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Biology Exam #4

What is semiconservative replication
Old strand is conserved, gets paired with a new strand
New strand is replaced with another new strand
Old strand is conserved and doesn't get replaced
What is TRANSFER rna?
Carries 1 amino acid to the Rough E.R.
Copies 1 gene of DNA
Forms covalent bonds
Single Ring Pyrimidines are...
Thimine
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Double Ring Purines
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thimine
How many H+ bonds are between Adenine & Guanine?
2
3
6
4
How many H+ are between Thimine & Cytosine
2
3
6
4
Helicase...
H+ bond forms
Free nucleotide & template bases
H+ bond breaks
Sugar & Phosphate on daughter backbone
Separates into 2 strands
Polymerase...
H+ bond forms
H+ bond breaks
Free Nucleotide & template bases
Sugar & Phosphate on daughter backbone
Ligase...
Covalent bonds form
Free nucleotide & template bases
Sugar & phosphate on daughter backbone
H+ bonds form
H+ bonds break
Insertion...
Base REMOVED from gene region
Extra base ADDED into gene region
May be SILENT
DNA vs RNA: DNA
Sugar = ribose
Location: Nucleus
Nitrogen Base Pairs: A=U , G=C
Sugar = deoxyribose
# of strands = 1
# of strands = 2
# of genes: 1= enough to make one protein
Nitrogen Base Pairs: A=T, G=C
Location: Cytoplasm
# of genes: 100k
DNA vs RNA: RNA
# of genes: 100k
Location: Cytoplasm
Nitrogen Base Pairs: A=T, G=C
# of genes: 1= enough to make one protein
# of strands = 2
# of strands = 1
Sugar = Ribose
Location: Nucleus
Nitrogen Base Pairs: A=U, G=C
Sugar = Deoxyribose
What strand of DNA gets copied into RNA?
Ligase
H+ bond
Template
Amino Acid
Transcription...
Takes place in nucleus
Takes place in Rough E.R.
DNA to mRNA
RNA to DNA
Copies the DNA template
Removes the DNA template
Carries amino acids to ribosomes
Translation...
Process ends with genes
Cytoplasm
Rough E.R.
Process ends with proteins
Smooth E.R
Three stages: Initiation, Elongation, Termination
MRNA docks on ribosome = initiation
Ribosomes are made in nucleolus
TRNA brings amino acid to the ribosome
Drags amino acids
MRNA stops codon resulting in empty tRNA
What is a mutation?
Missing protein in DNA
Extra protein in RNA
Missing protein in RNA
DNA bases...
ATGC
AUGC
AGUT
ATUCG
ATGC
RNA bases...
ATGC
AUGT
ACGT
AUGC
What is an allele?
Different variations for RNA
Different variations for DNA
Different variations for a gene
Homozygous is...
Different
The same alleles
Hybrid
AA & aa
AA & AA
Aa & Aa
Homo Dom.
Homo Rec.
Heterozygous is...
Different alleles
Same alleles
Recessive ALWAYS shows up
AA
Aa
Aa
Dominant ALWAYS shows up
Genotype...
2 letter abbreviations
4 letter abbreviations
2 parents: AA, Aa, aa
Physical Description
Phenotype
2 letter abbreviations
2 parents: AA, Aa, aa
Physical description
Dihybrid
2 genes
2 traits
4 letter genotype
4x4 Punnett square
3 genes
5 traits
Monohybrid...
1 gene
2 letters: AA, Aa, aa
2x2 Punnett sqaure
4 genes
2 alleles
Co-Dominance
2 Dominant
2 versions of protein
1 recessive allele
Proteins can co-exist on cell surface
1 gene
4 different alleles
Incomplete Dominance
3 phenotypes
1 phenotype
Which enzyme is the proofreader?
Polymerase
Ligase
Helicase
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