“แžทแž„แžˆแžบแž“แŸ…แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹ epigastric แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžœแžแŸ’แžแžทแžšแž›แžถแž€แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡ (peptic ulcers) แž แžพแž™แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžทแž“แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžขแžถแž แžถแžšแž‘แŸแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‚แžบแž“แŸ…แž…แŸ†แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแžแŸ‹แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ แž“แžทแž„แž‡แžฝแž“แž€แžถแž›แžˆแžบแž‘แŸ…แžแŸ’แž“แž„แž˜แŸ’แžแž„แŸ—แŸ” แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแžแžท bilirubinogen แž“แžทแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแžแžท bilirubin แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ (serum bilirubin 5.8 mg/dl)แŸ” Helical CT แžŸแž„แŸ’แžŸแŸแž™แž˜แžถแž“ mass แž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แž›แŸ†แž–แŸ‚แž„ (head of the pancreas) แž‡แžทแž descending duodenum แž“แžทแž„แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แžšแžธแž€แž’แŸ†แŸ” แžแžถแž˜แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‚แžทแžแžแžถ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž‡แžถแžแžท bilirubin ?
Viral hepatitis
Blocked cystic duct
Open hepatic duct
Blocked duodenal papilla
Gilbert syndrome
"แž€แžผแž“แž„แžถแžแžผแž…แž˜แžฝแž™แž—แŸแž‘แž”แŸ’แžšแžปแžŸแž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž€แŸ’แžขแžฝแžแžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž–แžธแž”แŸ…แž”แžถแž“แŸกแž˜แŸ‰แŸ„แž„แŸ” แž™แžพแž„แžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžƒแžพแž‰แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž…แžปแŸ‡แž‘แŸ†แž„แž“แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แŸคแŸจแž˜แŸ‰แŸ„แž„แž…แžปแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ” แž€แŸ†แžขแžฝแžแž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž–แžŽแŸŒแž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แŸ แž“แžทแž„แžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž€แžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžƒแžพแž‰แžแžถแž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“neither tense nor bloated แŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‚แžทแžแžแžถแžŸแž˜แžšแž˜แŸ’แž™แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ ? "
Congenital(แž–แžธแž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแž) hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Congenital(แž–แžธแž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแž) absence of a kidney
Patent ileal diverticulum
มž‘แŸ’แžœแžถแžšแž’แŸ†แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ„แž„(Imperforate anus)
มž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹แžขแžถแž แžถแžš แž“แžทแž„แž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž™แž›แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž™แž…แžผแž›แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถ (Tracheoesophageal fistula)
มž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แžŸแŸ’แžšแžธแž‡แŸ†แž‘แž„แŸ‹แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸกแŸฉแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž“แžถแŸ†แž…แžผแž›แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž›แžถแž˜แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžแŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžšแžถแž…แžšแžŽแŸแžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แžพแž€แžšแžแž™แž“แŸ’แž แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แŸ’แž”แžฟแž“แž›แžพแžŸแž–แžธ แŸคแŸฅmiles แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸกแž˜แŸ‰แŸ„แž„ แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž›แŸ†แž“แžนแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แžฏแž„แž”แžถแž“แžšแžขแžทแž›แž‘แŸ…แž”แžปแž€ แž”แž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ„แž›แŸกแŸ” แž“แžถแž„แž”แžถแž“แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž€แŸ’แžšแžœแŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแžปแžœแžแŸ’แžแžทแž—แžถแž–แžŠแŸ‚แžš แžแŸ‚แž˜แžปแžแž“แžถแž„แžŸแŸ’แž›แŸแž€, แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แžŠแžพแžšแž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹, แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜แž…แžปแŸ‡แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แžแŸ’แžšแž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžปแž„แžŠแŸƒแž…แžปแž„แž‡แžพแž„, แž“แžถแž„แžŠแŸแž€แž“แŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž„แŸ€แž˜แžŸแŸ’แž‘แžพแžšแžŸแž“แŸ’แž›แž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แŸ” แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‘แŸแž“แžทแž„แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžถแž‘แž“แŸ…แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ (cranial nerve test is normal)แŸ” แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŸแžปแŸ†แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ CT Scan แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžŠแŸ„แž™แž แŸแžแžปแžแžถแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŸแž„แŸ’แžŸแŸแž™แž˜แžผแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
มž”แŸ‚แž€แžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜ (Lacerated kidney)
มž”แŸ‚แž€แžขแžŽแŸ’แžแžพแž€ (Ruptured spleen)
มž”แŸ‚แž€แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹ (Ruptured gallbladder)
Diverticulitis
มžฌแžŸแžŠแžผแž„แž”แžถแž (Hemorrhoids)
มžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžธแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸฅแŸฅแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž”แžถแž“แž…แžผแž›แž˜แž€แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹แŸกแžแŸ’แž„แŸƒแž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแžแŸ’แž„แŸƒแž”แžปแžŽแŸ’แž™ St. Patrickโ€™s Day แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ’แžขแž€แžˆแžถแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแžŸแŸ‹แŸ—แŸ” แžแžถแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžœแžแŸ’แžแžทแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แž…แžผแž›แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž€แž“แŸ…แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‡แžถแž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แžš,แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž–แžทแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž–แžธแž˜แžปแž“แž˜แž€แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžƒแžพแž‰แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜แžšแžธแž€แž’แŸ† แŸฅแžŸแž˜ แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžธแž…แŸ†แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแžแŸ‹แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžŠแž„แž€แžถแŸ†แž”แžทแžแŸ” แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž แŸ… gastroenterologist แžŠแŸ„แž™แž‚แžทแžแžแžถแžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแž แž˜แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแŸก แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
มžฌแžŸแžŠแžผแž„แž”แžถแž (Hemorrhoids)
มž˜แž แžถแžšแžธแž€แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แž’แŸ† (Colon cancer)
มžแŸ†แž”แŸ…Duodenum (Duodenal ulcer)
มžแŸ†แž”แŸ…แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡ (Gastric ulcer)
Esophageal varices
มž”แžปแžšแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸขแŸคแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž˜แžšแžแž™แž“แŸ’แžแž˜แžฝแž™ แž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž“แžนแž„แžšแžแž™แž“แŸ’แžแž˜แžฝแž™แž‘แŸ€แžแŸ” แžแŸ’แžœแžธแžแŸ’แž”แžทแžแžแŸ‚แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž€แŸ’แžšแžœแžถแžแŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž€แŸแžŠแŸ„แž™ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž—แŸแž™แžแŸ’แž›แžถแž…แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžšแž”แžฝแžŸแž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžแžถแž„แž†แŸ’แžœแŸแž„ แžšแŸ†แž–แŸแž…แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“แžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแŸ” แž–แŸแž›แžŠแžนแž€แžแžถแž˜แžกแžถแž“แžŸแž„แŸ’แžšแŸ’แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แž€แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แž˜แž“แŸ’แž‘แžธแžšแž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž—แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžปแŸ‡ (blood pressure kept dropping), แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸ’แž›แŸแž€แžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„, แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แžŠแžพแžšแž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แž–แžธแž“แŸแŸ‡แžŸแžฝแžแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ แžŸแŸ†แžกแŸแž„แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ, แžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแŸแžšแŸ‰แžผแž˜intravenous saline แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แžŠแŸƒแŸ” แž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแž“แŸแŸ‡แžแžพแžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž„แžถแž™แžšแž„แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ ?
Stomach
Duodenum
Pancreas
Left kidney
Spleen
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถ artery แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แŸ…แž…แžทแž‰แŸ’แž…แžนแž˜แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“ แž“แžทแž„แž€แž“แŸ’แž‘แžปแž™แž›แŸ†แž–แŸแž„ (body and tail of the pancreas) ?
Common hepatic artery
Inferior phrenic artery
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Superior mesenteric artery
มž–แŸแž›แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž”แžปแžšแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸฅแŸขแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž€แžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžƒแžพแž‰แž˜แžถแž“แžฌแžŸแžŠแžผแž„แž”แžถแžแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„(internal hemorrhoids)แŸ” แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžšแžแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžˆแžถแž˜แž›แžถแž™แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž›แžถแž˜แž€(blood in his stool)แŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถartery แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž“แŸ…rectum ?
Superior rectal artery แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž˜แž€แž–แžธ inferior mesenteric artery
Middle rectal artery แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž˜แž€แž–แžธ internal iliac artery
Inferior rectal artery แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž˜แž€แž–แžธ internal pudendal artery
มž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž–แžธแžš b แž“แžทแž„ c
A, b, แž“แžทแž„ c
Benign prostatic hypertrophy แž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แžŸแŸ’แž‘แŸ‡แž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹แž“แŸ„แž˜(urinary tract)แŸ” แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž“แŸ„แž˜แž…แŸแž‰แžแžทแž…แŸ—, แž€แžถแžšแž›แŸ†แž”แžถแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แžแžทแž…แž˜แŸ’แžแž„แŸ— แž แžพแž™แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž“แŸ„แž˜แž€แŸแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แžแžทแž…แž˜แŸ’แžแž„แŸ—แžŠแŸ‚แžšแžšแž แžผแžแžŠแž›แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แžขแžถแžšแž˜แŸ’แž˜แžŽแŸแžŸแž›แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แžšแžถแž›แž–แŸแž›แž“แŸ„แž˜แžšแžฝแž…แž˜แŸ’แžแž„แŸ—แŸ” Benign prostatic hypertrophy แž“แŸแŸ‡แžœแžถแžšแžฝแž˜แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸ†แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€แž’แŸ†แž“แŸƒแžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžŸแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ ?
Entire prostate gland
Lateral/posterior lobes
Mucosal and submucosal regions
Anterior region
Lateral/anterior lobes
มžแžพแž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž„แžถแž™แžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แžขแž…แŸแžแž“แžถแž–แŸแž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ hysterectomy ?
Uterine artery
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Kidney
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž› ovulated egg แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแž–แŸแž›แž‡แžฝแž” sperm ?
Ampulla of the oviduct
Uterus
Infundibulum of the oviduct
Isthmus of the oviduct
Cervical canal of the uterus
มž‚แŸ„แž›แžทแž€แžถแž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแž แž˜แž“แžนแž„แžšแžธแž€แž”แŸ‰แŸ„แž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž‚แŸแžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แžœแžถแž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžผแž›แžปแž™แžŸแŸ’แžŸแžปแž„แž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แŸ–
100 mmol CaCl2
150 mmol NaCl
250 mmol KCl
250 mmol urea/urรฉe
350 mmol mannitol
"แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพแž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžปแž„ K+ แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž–แžธ4mEq/Lแž‘แŸ…10mEq/L: "
มžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž“แžนแž„แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžขแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„
The sodium conductance will increase / conductance du sodium sโ€™accroit (แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž“แžนแž„แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„)
Potassium conductance will increase / conductance du potassium sโ€™accroit (แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžผแž˜แž“แžนแž„แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ )
มž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž“แžนแž„แž˜แžถแž“แžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…(excitable/excitable)แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„
Na-K pump / pompe de Na-Kแž“แžนแž„แž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถแž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–
"แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹Na-K pump / pompe Na-Kแž“แžนแž„แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แŸ– "
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž˜แžถแžŒแžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแžšแžถแžœแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ (in death people)
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹ K+ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
Hyperpolarization / Hyperpolarisationแž“แŸƒแžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž›แŸ†แž แžผแžšแžขแŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžปแž„แžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž…แŸแž‰แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
"แž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž“แžนแž„แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแžŠแŸ„แž™แŸ– "
Na+แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
K+แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
Cl-แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
Ca2+แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
H+แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
Resting potential / potentiel restant แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แž–แžนแž„แž•แŸ’แžขแŸ‚แž€แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแž—แžถแž–แžแžปแžŸแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แŸƒแž‡แž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž›แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹ (concentration gradient / gradient de concentration) แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แŸ–
มž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มž€แžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มž€แŸ’แž›แžš
มž”แŸŠแžธแž€แžถแž”แžผแžŽแžถแž
"Which one of the following muscle proteins plays an important role in contraction of both smooth and striated muscle? แžแžพแžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžผแžแŸแžขแŸŠแžธแž“แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ† แžŠแžพแžšแžแžฝแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžšแž›แŸ„แž„แž•แž„ แž“แžทแž„ แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž†แŸ’แž“แžผแžแž•แž„?"
Calmodulin
Troponin
Tropomyosin
Actin
Myosin light chains / Myosine ร  chaรฎne lรฉgรจre
"Which of the following words or phrases is most closely associated with an endplate potential at the neuromuscular junction? แžแžพแž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™ แžฌ แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžŽแžถแžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž‡แžทแžแž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„endplate potentialแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ†แžŽแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ† (neuromuscular junction / jonction neuromusculaire) ? "
มž†แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแž”แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹ แžฌแž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž†แŸ’แž›แžพแžแžแž”
Depolarization / dรฉpolarisation
Hyperpolarization / hyperpolarisation
มžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–(Action potential/Potentiel action)
มžšแž“แŸ’แž’แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแžแŸ’แžšแžฝแžœแžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžปแž€แžขแž‚แŸ’แž‚แžทแžŸแž“แžธ
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แž˜แžฝแž™ แž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แž“แŸƒแžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–(magnitude of the action potential)แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแž˜แžฝแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แŸ–
มž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…(Magnitude of the stimulus)
มž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
มž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
มžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แž–แŸแž›แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž€(resting membrane/membrane restante)
มžขแž„แŸ’แž€แžแŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž…แžทแžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹axon
"แž”แžšแžทแž˜แžถแžŽแž€แž˜แŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžขแžถแž…แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžš แŸ– "
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แžขแŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžปแž„Mg2+แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžปแž„Ca2+แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹acetylcholine esterase
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž›แž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
มž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„preload/prรฉchargeแž›แžพแžŸแž–แžธ2.2ยตm
"แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžถแž™แž—แžถแž™แž“แŸƒแž—แžถแž‚แž›แŸ’แžขแžทแžแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž“แžนแž„แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพแŸ– "
มž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž“แŸƒแž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แžแžผแž…
มž€แŸ†แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸƒแž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แž“แŸƒแž—แžถแž‚แž›แŸ’แžขแžทแžแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
มž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸƒแžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžแžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž—แžถแž‚แž›แŸ’แžขแžทแž (particle gradient/ gradient de particule)แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
มž—แžถแž–แžšแž›แžถแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž—แžถแž‚แž›แŸ’แžขแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡
"Periodic Hyperkalemie paralysis / Paralysie hyperkaliรฉmique pรฉriodique แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แžกแžพแž„แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž“แžทแž„แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžขแžแŸ‹แž€แž“แŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžถแž€แŸ‹แŸ” แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜ แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ„แž™ แž แžพแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž‹แž•แž›แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜ แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถ? "
Hyperpolarization / hyperporisationแž“แŸƒแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–channels / canauxแžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰ neurotransmitters / neurotransmetteurs แž–แžธ alpha motoneurons / alpha neurone moteurs.
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžŸแžผแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžšแž™แŸ‡แž–แŸแž›แž“แŸƒแžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžŠแŸ„แž™alpha motoneurons / alpha neurone moteurs.
มž›แŸ†แž แžผแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž€แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž…แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž‚แžบแž‡แžถแžŸแž˜แžถแžŸแž’แžถแžแžปแž…แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แž˜แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒแžŠแŸ†แžŽแžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžถแž›แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒแžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ (upstroke phase of action potential in ) แŸ–
มžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžแžแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
มžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžšแž›แŸ„แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž…
มžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„
มž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€body / corpsแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘
Presynaptic nerve terminals / terminaisons nerveuse prรฉsynaptique
มžŸแž€แŸ’แžแžถแž“แžปแž–แž›แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž“แžนแž„แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แž”แŸ‰แžผแž›(depolarize/dรฉpรดlariser)แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพแž—แžถแž–แž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ แŸ–
มž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜ แž“แžทแž„ แž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มž€แŸ’แž›แžš
มž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜ แž“แžทแž„ แž€แŸ’แž›แžš
มžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžšแžšแžœแžถแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹(pain fibers/fibles douleurs) แž–แžธแžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แžแžฝแžšแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแž”แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžฝแž› แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆ แŸ–
Achetylcholine
Substance P
Endorphins / Endorphines
Somatostatin / Somatostatine
Serotonin / Sรฉrotonine
มžแžพแžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž…แž›แž“แžถแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‡แž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž›แžขแŸแžกแžทแž€แžแŸ’แžšแžผแž‚แžธแž˜แžธ (electrochemical gradient/gradient รฉlectrochimique) แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถ?
มžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž…แŸแž‰แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘
มž€แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž…แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„sarcoplasmic reticulum / rรฉticulum sarcoplasmique
มžขแŸŠแžธแžŠแŸ’แžšแžผแžŸแŸ‚แž“แž…แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แŸ†แž แžšแž”แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹distalแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹nepron / nรฉphron
มž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแŸ’แž€แžšแž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹(adipose tissue/tissue adipeux)
มž”แŸ‰แžผแžแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜แž…แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž†แŸ’แž“แžผแž
NMDA (N-methyl-D-Aspartate) receptorแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแŸ–
Glycine
Acetylcholine
Substance P
Glutamate
Glutamateแž“แžทแž„glycine
"แžŸแŸ†แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžทแž„แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž…แž„แŸ’แžœแžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแž”แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„: "
มž€แžถแžšแž แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽ
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžŸแžธแžแžปแžŽแŸ’แž แž—แžถแž–แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“
มž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž‘แžธแžแžถแŸ†แž„แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹
มž€แžถแžšแžกแžพแž„แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแžŒแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แž›แžถแžŠแŸแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›(must add respiratory distress)
มž€แžถแžšแž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ†แžกแžปแž„แž–แŸแž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž›แŸ†แž แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽแž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แžˆแžถแž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž‰แŸ‹แž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ 1แž“แžถแž‘แžธ(cardiac output/dรฉbit cardiaque) แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแž’แž“แŸ‹แž“แŸƒแžŸแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แžŠแŸ„แž™แžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…แžŸแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘Sympathetic
มž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€แž“แŸƒแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž˜แžถแžŒแžˆแžถแž˜แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž…แžปแž„diastole
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜แž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžขแžถแž‘แŸ‚แžš
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
"Electrocardiogram (ECG) แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แž—แžถแž–แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแžปแž€แžšแž€ แž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แŸƒแŸ– "
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
มžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜แž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แž˜
มž—แžถแž–แž’แž“แŸ‹แžŸแžšแžปแž”แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แž‡แžถแž™แŸ—(peripheral/pรฉriphรฉrique)
มž”แŸ’แžšแž—แžถแž‚แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžˆแžถแž˜แž–แžธแž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
มž›แŸ†แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒcoronary / coronaire
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžขแŸ†แžกแžปแž„แž–แŸแž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž›แŸ†แž แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽ (aerobic exercise/exercise aรฉrobique) แž›แŸ†แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž“แŸ…แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แž›แŸ†แž“แžบแž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸ–
มžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€
มž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
มžแžฝแžšแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž› (750ml/mn)
มžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„
มžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
"แžขแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžแžปแžŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž fibrin monomers แž‚แžบแŸ– "
Heparin / hรฉparine
Plasminogen / Plasminogรจne
Thrombin / Thrombine
Kininogen / Kininogรจne
Prothrombin / Prothrombine
"แžŸแŸ†แž–แžถแž’แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแŸ– "
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž˜แžถแžŒแžˆแžถแž˜
มž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž…แž›แž“แžถแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“
มž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž—แžถแž–แž’แž“แŸ‹แžŸแžšแžปแž”แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แž‡แžถแž™แŸ—(peripheral/pรฉriphรฉrique)
มžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž…แž„แŸ’แžœแžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
มž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹ aldosterone แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถ
"แž—แžถแž–แž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แžแžผแž…แŸ— (capillary/caplillair) แž…แžปแŸ‡แž‘แžถแž”แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ แŸ– "
มžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
มžขแžŽแŸ’แžแžพแž€
มžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜
มžแžฝแžšแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›
มžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž€
"(Blood flow through an organ would be increased by decreasing) แžˆแžถแž˜แž แžผแžšแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แž˜แžฝแž™ แžขแžถแž…แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แŸ– "
มžขแž„แŸ’แž€แžแŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž…แžทแžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžขแžถแž€แž‘แŸ‚
มž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž“แŸƒแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžขแžถแž€แž‘แŸ‚แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžพแž€
มžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžขแžถแž€แž‘แŸ‚
มžขแž„แŸ’แž€แžแŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž…แžทแžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“
มžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแžขแŸแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแžผแž‚แŸ’แžšแžธแž
Warfarin (Coumarin) แž‡แžถแžฑแžŸแžแž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แž€ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแžšแžฟแž™แŸ—แž‚แŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžœแžถแž›แžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“ Heart attack / Crise cardiaqueแŸ” แžแŸ‚แž‘แŸ„แŸ‡แž‡แžถแž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžŽแžถแž€แŸแžŠแŸ„แž™ แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžฑแžŸแžแž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แžพแžŸแž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹ แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžขแžถแž…แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšWarfarinแž“แŸแŸ‡ แžขแžถแž…แž€แžพแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แž„แž“แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž„แžšแžกแžพแž„ แž”แžพแž‚แŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹ แŸ–
Aspirin / Aspirine
Heparin / Hรฉparine
T-PA (tissue plasminogen activator) / Activateur plasminogรจne tissulaire
Vitamin K
Fibrinogen / Fibrinogรจne
"(Citrate is a useful anticoagulant because of its ability to) Citrateแž‚แžบแž‡แžถแžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž€แž€แžˆแžถแž˜แžŠแŸแž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‡แž“แŸ แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแŸ–"
มž‡แžถBuffer basic groups of coagulation factors / Groupements basiques tamponรฉs de facteurs de coagulation
มž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™factor XII
มžœแžถแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžœแžธแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“ K
มžœแžถแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž™แž€calcium
มž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž˜แžแžถแž”แžผแž›แžธแžŸแž™แžบแžแŸ—
"แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒ Lymph / lymphe แžแžปแžŸแž–แžธแž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แžŸแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แžแžผแž…(capillaries/capillaires) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแžถแŸ– "
มž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แžแžทแž…
มž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแžแžแž˜แŸ’แžšแŸ€แž”แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แŸƒแžขแž„แŸ‹แžŠแžผแžแŸแž›แŸ’แž™แžผแž˜
มž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“valves
มž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›
Collapse / Collapsus แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒแžŸแŸ†แž–แžถแž’ interstitial / interstitielle
มžแžพแžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž–แŸแž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž›แŸ†แž แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽ?
มžŸแŸ†แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜ diastole
Central vascular resistance / rรฉsistance vasculaire central
มžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžขแžปแž€แžŸแŸŠแžธแžŸแŸ‚แž“แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž“
มž›แŸ†แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž‘แŸ…แžแŸ†แžšแž„แž“แŸ„แž˜
มž˜แžถแžŒแžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แžšแž“แŸ’แžแžˆแžถแž˜แžšแžแŸ‹
"แž€แžถแžšแž…แŸ‚แž€แž…แžถแž™แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แž“แžถแž“แžถแž“แŸƒแžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแžแž˜แŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž—แžถแž–แž’แž“แŸ‹แž“แŸƒแŸ– "
Arteries / Artรจres
Arteriols / Artรฉrioles
Precapillary sphinters / Sphincter prรฉcapillaires
Postcappilary venules / Vรจnules postcapillaires
Veins / Veines
"แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แž‡แžถ anaphylactic shock / choc anaphylactiques แž‡แžถแž‡แžถแž„ hypovolemic shock / choc hypovolรฉmiqueแž–แžธแž–แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡ แŸ– "
Cardiac output / dรฉbit cardiacqueแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„ (ventricle/ventricule) แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž‡แžถแž„แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ
มž—แžถแž–แž’แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž˜แžผแž›แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ
Creatinin / Crรฉatinine แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ
มžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž…แž„แŸ’แžœแžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ
มžœแžทแžแžถแž˜แžธแž“B12แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž”แž‡แžถแžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸ–
มž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum / IIรฉon
Colon
มžขแžšแŸแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž“แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž”แŸ†แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‘แžธแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ motor complexes / complexes moteurs แž‚แžบแŸ–
Gastrin / gastrine
Motilin / Motiline
Secretin / Secrรฉtine
Cholecystokinin / Cholecystokinine
Enterogastrone
"แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰ trypsinogen / trypsinogรจne (แž‘แž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แžขแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜) แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„duodenum / duodรฉnum แžขแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ†แž›แŸ‚แž„แž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถ Trypsin (แž‘แž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜) แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแŸ– "
Enteropeptidase
Procarboxypeptidase
Pancreatic lipase
Trypsin แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แž–แžธแž˜แžปแž“
PH แžขแžถแž›แŸ‹แž€แžถแžกแžถแŸ†แž„
"แž™แž“แŸ’แžแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžผแž” แžŸแžฝแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜ แž–แžธแž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž…แž‚แžบแŸ– "
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžแžผแžšแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แŸƒ Na+-H+
มž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž€แž“แžถแŸ†แžšแžฝแž˜แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ potassium
Electrogenic transport / transport electrogรจnique
Neutral NaCl absorption / Absorption neutre de NaCl
มž€แžถแžšแž‘แžถแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžšแŸ†แž›แžถแž™
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž…แŸแž‰แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž”แž„แŸ’แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž…แž“แžถแŸ†แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž…แžปแŸ‡แžแž™แž“แŸƒแŸ–
Basal acid output / dรฉbit dโ€™acide basal
Maximal acid output / dรฉbit dโ€™ acide maxima (แžŸแž˜แžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž•แž›แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแžขแžแžทแž”แžšแž˜แžถ)
มž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžšแžถแžœแž–แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
มž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžšแžนแž„แž–แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แžขแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜แž–แžธแž›แŸ†แž–แŸ‚แž„
"แžแžพแž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž–แžทแž–แžŽแŸŒแž“แžถแžŠแŸ„แž™แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแžถแž˜แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡? "
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แžˆแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แžขแžถแž แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แž”แžผแžšแžแŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แžˆแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแžขแžถแž˜แžธแžŽแŸแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„duodenum / duodรฉnum
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšatropine
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแž”แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„cholecystokinin / cholรฉcystokinine
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžถแž›แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹sphincter of Oddi / sphinctรจre dโ€™ Oddi
"Acidification of the duodenum / acidification de duodรฉnum แž“แžนแž„ แŸ– "
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰bicarbonateแž–แžธแž›แŸ†แž–แŸ‚แž„
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ„แž‰แž…แŸ†แžŽแžธแžขแžถแž แžถแžšแž–แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ‡
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹sphincter of Oddi / sphinctรจre dโ€™ Oddi
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