Diagnosis

A dental examination setup with a focus on dental anatomy and treatment tools, emphasizing a clean and professional environment.

Dental Diagnosis Quiz

Test your knowledge on dental diagnosis with this comprehensive quiz! Covering a variety of topics, this quiz is designed for dental students, professionals, and anyone interested in enhancing their understanding of dental health.

Challenge yourself with questions on:

  • Cushing's syndrome and steroids
  • Management of myocardial infarction
  • Signs of dental infections
  • Root canal treatment procedures
180 Questions45 MinutesCreated by ExploringDental101
มžแžพ steroids แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“ Cushing's syndrome?
Estradiol
Testosterone
Prednisolone
Progesterone
Diethylstilbestrol
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แžฑแžŸแžแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž–แžปแŸ†แžขแžถแž…แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แžถแž“แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžˆแžบแž‘แŸ’แžšแžผแž„ แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžถแž“ myocardial infarction ?
Epinephrine
Nitroglycerin
Oxygen
Morphine
Acetylsalicylic acid
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แžถแž“แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžผแžšแžแŸ’แž‘แžปแŸ‡แž˜แžฝแž™ แž…แŸ†แž„แžถแž™ 6mm แž–แžธแžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰ free gingival margin แž˜แž€แžซแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ maxillary lateral incisor. แžแžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž™แž€แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžŽแžถ?
มžœแŸ‡แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž™แž€ sinus tract แž…แŸแž‰ (enucleate the sinus tract)
มž’แŸ’แžœแžพ test แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž‚แŸ„แŸ‡ (percussion sensitivity)
มž’แŸ’แžœแžพ pulp vitality tests
มž”แžพแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž…แŸ†แž  แžŠแŸ„แž™แž–แžปแŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžŸแŸ’แž–แžนแž€ (open the tooth without anesthesia)
มž”แžพแž€ pulp chamber แž แžพแž™แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ Root canal treatment
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž แžพแž˜แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰แž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž’แŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แŸ” แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ lateral incisor แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž”แžทแž‘ แž แžพแž™แžˆแžบแž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž‚แŸ„แŸ‡ แž“แžทแž„แž†แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแž”แž‡แžถแžœแžทแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ electric pulp tester แž แžพแž˜แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžšแž„แŸ’แž‚แžพแžแžทแž…แŸ—แŸ” แžแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แž…แŸ†แž”แž„แž‡แžถแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ?
Acute apical abscess.
Acute serous pulpitis.
Lateral periodontal abscess.
Acute suppurative pulpitis.
Chronic ulcerative pulpitis.
มž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แžซแžŸ root canal therapy, แžแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แžšแž›แžถแž€แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„ (endocarditis) แž“แŸ…แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„ (valvular heart disease)?
Hemolytic streptococcus.
Non hemolytic streptococcus.
Coagulase positive staphylococcus.
Candida monilia.
Bacteroides melaninogenicus.
มž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“ dental or periapical granuloma แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸ–
Granuloma.
Root canal.
Periapical periodontal ligament.
Periapical alveolar bone and bone marrow.
Periapical cementum.
มž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแžถแž„แž…แžปแž„แž“แŸƒแžšแž“แŸ’แž’แžซแžŸ (During initial preparation of the apical portion of root canal)แŸ–
มž”แžผแžšแžŽแž—แžถแž– แŸกแž—แžถแž‚แŸฃ แž…แžปแž„แžฌแžŸแž‚แžฝแžšแžแŸ‚แžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž‘แžปแž€ (integrity of the apical one third should be maintained).
มž”แŸ’แžšแžพ sodium hypochlorite แž›แžถแž„แžขแŸ„แž™แžŸแŸ’แžขแžถแž
มž”แž“แŸ’แžŠแž‘แŸ…แž”แŸ’แžšแžพ file แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž›แŸแžแž’แŸ†แž‡แžถแž„แž˜แžปแž“ (advance to the next larger file as soon as a tight fit of the preceding file is achieved).
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพ canal แžŸแŸ’แžŠแžฝแž…แžแžผแž… แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž–แž„แŸ’แžšแžธแž€แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ file แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ†แž‡แžถแž„แž˜แžปแž“ (if there is a canal restriction, enlarge with a wider file).
มž”แŸ’แžšแžพ Gates-Glidden drills แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž‡แžถ end-cutting instrument แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž”แžพแž€ canal แž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰.
มž–แŸแž›แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž›แž”แžถแž›แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แžซแžŸ แžแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ?
Overfilling refers to the incomplete filling of the canal system with a surplus of material extruding beyond the apical foramen.
Underfilling refers to the complete filling of the canal space, but leaving voids in the pulp chamber for possible recontamination or infection.
Overextension refers to the extrusof filling material through an accessory canal.
Underextension refers to the vertica extent of the filling material regardless of its completeness of obturation.
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž‘แŸ…แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž—แžถแžšแŸˆแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžซแžŸ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž” ?
Reamers แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžแŸ‚ canals แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แŸ„แž„
Reamers or files แžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ canal แžแžถแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžœแŸ‚แž„แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แžฌแžŸแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถ แžšแžฝแž…แž˜แžฝแž›แž˜แžฝแž™แž‡แžปแŸ† แž แžพแž™แžŠแž€แž…แŸแž‰ แžšแžฝแž…แž›แžถแž„แžŸแŸ†แžขแžถแž แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แž€แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžŠแžผแž…แž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แŸ’แžŠแž„แž แžพแž™แž˜แŸ’แžŠแž„แž‘แŸ€แž (Reamers or files are placed in the canal to its determined length, rotated one complete turn, removed, cleaned and the process repeated).
มž”แžพแžŸแžทแž“แž‡แžถแžšแž“แŸ’แž’แžฌแžŸแž€แŸ„แž„แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž–แžแŸ‹ Reamers or files แž‡แžถแž˜แžปแž“แžŸแžทแž“แž˜แžปแž“แž“แžนแž„แžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžผแž› (If the root canal is curved the instrument must be precurved before insertion).
Files แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž—แžถแž–แž‡แžถแž„ reamers แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž™แž€แž…แŸแž‰แž“แžผแžœแž€แŸ†แž‘แŸแž…แž€แŸ†แž‘แžธแžšแž›แžฝแž™แžŸแŸ’แžขแžปแž™แž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแžšแž“แŸ’แž’แžฌแžŸ (Files are more effective than reamers for removing necrotic debris from root canals).
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพ reamer แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแŸ‚แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™ file แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถ (Use of a reamer must be followed by use of a corresponding file).
มžแžพแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžขแŸ’แžœแžธแžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแžŸแŸ†แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚แž“แŸ…แž›แžพ gutta percha points?
Glass bead sterilizer.
Autoclave.
Chemical solutions.
Flame sterilization.
Dry heat sterilization.
มž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŠแŸ‚แž€แž”แŸ‚แž€ Enamel แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžŠแžฝแž›แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž‘แž„แŸ’แž‚แžทแž… trauma แž‚แžบแŸ–
มž™แž€แžŸแžŸแŸƒแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แŸกแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž…แŸแž‰ (Pulpotomy)
มž™แž€แžŸแžŸแŸƒแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž…แŸแž‰ (Pulpectomy)
มžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹ crown แž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ Calcium hydroxide.
มž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แžซแžŸ
มžแžถแž˜แžŠแžถแž“แžแžถแž˜แž€แžถแž›แž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹
"แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพ air-water spray แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แžแŸ’แžšแž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž–แŸแž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ cavity แž”แžŽแŸ’แžŠแžถแž›แžฒแŸ’แž™แŸ–
 1/ แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžแŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแž›แŸ‹ pulp
 2/ แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แž˜แŸ’แžแŸ…
 3/ แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™ cavity แžŸแŸ’แžขแžถแž
 4/ แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž—แžถแž–แž‚แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸƒแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž—แžถแžšแŸˆแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž†แžถแž” (cutting instruments)"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ root canal and their foramina แžแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ?
Root canals bifurcate and have dual foramina
The major foramen is precisely at the apex of the tooth
The root canals may join and have a single foramen
The dentino-cemental junction is precisely at the apex of the tooth
A cross section of the canal in the apical region is relatively round
มžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แŸ‡แžฅแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž–แž›แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ electric pulp testing?
มž€แžแŸ’แžŠแžถแžขแžถแžšแž˜แŸ’แž˜แžŽแŸ (Emotional factors).
มžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž–แžผแž› (Pain threshold).
Analgesics.
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž‘แž„แŸ’แž‚แžทแž…แžแŸ’แž˜แžธแŸ— (Recent trauma).
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
Cutting instrument แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แž—แžถแž–แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ root canal แž‚แžบแŸ–
Barbed broach.
Reamer.
File.
Rat tail file.
Hedstrom file.
มžŸแž˜แŸ’แž—แžถแžšแŸˆแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แŸแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แžทแž‘แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž‘แžนแž€แžŠแŸ„แŸ‡ (primary) แž‚แžบแŸ–
Silver cone.
Gutta percha.
Zinc-oxide eugenol.
Paper point medicated with formocresol.
Zinc oxyphosphate.
มž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แžขแž…แžทแž“แŸ’แžšแŸ’แžŠแŸƒแž‘แžธแŸกแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž€แžปแž˜แžถแžšแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸงแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž˜แžถแž“แž…แž„แŸ’แžขแžผแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแŸ…แŸ— แž“แžทแž„แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ stainแŸ” Bitewing radiographs แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžฒแŸ’แž™แžƒแžพแž‰แž—แžถแž–แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž“แŸƒ dentino-enamel junctionแŸ” แžแžพแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแž™แž€แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™?
มž”แžทแž‘ amalgam (conservative amalgam restorations).
มž”แžทแž‘ glass ionomer.
มž”แžทแž‘ fissure sealants.
มž›แžถแž” fluoride.
มž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžขแŸ’แžœแžธแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹ (no recommended treatment).
"แž–แŸแž›แž”แžทแž‘ composite resin, แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž†แžถแž”แž‚แŸ‚แž˜ enamel แžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžถแž„แžŠแžผแž…แž–แž“แŸ’แž›แžถแž€ (bevelled margin) แž–แžธแž–แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แŸ–
 1. A bevelled margin แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž”แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแžŸแž˜แžšแž˜แŸ’แž™แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ etching.
 2. A bevelled margin แž–แž„แŸ’แžšแžนแž„แž‚แŸ‚แž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ cavity แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžทแž‘ composite resine แžฒแŸ’แž™แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แžšแžนแž„แž˜แžถแŸ†แž‘แŸ€แž.
 3. แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™ etching, bonding agent แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แžถแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แž›แžทแž… (microleakage).
 4. แžœแžทแž’แžธแž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แžปแž”แž”แŸ†แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž…แŸ„แž›แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แžšแž›แŸ„แž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘ (the procedure eliminates the need to polish   the restoration)."
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
"แž—แžถแž–แžšแžนแž„แž˜แžถแŸ†แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ gold inlay แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แžŠแŸ„แž™ (retention of a gold inlay is improved by) แŸ–
 1. Addition of an occlusal dovetail. 
 2. Increasing the parallelism of walls.
 3. Lengthening the axial walls.
 4. Placing a gingival bevel."
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
"แž–แŸแž›แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžแŸ‹ แžฌ แžšแŸ‰ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แžฟแž“แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ cavity แž€แž˜แŸ’แžแŸ…แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„ แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž•แŸ’แž‘แžถแž›แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แŸ– 
 1. แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž›แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแž แžฌ แžšแŸ‰ (duration of cutting).
 2. แž‘แŸ†แž แŸ† แž›แŸ’แž”แžฟแž“ แž“แžทแž„แž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž…แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ bur (size, speed and sharpness of the bur)
 3. แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแž‰แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž™แž›แŸ‹แž“แžทแž„แž‘แžนแž€ (use of air and water spray).
 4. แž˜แžถแž“แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚แž…แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžŠแžผแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ (existing pulp pathology)."
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžšแž“แŸ’แž’ canals แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžŸแŸ†แž“แŸƒ permanent teeth แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แžƒแžพแž‰แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ แŸ– (Accessory canals in permanent teeth are most commonly found in the)
มŸกแž—แžถแž‚แŸฃ แž“แŸƒแžซแžŸแž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธ แž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ (cervical third of the root).
มŸกแž—แžถแž‚แŸฃ แž“แŸƒแžซแžŸแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž€แžŽแŸ’แžŠแžถแž› (middle third of the root).
Apical third of the root.
Bifurcation area.
Trifurcation area.
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžšแžŽแžธแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ test แž…แžปแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžฒแŸ’แž™แžŠแžนแž„แžแžถ pulp แžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‚แžบแŸ–
มžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹ gutta percha แž€แŸ’แžแŸ…แž“แŸ…แž›แžพ crown แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ (applying warm gutta percha to the crown).
Cutting into the dentin without anaesthetic.
Applying ethyl chloride to the crown.
Performing a radiographic examination of the tooth.
Performing an electric pulp test.
"แžขแŸ’แžœแžธแž‘แŸ…แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถ แž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžธแž€แžŸแž˜แžšแž˜แŸ’แž™แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžšแŸ„แž‚แžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™ acute dento-alveolar abscess?
  1. A negative reaction to the electric vitality tester.
  2. A positive reaction of short duration to cold.
  3. A positive reaction to percussion.
  4. Presence of a draining fistula."
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžแžพแž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แŸแžŸแž„แŸ’แž€แŸแžแžƒแžพแž‰แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ infected root canals?
Streptococcus viridans.
Staphylococcus aureus.
Lactobacilli.
Enterococci.
Staphylococcus albus.
มž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžŠแž€แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžšแžŸแŸ‹แž…แŸแž‰ แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แžซแžŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž› แž“แžทแž„แž”แžทแž‘แž•แŸ’แž‡แžทแžแž แžพแž™ แžแŸ‚แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž”แŸ‚แžšแž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถแž˜แžถแž“ apical periodontitis แž‘แŸ…แžœแžทแž‰แŸ” แžแžพแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž…แŸ†แž”แž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ?
Overinstrumentation.
Lateral perforation.
Incorrect medication.
Pulp tissue left in the root canal.
Infection.
มžแžพแž•แž›แžœแžทแž”แžถแž€แž…แŸ†แž”แž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž–แŸแž› bleaching a tooth แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž–แžปแŸ†แž”แžถแž“แž”แžทแž‘แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แžซแžŸแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ แž‡แžถแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ?
Fracture.
Discolouration.
Retrograde pulpitis.
Acute apical periodontitis.
External cervical root resorption.
"Odontoblast nuclei แž˜แž€แž•แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‘แžธแž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ adjacent dentinal tubuli แž˜แž€แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแŸ– 
 1. A reversible pathologic condition.
 2. Due to increased intrapulpal tissue pressure.
 3. Due to contraction of collagen fibres.
 4. More frequent following the use of air coolant rather than water coolant.
 5. One of the first histological changes following operative trauma."
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž˜แžถแž“ periodontal disease, แžแžพแž€แžแžถแž‡แžถแž…แŸ†แž”แž„แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžฒแŸ’แž™แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰?
มžšแž›แžถแž€แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž“แŸƒแžซแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ (Resorption of root surfaces).
มžšแž›แžถแž€แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ (Gingival inflammation)
มžแžผแž…แžแžถแž Destruction of supporting alveolar bone.
Inflammation and thickening of the periodontal ligament.
Necrosis of exposed cementum
มžœแžทแž’แžธแž”แŸ†แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰แžšแŸ‰แžถแŸ†แžšแŸ‰แŸƒ แžŠแŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž‚แžบ?
Gingival surgery.
Regular use of a water-irrigating device.
Root planing and curettage.
Occlusal correction.
Splinting.
มžŸแŸ†แžŽแž›แŸ‹ Residual soft tissue interdental craters แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž–แžปแŸ†แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แžทแž“แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ underlying bony changes แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ†แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แŸ–
Root planing.
Subgingival curettage.
Flap operation.
Gingivoplasty.
None of the above.
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‚แŸ†แžšแŸ„แž„แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ removable partial denture, แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž†แŸแž™แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž–แžปแž˜แŸ’แž–แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แžฒแŸ’แž™แž”แžถแž“แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แžทแžŸแžŠแŸ…แŸ–
มž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž“แžผแžœแž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แžŠแŸ„แŸ‡แž…แŸแž‰แž…แžผแž›แž”แžถแž“ (determine the path of insertion).
มž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แž‘แžธแžแžถแŸ†แž„แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž…แž›แž“แžถ แžแžถแž˜แž”แŸ’แž›แž„แŸ‹แž‚แŸ†แžšแžผ (as guiding planes).
มž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แž‘แžธแžแžถแŸ†แž„แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ (locate retention areas).
มž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แž‘แžธแžแžถแŸ†แž„แž€แž˜แŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแž…แž”แŸ‰แŸ„แž„ (locate the height of contour).
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž€แžถแžšแž™แž€แž–แžปแž˜แŸ’แž–แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ polysulfide or silicone materials, แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž‡แžถ tray แž€แŸ†แžŽ the heavy bodied tray material begins to set before seating, the resultant die will แŸ–
Not be affected dimensionally.
Be ov erall smaller.
Be overall larger.
Develop a rough surface texture.
Develop bubbles at the interface of the syringe and tray material
มžแžพแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž—แžถแžšแŸˆแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžทแž“แžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž™แž€แž–แžปแž˜แŸ’แž– แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแžšแŸ†แž›แžถแž™แž˜แžถแžŸแžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ restorations? (Which of the following materials are MOST UNSUITABLE for impressions for cast gold restorations?)
Polysulfide rubbers.
Polyvinyl siloxanes.
Polyether impression materials.
Reversible hydrocolloids.
Irreversible hydrocolloids.
"แž€แžถแžšแž”แž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž˜ platinium แž‘แŸ… dental gold แž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹ แž‚แžบแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแŸ–
 1. แž€แž˜แŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„
 2. แž—แžถแž–แžšแžนแž„
 3. แž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแž…แžšแž›แžถแž™
 4. แž’แžปแž“แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžนแž€
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
Partial denture แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แžŠแŸ„แŸ‡แž…แŸแž‰แž”แžถแž“ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž…แžผแž›แž…แžทแžแŸ’แžแž‡แžถแž„ fixed bridge แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แŸ–
มž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แžœแžถแž’แŸ†
มž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž”แž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ„แž›แž˜แžถแž“ Undercuts แž’แŸ†
มž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž”แž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ„แž› แžœแžถแžœแžทแž›
มž‚แŸ‚แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž›แŸ‹ แžœแžถแž•แŸ’แžขแŸ€แž„
มž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž”แž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ„แž› แžœแžถแž•แŸ’แžขแŸ€แž„
มž€แžถแžšแž“แžถแŸ†แž…แž›แž“แžถแž“แŸƒ incisors แŸ–
มž“แžถแŸ† mandible แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ centric relation แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แžŠแŸ‚แž› mandible แžšแžปแž‰แž‘แŸ…แž˜แžปแž
มžœแžถแž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แžฅแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž–แž›แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แž“แŸƒ horizontal overjet
มžœแžถแž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แžฅแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž–แž›แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แž“แŸƒ vertical overlap
มž‚แžบแž˜แžฝแž™ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แž“แŸƒ articulation
มž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ partial denture แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แžŠแŸ„แŸ‡แž…แŸแž‰แž”แžถแž“ palatal strap แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž‡แŸ†แž“แžฝแžŸแžฒแŸ’แž™ narrow bar แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแžแŸ‚แžœแžถแŸ–
มž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แžšแžนแž„แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„แž‘แŸ†แž แŸ† bulk แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžพแž›แžƒแžพแž‰แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แžแžผแž…
มž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แž„แžถแž™แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž›แžแžถแžแŸ‹แžšแŸ†แž›แžธแž„
มž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แž“แžนแž„แž“แž‡แžถแž„
มž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžšแŸ„แž›แžšแž›แžถแž€แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แžแžทแž… แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแž‘แž“แŸ‹
มž˜แžถแž“แžขแž“แžถแž˜แŸแž™แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„
มž“แžทแž™แžถแž™แž–แžธ Gingival margin แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ full crown แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แŸ” Crown แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ clinic แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแž“แŸƒ retention แž“แžทแž„ resistance แž‚แžฝแžšแžแŸ‚แžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แŸ–
มž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰ 0.5mm
มž“แŸ…แž›แžพ enamel
มž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰ แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž แŸ„แž… 1mm
มž“แŸ…แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแž–แŸ’แžœ cemento-enamel
มž“แŸ…แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜ gingival margin
มž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแŸ„แŸ‡แžขแžถแžŸแž“แŸ’แž“แž›แžพแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž”แž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ„แž›แž“แŸƒ bridge แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ แžขแžถแž…แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžฒแŸ’แž™แŸ–
มž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ€แžœแžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ€แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„
มžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰แžŸแŸ’แžšแž€แž…แžปแŸ‡
มž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžšแŸ†แž€แžทแž›
Occlusion แž˜แžทแž“แž›แŸ’แžขแžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแŸ‚แž”แŸ’แžšแžฝแž›
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž–แŸแž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ complete denture แžแŸ’แž˜แžธ แžแžพแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž“แŸƒแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžขแžถแž…แž“แžนแž„แž€แŸ‚แž”แŸ’แžšแŸ‚แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแžŸแŸ†แžšแŸแž…แž”แžถแž“แž“แžผแžœ occlusion แž‚แžฝแžšแžฒแŸ’แž™แž–แŸแž‰แž…แžทแžแŸ’แž?
 1. Compensating curve
 2. Orientation of the occlusal plane
 3. Cusp inclination
 4. Condylar inclination"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
The condylar inclination แžŠแžผแž…แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸ…แž›แžพ articulator แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แž˜แžฝแž™ แžŠแŸ„แž™แžฒแŸ’แž™แž›แž™แž‘แŸ…แž˜แžปแž แž‚แžบแŸ–
มžšแžถแž„แžšแŸ… condyl แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ
มžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แž“แžนแž„ Frankfort horizontal plane
มž˜แžถแž“แžแžปแž›แŸ’แž™แž—แžถแž–แž…แž›แž“แžถแž˜แŸแž€แžถแž“แžทแž…แž“แŸƒแž‡แŸ†แžšแžถแž› condyl แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ
มžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แž“แžนแž„ occlusal plane
มž˜แžปแŸ† Bennett
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ Complete denture, vertical dimension แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹ แž“แžนแž„แžฒแŸ’แž™แž•แž›แŸ–
มž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แžปแŸ‡แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ corner of the mouth
มž˜แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แž“แžแŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž‡แŸ’แžšแžฝแž‰ แž“แŸ…แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹
Trauma แž‘แŸ…แžŠแž›แŸ‹ supporting tissue แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜
มž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“ retention
มž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แž›แŸ†แž“แžนแž„แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
มž‚แŸ„แž›แž”แŸ†แžŽแž„แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแŸ„แŸ‡แžขแžถแžŸแž“แŸ’แž“ แž‚แžบแŸ–
มžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž•แžŸแŸ’แžŸ
มž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžš dentin แž“แžทแž„ pulp
มž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแž€ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแž€แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰
มž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž…แž›แž“แžถแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ Cobalt-chromium alloys, metal แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžœแžถแž’แž“แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžนแž€ แž‚แžบแŸ–
Silver
Nickel
Cobalt
Chromium
Tungsten
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ fixed bridge, occlusal contacts แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แžŠแŸแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž–แžธแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž”แž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ„แž› แž‚แžฝแžšแžแŸ‚แŸ–
มž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž…แŸแž‰ แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แžŠแŸ‚แž› bridge แž€แŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ
มž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž…แŸแž‰ แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธ bridge แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž แžพแž™
มž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž…แŸแž‰
มž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž…แŸแž‰ แž˜แžปแž“แž“แžนแž„ bridge แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ
มž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
Stomatitis แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžš denture แžขแžถแž…แžšแžฝแž˜แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸ†แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™ candida albicans
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžŸแŸ’แž„แžฝแžแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹ (xerostomia)
มžขแžถแž“แžถแž˜แŸแž™ denture แžขแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž“แŸ‹
Denture แžขแžแŸ‹แžŸแž”แŸ‹แž›แŸ’แžข
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžŸแŸ’แž„แžฝแžแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹ (xerostomia) แžขแžถแž…แžšแžฝแž˜แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸ†แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แžแžปแž›แŸ’แž™แž—แžถแž–แž“แŸƒ hormone
Hypertension แž“แžทแž„ anxiety
Effect แž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸƒแžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†
มž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแžšแŸ†แž‡แžฝแž›แž…แžทแžแŸ’แž (emotion)
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ complete denture แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„ normal horizontal overlap แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž€แŸ†แž‘แžทแž…แžขแžถแž แžถแžš แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แŸแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž™แž€แž…แŸแž‰แž“แžผแžœ premature contacts แž“แŸ…แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แŸ†แž–แžถแžš แž‚แžบแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แžทแž“แž€แŸ†แž‘แžทแž…แŸ–
Fossae แž“แŸƒแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ‚แž”แŸ‰แžปแžŽแŸ’แžŽแŸ„แŸ‡
Buccal cusps แž“แŸƒ maxillary teeth แž“แžทแž„ lingual cusps แž“แŸƒ mandibular teeth.
มžแŸ‚ mandibular teeth แž”แŸ‰แžปแžŽแŸ’แžŽแŸ„แŸ‡
Lingual แž“แžทแž„ buccal cusps แž“แŸƒ maxillary teeth
Cuspids แž“แŸƒ maxilla แž“แžทแž„ mandible
แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡ removable partial denture, แž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แžขแŸ€แž„แž“แŸƒแž–แžปแž˜แŸ’แž– แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž–แŸแž›แžŸแž„แŸ’แž€แŸแžแž˜แžพแž›แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถ แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แž•แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžแžผแžšแŸ–
 1. แž…แŸ’แžšแž€แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›
 2. แž‘แžทแžŸแžŠแŸ…แž“แŸƒแž€แž˜แŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰
 3. แž‘แžธแžแžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸƒ survey line แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„ horizontal plane
 4. แž‘แžธแžแžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸƒแžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹ undercut แž“แžทแž„ non-undercut แž“แŸƒแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž“แžธแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ—
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) , (3) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹ denture แžแŸ’แž˜แžธ แž‚แžฝแžšแžแŸ‚แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŽแŸ‚แž“แžถแŸ†แŸ–
 1. แžŸแŸ†แžขแžถแž denture แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แžถแž“แž‘แžนแž€แž˜แžฝแž™
 2. แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹ denture แžฒแŸ’แž™แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แŸแž›แžŸแŸ†แžขแžถแž
 3. แž‘แŸ’แžšแžถแŸ† แž–แŸแž›แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž”แž“แŸ’แžแžทแž…แž”แž“แŸ’แžแžฝแž…
 4. แž”แžพแž“แŸ…แžแŸ‚แžˆแžบแž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž›แž˜แžฝแž™แžŸแž”แŸ’แžแžถแž แŸ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžŽแžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (2) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…แžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แž˜แŸ’แžแŸ…แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžฝแž™ แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž“แŸ…แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“ แžขแžถแž…แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แŸ–
Normal pulp
Pulp necrosis
Reversible pulpitis
Irreversible pulpitis
Cervical dentin แž…แŸ†แž แžš
มž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž€แžถแžšแž‡แžฝแžŸแž‡แžปแž› porcelain fused to metal, แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒ metal แŸ–
มžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แžถแžš mechanical retention แžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แŸ—
มž˜แžทแž“แž‚แžฝแžšแž“แžนแž„แžŠแžปแžแž€แž˜แŸ’แžแŸ…แžœแžถแž‘แŸ
มžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž”แŸ‰แžผแž›แžถแžฒแŸ’แž™แžšแž›แŸ„แž„แžŸแŸ’แžขแžถแž
มžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ oxiding แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ chemical bonding
มž‚แžฝแžšแžแŸ‚แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžœแžถแžŠแŸ„แž™ hydrochloric acid
มž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž€แžถแžšแž‡แžฝแžŸแž‡แžปแž› porcelain fused to gold, แžแžพแž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž”แžแŸ’แžแžทแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แŸ‚แž”แŸ’แžšแŸ‚แžšแžœแžถแž„ porcelain แž“แžทแž„ gold แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™ bone shear stress?
Compressive strength
Tensile strength
Modulus of elasticity
Thermal coefficient of expansion
Yield strength
มž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแž“แŸƒ polymerizing แž“แŸƒ acrylic denture แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แžนแž€ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแž„ แžŸแžธแžแžปแžŽแŸ’แž แž—แžถแž–แžฒแŸ’แž™แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแžแŸ‚แž—แžถแž–แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ’แžšแžนแžแŸ’แžแž‘แŸ…แž”แžถแž“แž“แŸƒแŸ–
มž—แžถแž–แžšแžฝแž‰แž“แŸƒ denture
มž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€แž˜แžถแžŒแž“แŸƒ denture แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“ over bite
มž”แŸ„แžš
มž˜แžถแž“แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ„แž„แžšแžบแžŸแŸ’แž–แŸ„แž
มž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แžแžผแž… denture base แž“แŸ…แž‡แžปแŸ†แžœแžทแž‰แž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
Major connectors แž“แŸƒ cast maxillary partial denture แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž‡แžถแž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แžผแž›แžแžผแž…แŸ—แž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแžถแž„แŸ—แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแŸ–
มž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž›แŸ’แžขแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแž“แžผแžœ contact points
มž‡แžฝแž™แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“ retention แž“แŸƒ denture
มž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™ framework แžšแžทแžแžแŸ‚แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž“แžผแžœ finish line แž“แŸ…แž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡ metal แž“แžทแž„ acrylic
มž‘แž”แŸ‹แžฒแŸ’แž™ acrylic แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ metal of the framework
แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž“แŸƒแž”แž–แŸ’แž แžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ permanent fixed bridge แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แžŽแžถแžแŸ‹แž‡แžฝแž” แžœแžถแžขแžถแž…แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแŸ„แŸ‡แžขแžถแžŸแž“แŸ’แž“แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแŸ–
 1. hypersensitivity แž“แŸƒแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž”แž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ„แž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™ permanent cement
 2. Gengival margin แž…แŸ†แž แžšแž“แŸ…แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แžถแžš esthetic
 3. แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž‡แžทแžแžแžถแž„แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžš seating of the bridge แž”แžถแž“แž–แŸแž‰แž›แŸแž‰
 4. แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ occlusal adjustment แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžแžผแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แž“แŸƒแž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžŠแŸแž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แž—แžถแž–แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„ elastic impression materials แžขแžถแž…แž“แžนแž„แžŸแŸ†แžšแŸแž…แž”แžถแž“ แžŠแŸ„แž™แŸ–
 1. tray แž˜แžถแŸ†
 2. แž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แž“แžผแžœ material แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ gingivalsulcus
 3. แžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแŸ†แž”แŸ„แŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž•แŸ’แžŸแžพแž˜แž‡แŸ„แž‚แžŠแŸ„แž™แž‡แžถแžแžทแž‚แžธแž˜แžธแž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ gingivalsulcus
 4. แžแžถแž˜แž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แŸ„แž”แžถแž™ electrosurgical
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (2) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(3) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแž“แŸƒแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแž‡แžถ chronic inflammation แž“แŸƒ pulp?
 1. Neutrophils
 2. Eosinophils 
 3. Lymphocytes
 4. Macrophages
 5. Plasma cells"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (2) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) , (4) แž“แžทแž„ (5) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (5) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(3) , (4) แž“แžทแž„ (5) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ Pontic แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž–แŸแž€แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž‚แŸ‚แž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถ แž“แžนแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžฒแŸ’แž™แŸ–
 1. แž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžšแž•แŸ’แžŸแžถแžš
 2. hypertrophy แž“แŸƒ soft tissue
 3. แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŠแž›แŸ‹ แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž€แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰แž“แŸƒ porcelain
 4. แžŸแŸ’แžšแž€แŸ‹แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ alveolar"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžแžถแž˜แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแž‡แžธแžœแŸˆแžœแžทแž‘แŸ’แž™แžถแž‘แžทแžŠแŸ’แž‹แž—แžถแž–แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰แž“แŸƒแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ pontic แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแž‚แŸ‚แž˜ alveolar แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ‡แž แžพแž™ แž“แžนแž„แŸ–
มž”แŸ‰แŸ„แž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แžทแžŸแžŠแŸ… mesio-distal
มž•แžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แžทแžŸแžŠแŸ… facio-lingual
มž”แŸ‰แŸ„แž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž‘แžทแžŸแžŠแŸ…แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
มž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰ esthetics แž‚แžฝแžšแžขแŸ„แž™แž–แŸแž‰แž…แžทแžแŸ’แž
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‡แžฝแžšแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ†แž–แžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸƒ แž‚แŸ‚แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž›แŸ‹ (residual ridge)
แž…แž›แž“แžถแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแžทแž…แžแžฝแž…แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž€แŸ‚แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž“แŸ…แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž”แž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ„แž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แŸแžšแž“แŸƒ fixed partial denture แž“แžนแž„แŸ–
 1. แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž‘แŸ†แžšแž„แŸ‹ resistance แž“แŸƒแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž”แž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ„แž›
 2. แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž—แžถแž–แž“แŸƒแž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„ pulp
 3. แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„ occlusal แž•แŸ’แž‘แžถแž›แŸ‹แžแžถแž˜แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแŸ„แž™แžขแŸแž€แŸ’แžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
 4. แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž›แŸ’แžขแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแž“แžผแžœแž‘แŸ†แžšแž„แŸ‹ embrasure"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž˜แžถแžŸแžŸแŸ’แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž…แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ Type 1-4 แž‘แŸ…แžแžถแž˜แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแžšแžผแž”แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแŸ–
มž—แžถแž‚แžšแž™แž“แŸƒแž˜แžถแžŸแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŠแžปแŸ†แžŸแŸ’แž›
มž—แžถแž–แžšแžนแž„แž›แžพแž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถ
มž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแž…แžšแž›แžถแž™
มž€แž˜แŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž™แžบแž
มž—แžถแž–แž™แžบแž แž‘แž“แŸ‹ แžขแžถแž…แž แžผแžแž‡แžถแžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž”แžถแž“
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แžซแžŸ แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžŠแŸแž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แž—แžถแž–แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแŸ†แž›แžถแž™แž€แŸ†แž‘แŸแž…แž€แŸ†แž‘แžธ Organic แž‚แžบแŸ–
Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA).
Sodium hypochlorite.
Calcium hydroxide.
Hydrogen peroxide.
Sodium chloride.
มž˜แŸแž‚แžปแžŽแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž›แžผแžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…แž“แŸƒ composite resins แž‚แžบแŸ–
มž’แŸ†แž‡แžถแž„แž˜แŸแž‚แžปแžŽแž“แŸƒ enamel
มžŠแžผแž…แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แžนแž„แž˜แŸแž‚แžปแžŽแž“แŸƒ enamel
มžแžผแž…แž‡แžถแž„แž˜แŸแž‚แžปแžŽแž“แŸƒ enamel
มžŠแžผแž…แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แžนแž„แž˜แŸแž‚แžปแžŽแž“แŸƒ amalgam
มžŠแžผแž…แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž“แžนแž„ แž“แŸƒ glass ionomer cement
มž€แžถแžšแžแžถแŸ†แž–แžปแž˜แŸ’แž–แžŠแŸ„แž™ Polysulfide rubber base แž‚แžฝแžšแžแŸ‚แŸ–
มž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แŸแž‰แž—แŸ’แž›แžถแž˜แŸ—
มž‘แžปแž€แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‡แž˜แŸ‰แŸ„แž„แž˜แžปแž“แž“แžนแž„แž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แŸแž‰
มž‡แŸ’แžšแž›แž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ fixing solution แž˜แžปแž“แž“แžนแž„แž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แŸแž‰
มž‡แŸ’แžšแž›แž€แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แžนแž€แž˜แžปแž“แž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แž…แŸแž‰
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž”แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžแžพแž„แž“แŸƒ medium แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžถแž…แŸ‹แž…แŸแž‰
มž€แžถแžšแžšแž˜แžฝแž› แžฌ แžœแŸ€แž…แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ’แžšแž˜แžฝแž“แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแž–แžปแž˜แŸ’แž– แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแŸ–
มž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแžแžทแž•แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž‘แžทแž…แž˜แžทแž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž“แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ
มžŠแžปแŸ†แž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แž“แŸƒ material แž˜แžทแž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž“แŸ‹
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž“แŸ’แž’แžผแžšแž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž“แŸƒ stresses แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž–แŸแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ
มž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแžแžท paraffin แž˜แžทแž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž“แŸ‹
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž—แžถแž–แžแŸ’แžšแž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹
มžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž’แžถแžแžปแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžšแžนแž„แž‡แžถแž„แž‚แŸ?
Amalgam
มž€แžถแž…แžถแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
Composite resin
Silicate cement
Type IV gold alloy
แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแžขแžผแž˜แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž‡แžถแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž…แž€แžถแž›แžแŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แž”แžบแžแž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แžนแž„แž˜แžถแž“แž›แŸ†แž“แžนแž„แž‡แžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแžผแž˜แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแžœแžถ :
 1. แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แžŠแžŽแŸ’แžแž”แŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž“แžผแžœแž€แŸ’แžšแžขแžผแž˜แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“
 2. แž•แŸ’แžŸแžถแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ แžŸแŸŠแžธแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ Posterio palatal seal
 3. แž‡แžถแžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžทแž“แžŸแžผแžœแžšแž„แž“แžผแžœแž…แž›แž“แžถแž…แž›แŸแžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†
 4. แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž‡แžปแŸ†แžœแžทแž‰แžœแžถแž‡แžถแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž‘แž“แŸ‹"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžšแžขแŸ†แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแŸ‚แž–แžŽแŸŒแž“แŸƒแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžปแžแž›แžพแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ” แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแžšแžผแž”แž—แžถแž–แžœแžทแž‘แŸ’แž™แžปแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แž แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžผแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แž“แžทแž„แž›แŸ†แž แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แžฌแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แžทแž‘แž‡แžทแž แž แžพแž™แž›แŸ†แž แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแž‡แžปแŸ†แžœแžทแž‰แžฌแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž“แžผแžœแž—แžถแž–แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžŠแŸแžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž‚แžบแŸ–
มž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แžฌแžŸแžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰ แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžทแž“แž…แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แžŸ แžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰แž‘แŸ
มž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แžฌแžŸแžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž”แž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž”แž–แŸแžšแžŸแžบแžกแŸ‚แž“
มž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แžฌแžŸ แžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰ แž“แžทแž„ Porcelain veneer
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž”แž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž”แž‡แžถแž›แŸ„แž แŸˆ แž“แžทแž„แž–แŸแžšแžŸแžบแžกแŸ‚แž“
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž”แž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž”แž‡แžถ Porcelain veneer แž”แŸ‰แžปแžŽแŸ’แžŽแŸ„แŸ‡
มž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘แž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŸแžทแž”แŸ’แž”แž“แžทแž˜แŸ’แž˜แžทแžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜แŸ‰แž„แŸ‹ Zinc-oxyphosphate แžขแžถแž…แž–แž“แŸ’แž™แžถแž–แŸแž› แž€แŸ’แžšแžšแžนแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžš :
มž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แŸƒแž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแžแžผแž…แŸ—
มž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€ แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แžนแž€แž›แžถแž™แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜แŸ‰แž„แŸ‹
มž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แŸƒแžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแž”แž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž˜แž˜แŸ‰แŸ’แžŸแŸ…แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แžนแž€แž›แžถแž™แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜แŸ‰แž„แŸ‹
มž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแž“แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…แž“แŸƒแž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแž”แž–แŸ’แžšแžถแž›แžถแž™แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜แŸ‰แž„แŸ‹
มž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแžขแŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžปแž„ แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแž Oleic
แž€แžถแžšแž™แž€แž–แžปแž˜แŸ’แž–แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž˜แŸ‰แŸ’แžŸแŸ… Polysulfide แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž–แžปแž˜แŸ’แž–แž”แžทแž‘แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แžšแžขแžผแž˜แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แž›แžพ แžแžถแžŸแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž™แž€แž–แžปแž˜แŸ’แž– (impression tray )แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแŸ‚แŸ–
 1. แž˜แžถแž“แž‚แŸ‚แž˜แžšแžถแž„แž€แŸ„แž„
 2. แž˜แžถแž“แž–แŸ’แžšแŸ†แžŠแŸ‚แž“แžแžถแž„แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž‘แŸ†แž–แžถแžš
 3. แž˜แžถแž“แž‚แŸ‚แž˜แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แžŠแžŽแŸ’แžแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž›แžพแž€แŸ’แžšแžขแžผแž˜แžšแžนแž„
 4. แž˜แžถแž“แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แŸ‡แž˜แžถแŸ†แž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜แŸ‰แž„แŸ‹
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) , (3) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžแžพแž”แž…แŸ’แž…แŸแž€แž‘แŸแžŸแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž™แž€แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแž“ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž”แŸ†แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‘แžธแž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰แž˜แžปแž“แž“แžนแž„แž™แž€แž–แžปแž˜แŸ’แž–แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰?
มž”แŸ†แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‘แžธแžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžแŸ’แžŸแŸ‚ (Displacement cords)
มž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแžœแŸ‡แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž€แžถแŸ†แž”แžทแžแžขแž‚แŸ’แž‚แžทแžŸแž“แžธ( Electro-surgery)
มž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžแŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž…แž„แžšแžนแžแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแžแžท แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แž‡แžผแžš( alum saturated cords)
มž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžแŸ’แžŸแŸ‚แž…แž„แž‘แžถแž‰แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแžแžท แžขแžถแž›แžปแž™แž˜แžธแž‰แžปแž„แž€แŸ’แž›แŸแžšแžšแžธแž( Aluminum chloride impregnated cords )
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
มžแžพแž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž™แž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžฝแž™แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž‡แžถแž”แž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ„แž›แž‘แž”แŸ‹แž‘แŸ’แžšแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ (Abutment)แŸ”
มž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแž€แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„
มž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒแžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแž˜แž›แžพแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
มž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒแž”แŸ’แžšแžœแŸ‚แž„ แžŸแŸแž˜แŸ‰แž„แžแžผแž˜
มž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒแžŠแž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸŠแžธแžแŸแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แžšแž„แŸ‹ P
มž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ†แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹ Periodontal ligament
แž—แžถแž–แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž™แžผแžšแžขแž„แŸ’แžœแŸ‚แž„แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžขแžถแž…แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ’แžšแžนแžแŸ’แžแž‘แŸ…แž”แžถแž“แž›แŸ’แžขแž‚แžบแžขแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸแž™แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแŸ–
 1. แž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž…แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžšแžถแž„แž‡แžถแžขแž€แŸ’แžŸแžš W
 2. แž”แŸ’แžšแžœแŸ‚แž„แžŸแž˜แž›แŸ’แž˜แž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ„แž”
 3. แž€แžถแžšแž”แž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž˜แžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž…แž„แŸ’แžขแžผแžšแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
 4. แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž˜แžถแž“แž‚แž“แŸ’แž›แžนแŸ‡แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž‘แž”แŸ‹แž‘แŸ’แžšแž€แžปแŸ†แžขแŸ„แž™แžœแžทแž›
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžŸแž“แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ Temporomandibular joint แžขแžถแž…แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž…แž›แž“แžถแž”แžถแž“แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแŸ–
มžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ† Lateral (external) pterygoid
มžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ† Medial (internal) pterygoid
มžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ† Temporal (temporalis)
Fibre แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ† Masseter
Fibre แžแžถแž„แž›แžพ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ† Buccinator
แž‘แžธแžแžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸƒแž‚แŸ‚แž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ Crown แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แžแžถแž˜แŸ–
 1. แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แžถแžš แž“แžทแž„แž™แŸ„แž„แž‘แŸ…แžแžถแž˜แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžŸแŸ‹แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž‡แžถแžแžทแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถ
 2. แž”แŸ’แžšแžœแŸ‚แž„แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแŸ‚แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ Crown
 3. แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸƒแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž–แžปแž€
 4. แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž—แžถแž–แž‡แŸ„แž‚แž‡แŸแž™แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแžแžทแžšแŸ‰แŸ‚แžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰(Remineralization) แž›แžพแž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒ แžŸ (white spot) แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž‚แžบแžœแžถแž•แŸ’แžขแŸ‚แž€แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแŸ–
 1. pH แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹
 2. แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“ แžฌแž—แžถแž‚แžšแž™แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž€แž€แžพแžแžšแŸ„แž‚แž–แžปแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
 3. แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸƒแž‡แžถแžแžทแžขแŸŠแžธแž™แŸ‰แžปแž„ Mineral แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แžนแž€แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹
 4. แž€แŸ†แž แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžŠแŸ†แžŽแžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžถแž›แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž€แž€แžพแžแžšแŸ„แž‚แž–แžปแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ pH แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแŸ†แžขแŸแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸแžšแžธ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžแŸ–
มž‘แžถแž”แž‡แžถแž„ 5,5
มž›แžพแžŸแž–แžธ 5,5
มž›แžพแžŸแž–แžธ 6,0
มž‘แžถแž”แž‡แžถแž„ 6,0
มžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜ 6,8
"แžแžพแžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แž•แž›แžทแžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸแžšแžธแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแžŠแžพแž˜แž แŸแžแžปแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแž‡แžปแŸ†แžœแžทแž‰แžฌแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰?
 1. Protease
 2. Hyaluronidase
 3. Neuraminidase
 4. Endotoxin
 5. Desoxyribonuclease"
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (2) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) , (3) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) , (3) แž“แžทแž„ (5) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(3) , (4) แž“แžทแž„ (5) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžขแžผแžŸแž”แž“แŸ’แž›แžถแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžถแžšแž‡แžถแžแžท Barbiturate แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž˜แž€แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆ แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžŽแžถแŸก?
มž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž‰แž‘แžนแž€แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹
มž‚แŸ’แžšแž›แŸ€แž“
มž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“แžแžผแž…
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž›แžพแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
มž˜แžทแž“แž˜แŸ‚แž“แž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
มžแžพแž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž แžฝแžŸแž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžแž“แŸƒแžขแŸแžšแž˜แŸ‰แžผแž“แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแžแžท epinephrine?
Testosterone
Parathyroid hormone
Insulin
Thyroxin
Estrogen
แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹ pins แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡ Amalgam แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž“แžผแžœแž—แžถแž–แžขแž“แŸ’แžแžšแžถแž™แžŠแž›แŸ‹แŸ–
 1. แž”แŸ’แžšแŸแŸ‡ แž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
 2. แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž™แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžผแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
 3. แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž†แžถแž”แŸ‹แž„แžถแž™แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…
 4. แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แžŠแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž… Periodontal ligament"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ Cavity varnish แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡ Amalgam แž“แžทแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžขแŸ„แž™แŸ–
 1. แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸ†แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸแžšแžธ
 2. แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แžถแžšแž›แŸแž… แžฌแž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แž…แžผแž›แžแžถแž˜แž‚แŸ‚แž˜
 3. แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž€แž€แžพแž Secondary dentine
 4. แžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž–แžŽแŸŒแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž‡แžถแžแžทแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
Dysplastic lesions แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ Squanmous epithelium แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž“แŸ…แž›แžพแŸ–
มž€แŸ’แžšแžขแžผแž˜แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹ (Palate)
มžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰ (Gingiva)
มž—แŸ’แž“แžถแžŸ Buccal (Buccal mucosa)
มžแŸ’แž“แž„แžขแžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž (Dorsum of the tongue)
มž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹ (Floor of the mouth)
แžแžพแžŠแžปแŸ†แž–แž€ (tumors) แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แžพแžแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž‰ Parotid salivary gland?
 1. Mixed tumor
 2. Adenocarcinoma
 3. Warthin’s tumor
 4. Mucoepidermoid tumor"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) , (3) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) , (3) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ Metastic carcinoma แž“แŸƒแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“ lesion แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž…แŸแž‰แž˜แž€แž–แžธแŸ–
 1. แžŸแžฝแž
 2. แžŠแŸ„แŸ‡
 3. Prostate
 4. Nasopharynx"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž…แŸ†แž”แž„แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™ pulp chamber แž“แžทแž„ root canals แžšแžฝแž˜แžแŸ’แž”แŸ€แžแžแžผแž… แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแŸ–
 1. แžขแžถแž™แžปแž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แž…แžถแžŸแŸ‹
 2. แž€แžถแžšแž”แžปแž€แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž‘แž„แŸ’แž‚แžทแž…แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžšแŸ‰แžถแŸ†แžšแŸ‰แŸƒ (Chronic trauma)
 3. Dentinaldysplasia
 4. Taurodontism"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แžแžพแžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžธแž€แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแž€แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰?
 1. แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแž–แžŽแŸŒแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž‡แžถแžแžท
 2. แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰แžšแžธแž€
 3. แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ periodontal probe
 4. แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž‡แŸ†แžšแŸ… pocket แž–แŸแž›แžœแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™ periodontal probe"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžœแžทแž’แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž› Ameloblastoma แž‚แžบแŸ–
มž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžŠแŸ„แž™แž‡แžถแžแžทแž‚แžธแž˜แžธ (Chemotherapy)
Enucleation แžœแŸ‡แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž™แž€แžŠแžปแŸ†แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แž…แŸแž‰แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
มžœแŸ‡แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž…แŸ„แž› (Resection)
มž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แžถแž‰แŸ‹แž€แžถแŸ†แžšแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžธแžขแŸŠแžทแž…
มž˜แžทแž“แž˜แŸ‚แž“แž‡แžถแž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž›แžพแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
แžŸแž˜แžถแžŸแž’แžถแžแžป Amalgam แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแŸ’แž–แžถแž“แŸ‹ (Copper) แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹ แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž›แŸ„แž แŸ‡แž’แžถแžแžปแž•แŸ’แžŸแŸ† แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‚แžปแžŽแž—แžถแž– แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž แžพแž™แž„แžถแž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพ แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแŸ–
 1. แž—แžถแž–แž‚แŸ’แžšแžพแž˜แž˜แžถแž“แžแžทแž…แžแžฝแž…
 2. แž—แžถแž–แžŸแžนแž€แžแžทแž…แžแžฝแž…
 3. แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‚แž€แž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž˜แž‚แŸ‚แž˜แž”แžทแž‘แž˜แžถแž“แžแžทแž…แžแžฝแž…
 4. 1 แž˜แŸ‰แŸ„แž„ แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž”แžทแž‘แž—แžถแž–แžšแžนแž„แž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžแžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž“แŸ…แž›แžพ Maxilla แžแžพแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž› แžŠแžปแŸ‡แž›แžถแž“แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแžขแžผแž˜ แž แžพแž™แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž แžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แžธแžŠแžผแž…แž‡แžถแž˜แžถแž“ palatal abscess แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แžšแžขแžผแž˜แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹
 1. แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžปแžแž‘แžธแž–แžธแžš (lateral incisor)
 2. แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แžแžผแž…แž‘แžธแž˜แžฝแž™ (first premolar)
 3. แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž’แŸ†แž‘แžธแž˜แžฝแž™ (first molar)
 4. แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžปแžแž‘แžธแž˜แžฝแž™ (central incisor)
 5. แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž’แŸ†แž‘แžธแž”แžธ (third molar)"
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (2) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (5) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžขแžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸƒ pulp chamber แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ primary maxillary incisor แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž˜แž€แž–แžธแŸ–
Amelogenesis imperfecta
Hypophosphatasia
Trauma
Ectodermal dysplasia
Cleidocranial dysostosis
มž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž’แŸ†แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹ แž แžพแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž‡แžถแž”แž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ„แž›แž‘แŸ’แžšแžŸแŸ’แž–แžถแž“ (bridge abutment) แž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แŸ—แž‘แŸ€แžแž‚แžบแž•แŸ’แžแŸ„แžแž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแŸ–
มž‘แžธแžแžถแŸ†แž„ แžฌแž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแž“แŸƒแž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแž‡แžปแŸ†แžœแžทแž‰แžฌแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
มž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ Vertical แž•แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžแžผแžšแžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžš แž–แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž…แž“แŸƒแžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž’แŸ†
มž›แŸ†แž แž“แŸ…แžŸแž›แŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแŸ‚แž (Pontic)
มž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž‡แžถแž”แž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ„แž› Fixed appliance
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
มž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž“แŸƒแžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† Codeine แž›แŸแž” แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž–แŸแž‰แžœแŸแž™ แž‚แžบแŸ–
500 โ€“ 1000 mg
250 โ€“ 500 mg
30 โ€“ 60 mg
2 โ€“ 5 mg
มž˜แžทแž“แž˜แŸ‚แž“แž‡แžถแž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแžถแž„แž›แžพ
แžแžพแžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แŸ†แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸ–
 1. Benzodiazepines
 2. Barbiturates
 3. Narcotic analgesics"
(1) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแžŸแž„แžแžถแž„ labial surface of the maxilla แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹แž“แŸƒแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžปแž แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแŸ–
Labii inferioris
Labii superioris
Orbicularis oris
Risorius
Caninus
แž—แžถแž–แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž“แŸƒ Sulcular epithelium แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžปแžŸ แž‚แžบแŸ–
 1. Nonkeratinized
 2. Squamous
 3. Stratified"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžแž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแŸ’แž€แžšแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜แž‚แžบแž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžฒแŸ’แž™แžƒแžพแž‰แžแžถแž˜แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžทแž€
 1. แžขแžถแžšแž˜แŸ’แž˜แžŽแŸแž…แŸ’แžšแž”แžผแž€แž…แŸ’แžšแž”แž›แŸ‹ (Mental confusion)
 2. แž…แž„แŸ’แžœแžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แžŠแžพแžšแž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹ (tachycardia)
 3. แž”แŸ‚แž€แž‰แžพแžŸแžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„ (Sweating)
 4. แž…แž„แŸ’แžขแŸ„แžš (Nausea)"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž—แžถแž–แž’แŸ’แž„แž“แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž„แžšแž“แŸƒแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแž‡แžปแŸ†แžœแžทแž‰แžฌแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžœแžถแžขแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸแž™แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแŸ–
มž—แžถแž–แž’แž“แŸ‹แž”แžถแž“ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ (Resistance of the host) (1)
Virulence แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚ (Organism) (2)
มž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚ (Number of organisms present)( 3)
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (2)
(1) (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3)
แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžธแžœแŸแž™แž…แŸ†แžŽแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžแž‡แžถแžแžทแž—แŸ’แž›แžปแž™แžขแŸแžšแžŸแž˜แž›แŸ’แž˜แž˜แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž˜แžฝแž™แž‡แžธแžœแžทแžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แŸ” แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‚แž”แŸ’แž”แžธแžšแŸ†แž–แžนแž„แžแžถ แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แžงแž”แž‘แžœแž แŸแžแžปแž“แŸƒแŸ–
 1. แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž›แŸ„แž€ Paget (Paget’s disease of bone)
 2. แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž–แžปแž€แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ (Osteoporosis)
 3. แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž›แžพแžŸแž‡แžถแžแžทแž‘แžธแžšแŸ‰แžผแžŸแŸŠแžธแž“ (hyperparathyroidism)
 4. แžšแŸ„แž‚แž–แžปแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ (Dental caries)"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
Propylthiouracil แž‡แžถแžฑแžŸแžแž˜แŸ’แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแŸ–
มž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžˆแžถแž˜แžŸ Leukemia
มž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž›แžพแžŸแž‡แžถแžแžทแž‘แžทแžšแŸ‰แžผแžŸแŸŠแžธแž“ Hyperthyroidism
มž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž›แžพแžŸแž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแžผแžŠแŸ’แž™แžผแž˜ Sodium retention
มž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž–แŸ’แžšแžผแž“ แžฌแžŸแžแŸ’แžœแž›แŸ’แžขแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแŸ€แž“ Intestinal parastites
มž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž”แŸ’แžšแžแžทแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžกแž”แŸ‹ Allergic manifestations
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† Cortico-steroid แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž›แž™แžผแžš แžšแž แžผแžแž˜แž€แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž”แž…แŸ’แž…แžปแž”แŸ’แž”แž“แŸ’แž“แžขแžถแž…แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แŸ–
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž›แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž—แžถแž–แž’แž“แŸ‹แž‘แŸ’แžšแžถแŸ†แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž—แžถแž–แžแžถแž“แžแžนแž„แžŸแžšแžธแžšแžถแž„แŸ’แž‚
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถ metabolic
มž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžแžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸƒ plasmatic cortisol
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแž radiographic density แž‚แžบแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แŸƒ mA
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แŸƒ Kv
มž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แŸƒแž…แž˜แŸ’แž„แžถแž™แž–แžธ target แž‘แŸ… object
มž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒแž…แž˜แŸ’แž„แžถแž™แž–แžธ Film แž‘แŸ… Object
มž˜แžทแž“แž˜แŸ‚แž“แž‡แžถแž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแžถแž„แž›แžพ
แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแž‰แŸ‹แž€แžถแŸ†แžšแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžธ X แž‘แŸ…แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แžขแžถแž…แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแŸ–
 1. แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹ แž แŸ’แžœแžธแž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž›แŸ’แž”แžฟแž“แž›แžฟแž“
 2. แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹ แž…แŸ†แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžขแžถแž›แžปแž™แž˜แžธแž‰แŸ‰แžผแž˜ (aluminium filter)
 3. แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹ Kvp แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž›แŸ’แž”แžฟแž“แž™แžบแž
 4. แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž…แž˜แŸ’แž„แžถแž™แž–แžธแž แŸ’แžœแžธแž›แž‘แŸ…แž‚แŸ„แž›แžŠแŸ…แžแž
 5. แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž…แž˜แŸ’แž„แžถแž™แž–แžธแž แŸ’แžœแžธแž›แž‘แŸ…แž‚แŸ„แž›แžŠแŸ…แžแž
(1) , (2) , (3) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) , (3) แž“แžทแž„ (5) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) , (3) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) , (3) แž“แžทแž„ (5) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž‘แžทแž“แŸ’แž“แž“แŸแž™แžขแŸแž–แžธแžŠแŸแž˜แžธแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแž–แžทแž—แž–แž›แŸ„แž€แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแž‡แžปแŸ†แžœแžทแž‰แžฌแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž…แŸ†แž”แž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แžขแžถแž™แžปแŸ–
10-20 แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†
20-30 แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†
30-50 แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†
65-75 แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†
มž›แžพแžŸแž–แžธ 75 แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†
แž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแž‘แŸ…แž˜แžปแžแž“แŸƒแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž˜แž แžถแžšแžธแž€ Oral Squamous cell แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžœแžถแžขแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸแž™แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแž€แžแŸ’แžแžถแž‡แžถแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แžŠแžผแž…แž‡แžถแŸ–
 1. แž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แž“แŸƒแžŠแžปแŸ†แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹ (Size of the tumor)
 2. แž‘แžธแžแžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸƒแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ† (Location of the tumor)
 3. แž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž€แžผแž“แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžปแžš (Lymph node involvement)"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘ Desquamative gingivitis แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸ‡แžƒแžพแž‰แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแŸ–
 1. Pemphigusvulgaris
 2. Mucous membrancepemphigoid
 3. Erosive lichen planus
 4. Erythema multlforme"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแžแž›แžถแž”แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพ Cavity แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡ Composite resin, แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž‚แŸ‚แž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ Cavity แžขแžถแž…แŸ– 
 1. แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž…แŸ„แž›แžขแŸ’แžœแžธแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แž„แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„
 2. แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแžŠแž›แŸ‹แžšแžผแž”แžšแžถแž„แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แž„แŸ‹แž”แžถแž“
 3. แž”แž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แž”แŸ‹
 4. แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž›แžพแžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž›แžถแž”แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแž
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž‚แŸ‚แž˜แž“แŸƒแž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แž”แžทแž‘แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž‡แžฝแžŸแž‡แžปแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžฝแž™แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แž‚แž”แŸ’แž”แžธแž”แžทแž‘แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰ แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž€แžšแžŽแžธแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžทแž“แžขแžถแž…แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ’แžšแžนแžแŸ’แžแž‘แŸ…แž‚แžบแŸ– 
 1. Subgingivally
 2. Supragingivally
 3. แž›แžพ Cementum
 4. แž›แžพ Enamel
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แžแžพแžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžทแž€แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แžแžถแž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แž“แžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžฝแž™แžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แž–แžธแž›แžพแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžผแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž•แŸ’แž‘แžถแž›แŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž€แž”แžŠแŸ„แž™แž‡แŸ„แž‚แž‡แŸแž™?
 1. แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แž“แŸ…แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แŸแž…แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž™
 2. แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŠแŸ‚แž›แŸแž…แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž™แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แžแžผแž…
 3. แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ€แžœแžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…
 4. แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แž›แŸแžแž…แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž™แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžšแŸ„แž‚
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แžแžพแž˜แž‚แŸ’แž‚แžปแž‘แŸ’แž‘แŸแžŸแž“แŸแžŽแŸ‚แž“แžถแŸ†แžŠแŸแž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ„แž‡แž“แŸแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹ Occlusal vertical dimension แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ?
 1. Appearance (แž˜แžพแž›แžƒแžพแž‰แž“แžนแž„แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€)
 2. Phonetic (แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ†แžกแŸแž„)
 3. แžขแž„แŸ’แž€แŸแžแž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž‘แžธแžแžถแŸ†แž„แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž€ (Observation of rest position)
 4. แž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž–แžธแž…แŸ†แž แŸ€แž„ แž˜แžปแž“แžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ (Pre-extraction profile records)"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž€แžถแžšแžŸแžถแž„แžŸแž„แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžทแž the angulation แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแžšแžถแž” horizontal condylar guidance แž“แŸƒarticulator แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แŸ–
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž›แž–แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแž™แž… แž“แŸƒแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸ
มž€แžถแžšแžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แž‘แžทแžŸแž‘แŸ…แžšแž€ แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแžšแžถแž” Occlusal
มž‡แž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž›แž“แŸƒแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžปแž
มž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แž…แŸ†แžŽแžถแŸ†แžšแžœแžถแž„ Centric Occlusal แž“แžทแž„ interocclusal
มž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แž…แŸ†แžŽแžถแŸ†แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžแžทแžแž…แžผแž›แž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž“แŸƒ interocclusal
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžถแž„แžŸแž„แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžทแž แž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž™แž€แž–แžปแž˜แŸ’แž–แž‚แž”แŸ’แž”แžธแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž“แŸแŸ‡แž€แžถแžšแž™แž€แž–แžปแž˜แŸ’แž–แž“แžนแž„แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžŠแžนแž„แžฒแŸ’แž™แž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแž€แžŠแžแžถแŸ–
มž‚แŸ‚แž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แž™แž€แž–แžปแž˜แŸ’แž–แž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž–แž„แŸ’แžšแžธแž€แžฒแŸ’แž™แž แžฝแžŸแž–แŸ’แžšแŸ†แžŠแŸ‚แž“แžœแžถ
มž€แžถแžšแž–แž„แŸ’แžšแžธแž€แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ Distal แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแž”
มžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžฝแž›แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’
มž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แž™แž€แž–แžปแž˜แŸ’แž–แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž˜แžถแž“แž›แŸ†แž แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แž˜แŸ‰แŸ’แžŸแŸ…แž™แž€แž–แžปแž˜แŸ’แž–
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž›แžพแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž›แŸ†แž แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แŸ†แž“แŸแžš แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžถแž„แžŸแž„แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžทแž แž“แžนแž„แŸ–
 1. แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŠแž›แŸ‹แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžŸแŸ‹
 2. แž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžฒแŸ’แž™แž€แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸ’แžšแžนแžแŸ’แžแž‘แŸ…แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž›
 3. แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‘แž”แŸ‹แž‘แŸ’แžšแž€แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜
 4. แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แžŠแŸ†แž”แŸ…แž‡แžถแž”แŸ’แžšแž…แžถแŸ†แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž˜แž‚แŸ‚แž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (2) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‚แŸ„แž›แž”แŸ†แžŽแž„แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž”แŸ†แž–แŸแž‰แž“แžผแžœแžแžฝแž“แžถแž‘แžธแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แžฒแŸ’แž™แž”แžถแž“แž–แŸแž‰แž›แŸแž‰แž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแžทแž”แŸ’แž”แž“แžทแž˜แŸ’แž˜แžทแžแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแŸ„แŸ‡แžขแžถแžŸแž“แŸ’แž“แž˜แžฝแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แžฒแŸ’แž™แžŠแž›แŸ‹แŸ–
 1. Proximal contracts (แž…แŸ†แž–แžปแŸ‡แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ Proximal)
 2. Axial contours of the tooth (แž‡แžปแŸ†แžœแžทแž‰แžขแŸแž€แŸ’แžŸแž“แŸƒแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰)
 3. Occlusal function (แž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž‘แŸ†แž–แžถแžš)
 4. Esthetics (แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžŸแŸ‹)
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž€แžถแžšแž™แž€แž–แžปแž˜แŸ’แž–แž€แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžทแžแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แž€แžถแžšแž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แžšแž€แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž‘แŸ†แžšแž„แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸ‚แžšแžถแž”แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžขแžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžแž“แŸƒแžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž’แŸ† แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแžšแžถแžœแžšแž€แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แŸ–
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Medial Pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
Superior pharyngeal constrictor
มžŠแžปแŸ†แžŠแŸ†แž”แŸ…แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แžพแžแž“แŸ…แž‡แžปแŸ†แžœแžทแž‰แž…แžปแž„แžฌแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž’แŸ†แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‘แžธ แŸข แž แžพแž™แž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ‚แž€แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž™แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ Lingual cortical plate แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž“แŸ…แž–แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แž“แŸƒแžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ† mylohyoid แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“แž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแž˜แž€แž–แžธแŸ–
Buccal space
Sublingual space
Submandibular space
Submental space
Superficial masticatory space
มž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแž™แž”แžทแž‘แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡ Composite resin แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แž–แŸแž‰แž›แŸแž‰แž›แŸ’แžขแžขแžถแž…แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžœแžถแž”แžทแž‘แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ–
มžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜แŸ‰แž„แŸ‹ Zinc-phosphate
มž€แžถแžšแž‘แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แžถแžแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ Calcium-hydroxide
มžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜แŸ‰แž„แŸ‹ Zinc-oxide-eugenol
มž€แžถแžšแž‘แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แžถแž Glass ionomer
มžŸแŸŠแžธแž˜แŸ‰แž„แŸ‹ polycarboxylate
มž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แžซแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž‘แžธแŸข แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžปแžแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แžซแžŸ แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž“แŸแŸ‡แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸ‡แžƒแžพแž‰แž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แŸ–
Labial to the main canal
Lingual to the main canal
Mesial to the mian canal
Distal to the main canal
มž˜แžทแž“แž˜แŸ‚แž“แž‡แžถแž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž›แžพแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžšแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแžแžทแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžกแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž…แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœแžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แŸ” แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แžฝแž™แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž”แžถแž“แž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แžฒแŸ’แž™แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž‚แžบ Epinephrine แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแžถแŸ–
มž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แžŸแžฝแžแž•แŸ’แžขแžถแž€แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแž€แžถแžš
มž—แŸ’แž‰แŸ„แž…แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ†แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„ แž“แžทแž„แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž›แŸ’แž”แžฟแž“แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แžŸแŸ†แž–แžถแž’ Systolic แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžˆแžถแž˜
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž—แžถแž–แžšแžฝแž˜แžแžผแž…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แžถแžแžŸแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แž‡แžถแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“
มž…แŸ†แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž”แŸ’แžšแžแžทแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžกแž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ Insulin แž‚แžบแž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แžฒแŸ’แž™แžƒแžพแž‰แž“แžผแžœแž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแŸ–
 1. แž…แž„แŸ’แžขแŸ„แžš
 2. แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แžŠแžพแžšแž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹
 3. แž”แŸ‚แž€แž‰แžพแžŸ
 4. แž…แŸ’แžšแž”แžผแž€แž…แŸ’แžšแž”แž›แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžแžฝแžšแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž› (แžœแžทแž›แž˜แžปแž)
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž”แžถแž“ แŸคแŸจแž˜แŸ‰แŸ„แž„ แžšแžฝแž…แž แžพแž™ แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แžˆแžถแž˜แž“แŸ…แžแŸ‚แž แžผแžšแž–แžปแŸ†แž–แŸ’แžšแž˜แžˆแž”แŸ‹ แžแžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŸแž„แŸ’แžŸแŸแž™แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžขแŸ’แžœแžธ?
มž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแž“แŸƒแž€แžแŸ’แžแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž•แž›แžทแžแžŠแŸ„แž™แžแŸ’แž›แžพแž˜
มž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸ’แž‘แŸ‡แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แžšแž“แŸ’แžแžˆแžถแž˜แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž€แžแŸ’แžแžถ VIII
มž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžแžŸแŸแžšแŸ‰แžผแž˜ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแžแŸ‚แž€แž„แŸ’แžœแŸ‡แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแž•แž›แžทแžแž”แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแž–แžธแž˜แžปแž“แŸ—แž˜แž€
มžŸแžถแžšแž‡แžถแžแžท heparin แž•แŸ’แžแžถแž…แŸ‹แž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแž€แŸ„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž€แŸ„แž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‡แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแŸ†แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ alveolus
มžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แžŸแžถแžšแž’แžถแžแžปแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸแžšแžธแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸแžšแžธแž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž—แžถแž–แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแž€แžแŸ’แžแžถแž€แŸ†แžŽแž€แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„ alveolus
"แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž‡แžปแŸ†แžœแžทแž‰แž…แžปแž„แžฌแžŸแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธ แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž’แŸ†แž‘แžธ แŸข แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžขแžถแž…แžšแžธแž€แžŠแžถแž›แž•แŸ’แž‘แžถแž›แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แŸ–
 1. Buccal space
 2. Buccal vestibule
 3. Sublingual space
 4. Submandibular space"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แžแžพแžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžแŸ’แžขแžผแž‰แžแŸ’แžขแŸ‚แžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแŸ†แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแž€แžŸแžŸแŸƒ แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžผแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž…แž แžพแž™แž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ’แž‘แžปแŸ‡?
 1. แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž‘แŸ„แž€แŸ—แžŠแŸ„แž™แžฏแž€แžฏแž„
 2. แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแžผแžŸแž”แž“แŸ’แž›แžถแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž€แŸ†แžŠแŸ…
 3. แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž› แžขแŸ„แž“แž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แž…แžปแŸ‡
 4. แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แžแŸ’แžšแž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† Anbitiobic แž›แŸแž”แž˜แžปแž“แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแžขแž“แžปแžŸแžถแžŸแž“แŸแžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแŸ–
 1. แž–แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸ Mitral แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„ แžŸแŸ’แžšแžปแžแž…แžปแŸ‡แž แžพแž™แž”แžพแž€แž…แŸ†แž แžš
 2. แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžปแž„แžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž˜แž–แžทแž›
 3. แž–แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แžœแŸ‡แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž–แžธแž˜แžปแž“แž˜แž€
 4. แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„แž˜แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžŠแŸ†แžŽแžปแŸ‡แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžทแž“แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ Cleidocranial dysostosis แžขแžถแž…แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžปแž“แž€แžถแž›แž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถ
มž˜แŸแžšแŸ„แž‚แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
มžงแž”แž‘แžœแž แŸแžแžปแžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž†แŸ‚แž”แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹
มž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžšแžฝแž˜แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸ† แž“แžทแž„แžขแžแŸ’แžšแžถแžšแŸ„แž‚แž–แžปแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž€แŸ†แžšแžทแžแžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹
มžŠแŸ†แžŽแžปแŸ‡แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž…แŸ†แžšแžปแŸ‡แž›แžพแžŸแž–แžธแž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ แž“แžทแž„แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžขแžแŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ‡
มž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžšแž›แžถแž€แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแž‡แžปแŸ†แžœแžทแž‰แžฌแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž‚แŸ’แž›แžธแž“แžทแž€แžแžปแžŸแž”แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž€แž–แžธแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ แžšแž›แžถแž€แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แŸ–
มž‚แŸ†แž“แžšแžŸแžขแŸแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“
มžŠแŸ†แž”แŸ…แžšแž›แžฝแž™แž“แŸ…แž…แžปแž„แžฌแžŸแž“แŸƒแž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแž‡แžปแŸ†แžœแžทแž‰แžฌแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
มž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแž€แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
มžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž–แžทแž”แžถแž€แž”แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž…แžถแž€แžขแžถแž แžถแžš
มž˜แžถแž“ Calculus แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰
แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ Xesostomia แžขแžถแž…แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸ‡แžƒแžพแž‰แŸ–
 1. แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แžœแŸแž™แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž…แžถแžŸแŸ‹
 2. แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžฑแžŸแžแž˜แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“
 3. แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž‘แžนแž€แž“แŸ„แž˜แž•แŸ’แžขแŸ‚แž˜
 4. แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ’แžšแžˆแž˜แž“แžนแž„แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž”แŸ’แž›แž„แŸ‹ Gonion แž”แŸ’แž›แž„แŸ‹ menton แž“แžทแž„ แž”แŸ’แž›แž„แŸ‹ pogonion แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž‚แŸ†แž“แžผแžŸแž”แŸ’แž›แž„แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžœแŸ‚แž„แžแŸ’แžœแžถแžแŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž› (cephalometric landmark) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แžธแžแžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแŸ–
มž€แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž›แžพ
มž€แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜
มž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž…แž„แŸ’แž€แžถ
มž”แžถแžแž›แž›แžถแžŠแŸแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›
มž˜แžทแž“แž˜แŸ‚แž“แž‡แžถแž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž›แžพแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
มžแžพแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถ แžœแžทแžœแžแŸ’แžแž‘แŸ…แž”แŸ’แžšแž€แž”แžŠแŸ„แž™แžขแžถแž€แŸ’แžšแž€แŸ‹แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž?
Occlusal traumatism (แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž‘แž„แŸ’แž‚แžทแž…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแž‘แŸ†แž–แžถแžš)
มžšแž›แžถแž€แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰
Juvenile periodontitis
Periodontal atrophy
Moderate periodontitis
มž€แžถแžšแž€แŸ„แžŸแž€แž€แžถแž™แž™แž€แžฒแŸ’แž™แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž“แžผแžœแž€แŸ†แžŽแž€แž€แŸ†แž”แŸ„แžšแžšแžนแž„ แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžšแžŽแŸ’แžแŸ…แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžปแŸ†แžšแŸ… 5mm แž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แžŠแŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแžŸแŸ†แžšแŸแž…แž”แžถแž“แž‚แžบแŸ–
มž€แŸ„แžŸแž€แž€แžถแž™แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพ Ultrasonic
มžœแŸ‡แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž€แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพ แž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แŸ„แžŸแžŠแŸ„แž™แžŠแŸƒ
มžœแŸ‡แž€แžถแžแŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แŸ„แžŸแž€แž€แžถแž™
มž”แžถแž‰แŸ‹แž›แžถแž„แžŸแŸ†แžขแžถแžแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
มž€แŸ„แžŸแž€แž€แžถแž™แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŠแŸƒ
มž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แž‡แŸ†แž“แžฝแž™แž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžทแž“แžขแžถแž…แž€แŸ„แžŸแž€แž€แžถแž™แž™แž€แžŸแŸ†แžขแŸแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž…แŸแž‰แž”แžถแž“แŸ–
มž…แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžŠแžปแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
มžŸแžŸแŸƒแžขแŸ†แž”แŸ„แŸ‡แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
มž…แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžŠแžปแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž‰แŸแžš
มž…แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸ proxy
มž”แžถแž‰แŸ‹แž‘แžนแž€แž›แžถแž„แžŸแŸ†แžขแžถแž
มž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแž€แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž แžพแž˜แž”แŸ‰แŸ„แž„แž“แŸ…แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹แž‡แžปแŸ†แžœแžทแž‰แž…แžปแž„แžฌแžŸแž‡แžถแžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแŸ†แž–แžธแž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแŸ–
มžšแž›แžถแž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž…แž“แŸƒแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžผแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แž“แŸ…แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžผแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
มžšแž›แžถแž€แžšแŸ‰แžถแŸ†แžšแŸ‰แŸƒแž“แŸƒแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžผแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž€แžพแžแž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแž€แž“แŸ…แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แž…แžปแž„แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แžฌแžŸ
มž˜แžทแž“แž˜แŸ‚แž“แž‡แžถแž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž‡แŸ†แžšแŸ…แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰ แž…แžปแž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ periodontal probe แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžšแžปแž€แžŠแž›แŸ‹แŸ–
มž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแž…แžแŸแžŽแŸ’แžŒแžŸแžธแž˜แžถแžšแžœแžถแž„ Cemento แž“แžทแž„ enamel
มž‘แžทแžŠแŸ’แž‹แž—แžถแž–แž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ†แžŽแž€แž€แŸ†แž”แŸ„แžšแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰
มž‘แžทแžŠแŸ’แž‹แž—แžถแž–แž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž“แŸƒ Epithelial attachment
มžŸแž“แŸ’แž‘แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ alveolar
มž…แžปแž„แžซแžŸแžšแž แžผแžแžŠแž›แŸ‹ Epithelial Attachment
Angel แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แŸแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™ โ€œSubdivisionโ€ แž‚แžบแžŸแŸ†แžŠแŸ…แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพ Malocclusion (แž€แžถแžšแžแžปแžŸแž„แžถแŸ†แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŠแžปแŸ‡แžแžปแžŸแž–แžธแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž‚แžบแŸ–
Bilateral (แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžŸแž„แžแžถแž„)
Unilateral (แž˜แŸ’แžแžถแž„)
Only mildly abnormal (แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›)
Severely abnormal (แžŠแžปแŸ‡แžแžปแžŸแž‡แžฝแžšแž’แŸ’แž„แž“แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž„แžš)
มž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž›แžพแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แžธแžแžถแŸ†แž„ Labioversion แž“แŸƒแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžปแžแž›แžพ
มž€แžถแžšแž–แžแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž–แŸแž‰แžœแŸแž™ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž˜แžถแž“แž–แŸ’แžšแŸ†แžŠแŸ‚แž“แž€แŸ†แž“แžแŸ‹แž™แŸ„แž„แž‘แŸ…แžแžถแž˜แŸ–
มžขแžถแž™แžปแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ
Density แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜
มžŸแžปแžแž—แžถแž–แž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แž“แŸƒแžšแž…แž“แžถแžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แž‘แŸ’แžšแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
มž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
มž€แžแŸ’แžแžถแž–แŸแž›แžœแŸแž›แžถแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›
มž€แžถแžšแžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž‡แžถแž”แž“แŸ’แžแž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแžถแž…แž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แŸ–
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแž—แžถแž–แžแžถแŸ†แž…แžผแž›แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแžšแžœแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แžพ แž“แžทแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜
มž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžปแžแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžšแžปแž‰แž”แžปแž€แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžขแžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž
มž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แžผแžœแž›แŸ†แž แžขแž…แžทแž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแŸƒแž™แŸแž“แŸ…แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŠแž€
มž…แžปแž„แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž…แž„แŸ’แž€แžผแž˜แžšแžปแž‰แž‘แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ Distal แž“แžทแž„แž…แžปแž„แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แžแžผแž…แž‘แžธแŸข แžšแžปแž‰แž‘แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ Mesial
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹
แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž…แž›แž“แžถแž–แžแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แž‚แž”แŸ’แž”แžธแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแŸ‚แŸ–
 1. แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžˆแž”แŸ‹ แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžˆแž”แŸ‹
 2. แž”แž“แŸ’แž€แžฅแžแžŠแžถแž…แŸ‹
 3. แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž’แŸ’แž„แž“แŸ‹
 4. แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž›
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžœแŸแž™แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž…แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžบแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžกแžพแž„แž˜แž€แž–แžธแŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแž‚แŸ€แžแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แž™แž”แŸ‹
มžšแŸ„แž‚แž–แžปแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
มž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแž‡แžปแŸ†แžœแžทแž‰แžฌแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
มž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž“แžทแžแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แŸ— แžŠแŸ„แŸ‡แž…แžปแŸ‡แžŠแŸ„แŸ‡แžกแžพแž„
มž€แžถแžšแž”แžปแž€แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž‘แž„แŸ’แž‚แžทแž…แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž˜แžถแžแŸ‹
มž€แžถแžšแžแžแž™แž€แžšแžผแž”แž—แžถแž–แžœแžทแž‘แŸ’แž™แžปแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แž˜แžปแž“แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แžซแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แž“แžนแž„แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰ แžขแŸ†แž–แžธแŸ–
มžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžผแž”แžŸแžŽแŸ’แž‹แžถแž“แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžผแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
มž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แžธแžแžถแŸ†แž„แž–แžทแžแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแž€แžŠแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ„แž„แž“แŸ…แž…แžปแž„แžฌแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
มžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แž€แžพแžแž˜แžถแž“
มž—แžถแž–แžšแžŸแŸ‹แžšแžถแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžธแžœแžทแžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžผแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
มž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แž“แŸƒแž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžผแž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž“แŸ’แž’แžฌแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
"แžแžพแžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแžถแž‡แžถแžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแžŸแŸ‹?
 1. แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’แžˆแžถแž˜
 2. แžŸแžธแžแžปแžŽแŸ’แž แž—แžถแž–แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŽ
 3. แž…แž„แŸ’แžœแžถแž€แŸ‹แž‡แžธแž–แž…แžš แž“แžทแž„แž…แž„แŸ’แžœแžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜
 4. แž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แŸ—แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแž€แž‚แžบแŸ–
 1. แžกแžพแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแž แž˜
 2. แžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹
 3. แž แžพแž˜
 4. แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžš
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžšแŸ„แž‚แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž…แžŠแŸ„แž™ Odontogenic infection แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž“แŸแŸ‡แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž‚แž”แŸ’แž”แžธแŸ–
 1. แž›แžปแž”แž”แŸ†แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž…แŸ„แž›แž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžŠแžพแž˜แž…แž˜
 2. แž”แžพแž€แž…แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžผแžš
 3. แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžฒแŸ’แž™แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†
 4. แž…แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžถ แžแŸแžแžถแžŽแžผแžŸ
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž€แžถแžšแž”แžพแž€ Flap แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž–แžปแŸ†แž”แžถแž“แžŠแŸแžšแžฒแŸ’แž™แž‡แžทแžแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ แžขแžถแž…แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžฒแŸ’แž™แŸ–
 1. แž€แŸ’แžš แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แž”แžพแž™
 2. แž˜แžถแž“ Foreign body inflammatory reaction
 3. แž˜แžปแžแžšแž”แžฝแžŸแžšแžธแž€แž’แŸ† (dehiscence)
 4. Necrosis of the bone
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž€แžšแžŽแžธแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžŠแž„แŸ’แž€แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž’แŸ† แž‘แžธ1 แžแžถแž„แž›แžพ แžแžพแžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžถแžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ?
 1. แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ Palatal แžŸแŸ’แžแžพแž„แž‡แžถแž„แžแžถแž„ Buccal
 2. แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ Buccal แž„แžถแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž–แž„แŸ’แžšแžธแž€แž‡แžถแž„
 3. แž…แž›แž“แžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŠแž„แŸ’แž€แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‚แžฝแžšแžแŸ‚แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แžทแžŸแžŠแŸ…แžแžถแž„ Palatal
 4. แž…แž›แž“แžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŠแž„แŸ’แž€แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‚แžฝแžšแžแŸ‚แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แžทแžŸแžŠแŸ…แžแžถแž„ Buccal
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
"Benign neoplasms :
 1. แž›แžผแžแž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž™แžบแž
 2. แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹
 3. แžขแžถแž…แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแžแžถแž˜แžŠแžถแž“ (Can be managed conservatively)
 4. แžขแžถแž…แž˜แžถแž“ Metastasize
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž“แŸ…แžขแžถแž™แžปแž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แžขแžถแž…แž˜แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž–แŸ’แžšแŸƒแž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“12 แž“แžทแž„แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แžšแžปแž€แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“12 แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แŸแž‰แž˜แž€แŸ–
4 แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‡
6 แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‡
8 แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‡
11 แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‡
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž€แžถแžšแž€แž“แŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžถแž€แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ† External (lateral) pterygoid แž”แžถแž“แž‘แžถแž‰ disc แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแž“แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜ (TMJ) แžขแŸ„แž™แŸ–
มž‘แŸ…แž˜แžปแž แž แžพแž™แž“แŸ…แž…แŸ†แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›
มž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™ แž แžพแž™แž“แŸ…แž…แŸ†แž€แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›
มž‘แŸ…แž˜แžปแž แž แžพแž™แž“แŸ…แž‡แŸ†แž แŸ€แž„
มž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™ แž แžพแž™แž“แŸ…แž‡แŸ†แž แŸ€แž„
มž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แžถแž€แž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž…แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžœ แžœแžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžฒแŸ’แž™แž€แžพแž“แžกแžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแŸ–
มž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž“แŸƒ Mast cells
มž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž“แŸƒ Plasma cells
มž€แž˜แŸ’แžšแžทแžแž“แŸƒ Histamine
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™ (A) แž“แžทแž„ (B)
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™ (A) แž“แžทแž„ ยฉ
แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แžŠแŸ„แž™แž…แžถแž€แŸ‹ Morphine แžแžถแž˜แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ† แžขแžถแž…แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“แŸ–
 1. แž€แžถแžšแž‘แž›แŸ‹แž›แžถแž˜แž€
 2. แž—แžถแž–แžŸแž”แŸ’แž”แžถแž™แžšแžธแž€แžšแžถแž™
 3. แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžปแž‚แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแž‰แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแžšแžแžธ
 4. แž‘แžปแž€แŸ’แžแž–แŸ’แžšแžฝแž™
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž แŸ’แžœแžธแž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž—แžถแž–แž„แž„แžนแžแžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„ แž‡แžถแž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแŸ–
 1. Underdevelopment
 2. Over exposure
 3. แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แž แŸ’แžœแžธแž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸ
 4. Excessive milliamperage"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž€แžถแžšแž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ†แžŽแžถแŸ†แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„(Interoclusal records for an edentulous patient have been established) แž–แžปแž˜แŸ’แž–แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ articulator แŸ” แžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแŸแž…แžแžถแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแž”แž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž˜แž“แžผแžœแž€แž˜แŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ†แžŽแžถแŸ†แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ (Occlusal vertical dimention) แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“ 4mm แŸ” แžœแžถแž…แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแŸ–
Facebow transfer แžแŸ’แž˜แžธ 1แž‘แŸ€แž
มž€แžถแžšแž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แž“แžผแžœ centric relation แžแŸ’แž˜แžธ
มž€แžถแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แŸ—
มž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžแžผแžšแž“แžผแžœ condylar guide setting
มž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž“แžผแžœ Rest vertical dimension
แž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แž”แžทแž‘แž“แŸ…แž›แžพ enamel แž”แžถแž“แž˜แžถแž“แŸ–
 1. Zinc Phosphate
 2. Polycarboxylate
 3. Zinc silicophosphate
 4. Glass ionomer
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แžขแžถแž™แžป แŸกแŸ แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžฒแŸ’แž™แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แžŠแŸ„แž™แžแžแž€แžถแŸ†แžšแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžธ แžœแžทแž’แžธแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แž—แžถแž–แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แž˜แŸ’แžšแžทแžแž€แžถแŸ†แžšแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžธ แž‚แžบแŸ–
มž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹ thyroid collar แž“แžทแž„ lead apron
มž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แžงแž”แž€แžšแžŽแŸแž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž€แžถแŸ†แžšแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžธ
มž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž แŸ’แžœแžธแž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž›แŸ’แž”แžฟแž“แž›แžฟแž“ (use high speed film)
Decrease the kilovoltage to 50kvp
มžแžแž แŸ’แžœแžธแž› Panoramic แžแŸ‚แž˜แžฝแž™แž‚แžแŸ‹
มž—แžถแž–แžแžปแžŸแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแžšแžœแžถแž„แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž–แŸ’แžšแŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แžšแžปแž€แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž™แžŠแŸ„แž™แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแŸ–
มžแžฝแžซแžŸแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž–แŸ’แžšแŸƒแžแŸ’แž›แžธแž‡แžถแž„
มžŸแŸ’แžšแž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹ enamel แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž–แŸ’แžšแŸƒแžŸแŸ’แžแžพแž„ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž‡แžถแž„
มžซแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž–แŸ’แžšแŸƒแž˜แžถแž“แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแž€แž“แŸ’แž’แŸ‚แž€แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž‡แžถแž„ (Flare more)
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™ (A) แž“แžทแž„ (C)
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
Suprabony pocket แžขแžถแž…แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ–
Enalargement of the marginal gingiva
Horizonal loss of alveolar bone
Subgingival calculus
Spontaneuos bleeding
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™ (A) (B) แž“แžทแž„ C
"แžแžพแžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŽแžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžƒแžพแž‰แž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžšแžŽแžธ Gingival แž“แžทแž„ Periodontal pockets? 
 1. Apical migration of junctional epithelium
 2. Fibrotic enlargement of marginal tissue
 3. แž˜แžถแž“แžˆแžถแž˜แž–แŸแž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ Probing
 4. แž€แžพแž“แž‡แž˜แŸ’แžšแŸ… pocket แž–แŸแž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ probing
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แžแžฝแž“แžถแž‘แžธแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ Dental pulp แž˜แžถแž“แŸ–
 1. Defency
 2. แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž„แž“แžผแžœแž‰แžถแžŽ (Sensory)
 3. แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แžšแžแŸ‹ (Circulatory)
 4. แž€แžถแžšแž‡แžฝแžŸแž‡แžปแž›แžŸแŸ’แžšแž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹ dentin
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
Maxillary removable partial denture major connector แž‚แžฝแžšแžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“ 3-6mm แž–แžธแž‚แŸ‚แž˜แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰ แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแžขแŸ„แž™แŸ–
มž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แžถแžšแžแŸ„แž„แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸƒแž…แŸ†แžŽแžธแžขแžถแž แžถแžš
มž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž‘แž„แŸ’แž‚แžทแž…แž“แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž‚แŸ‚แž˜แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰ (Reduce irritation of the marginal gingival)
มž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžœแŸ‚แž„แž›แŸ’แž˜แž˜แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ minor connectors
มžขแŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž™แž•แž›แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž…แž›แž“แžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸแž„
มž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแžœแžทแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แžทแžŸแžŠแŸ…แž‘แŸ…แž˜แžปแžแž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ major connectors
มž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžšแžŽแžธแžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ Fixed bridges แž€แžถแžšแž™แž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ abutment แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ bridge แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแŸ„แŸ‡ แžขแžถแžŸแž“แŸ’แž“แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แž›แŸ’แžข แžขแžถแž… แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžขแŸ„แž™แŸ–
มžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ€แžœแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ (Tooth sensitivity)
มžŸแŸ’แžšแž€แžขแž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแž‰ (Gingival recession)
มž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŠแžพแžš (Tooth migration)
Occlusal prematurities
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ†แžŽแžถแŸ†แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแžปแžŸแž”แŸ’แžšแž€แŸ’แžšแžแžธแž“แŸƒ Class II, Division 2 แž‚แžบแŸ–
Deep overbite
มž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžปแžแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แž„แŸ’แžขแŸ€แž
มž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„ Class II แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜
มž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž…แž„แŸ’แž€แžผแž˜แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž€แž”แŸ‹
มž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžปแžแž‡แŸ†แž แŸ€แž„แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžŠแžปแŸ‡แžแžปแžŸแž‘แžธแžแžถแŸ†แž„ (Malposition of the maxillary lateral incisor)
มž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž„แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ primary maxillary second molar แž˜แžปแž“แž–แŸแž›แž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹ แžแŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“ malocclusion in permanent dentition แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แŸ–
Anterior crowding (แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŠแžปแŸ‡แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แŸ’แžšแŸ€แžแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแžถแž„แž˜แžปแž)
มž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž…แž„แŸ’แž€แžผแž˜แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžŠแžปแŸ‡แž˜แž€แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ labial
มž–แž“แŸ’แž™แžถแž–แŸแž›แžŠแžปแŸ‡แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแžปแž€แž‘แžธ1 (delayed eruption of the permanent first molar)
มž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜ Class II แž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถ (Class II relationship on affected side)
มž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜ Class III แž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถ (Class II relationship on affected side)
Anterior cross-bite of a permanent maxillary incisor แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แžถแž›แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžปแŸ‡แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž…แŸ†แžšแžปแŸ‡ แž‚แžบแžแŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ–
Functional shift
มž€แžแŸ’แžแžถแžŠแŸ†แžŽแžšแž–แžผแž‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž–แžทแž”แžถแž€แž”แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž™
มž˜แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž›แžพแžŸแž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“ (Supernumerary teeth) แž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ lingual
Prolonged retention of a primary incisor
มž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžปแžแžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž†แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแžปแŸ‡ Premature eruption of a maxillary incisor
มž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แžขแžถแž™แžป 7แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แž˜แžถแž“ Posterior cross-bite แž˜แŸ’แžแžถแž„แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž†แŸ’แžœแŸแž„ แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžถแž“ Functional shift แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž†แŸ’แžœแŸแž„แŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแž–แž„แŸ’แžšแžธแž€แžขแŸแž€แŸ’แžŸแžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžŸแž„แžแžถแž„
มž€แžถแžšแž–แž„แŸ’แžšแžธแž€แžขแŸแž€แŸ’แžŸแžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž˜แŸ’แžแžถแž„
มžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹ repositioning splint แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแž€แŸ’แžšแžขแžผแž˜แžแžถแž„แž›แžพ
มžแžถแž˜แžŠแžถแž“แžšแž แžผแžแžŠแž›แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ’แžšแžปแž€แžŠแžปแŸ‡แž…แŸแž‰แž˜แž€
มž”แž„แŸ’แžšแžฝแž˜แžขแŸแž€แŸ’แžŸแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแŸ‚แž˜แŸ’แžแžถแž„
มž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แžขแžถแž™แžป 8แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž–แŸ’แžšแŸƒแžšแžฝแž˜แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแžปแž€แž‘แžธ1 แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž€แŸ†แžŽแžถแŸ†แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž“แŸ…แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžถแž“ Cusp-to-cusp แŸ” แžŠแŸ†แžŽแŸ„แŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž™แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžบแŸ–
มž‚แŸ†แžšแŸ„แž„ Serial extraction (แžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแžถแž˜แž›แŸ†แžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แž›แŸ†แžŠแŸ„แž™) แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž“แžผแžœแž€แŸ†แžŽแžถแŸ†แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
มž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผแž“แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž‘แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž–แžแŸ‹แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰ แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž—แžถแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแžแžถแž˜แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž‡แžถแžแžท
มž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แžงแž”แž€แžšแžŽแŸ Cervical Headgear แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแžแž˜แŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž‘แžธแžแžถแŸ†แž„แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž’แŸ†แžแžถแž„แž›แžพ
มžšแŸ†แž›แžธแž„แž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒ Distal แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž–แŸ’แžšแŸƒแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‘แžธ2 แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแžฒแŸ’แž™แž”แž˜แŸ’แžšแŸ‚แž”แž˜แŸ’แžšแžฝแž›แž‘แžธแžแžถแŸ†แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž’แŸ†แžŸแŸ’แžšแžปแž€
มžแžถแž˜แžŠแžถแž“
แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž€แž˜แŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž…แž›แž“แžถแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž‡แŸ’แžšแžปแž›แž–แŸแž€ แžขแžถแž…แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžฒแŸ’แž™แŸ–
 1. แž˜แžถแž“ Hyalinization
 2. แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€แžซแžŸแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
 3. แžŠแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแž‡แžปแŸ†แžœแžทแž‰แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
 4. แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžถแž“แž…แž›แž“แžถแž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มžœแžถแž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ… แž‚แžบแž›แŸ’แžขแžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžŽแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžฒแŸ’แž™แž”แžถแž“แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แž†แžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แž›แŸ’แžขแŸ–
มž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžปแžแžœแžทแž›
มž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แž“แŸ…แžšแžœแžถแž„แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžปแžแžแžถแž„แž›แžพ
Cross-bite แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžถแž“ Midline แž˜แžทแž“แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžพแžš
มž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸแž›แžแžปแžŸแž–แžธแžขแŸแž€แŸ’แžŸ
มžŠแŸ†แžŽแžปแŸ‡แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“ end-to-end bite
มž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžปแžแžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžŠแžปแŸ‡แž…แŸแž‰แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€ Lingual แž‚แžฝแžšแžแŸ‚แŸ–
มž€แŸ‚แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž˜แžปแž“แž–แŸแž›แžœแžถแžŠแžปแŸ‡แž˜แž€แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž”แŸ’แž›แž„แŸ‹แž€แŸ†แžŽแžถแŸ†แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰
มž‘แžปแž€แžฒแŸ’แž™แžœแžถแžŠแžปแŸ‡แžšแž แžผแžแžŠแž›แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžปแžแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžขแžถแž…แž–แžแŸ‹แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹
มž‘แžปแž€แžฒแŸ’แž™แžœแžถแžŠแžปแŸ‡แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆ Cross-bite แž แžพแž™แžŸแžนแž˜แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แžแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™
มž‡แŸ€แžŸแžœแžถแž„แž–แžธแž–แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžŸแŸ†แž–แžถแž’แž“แŸƒแžขแžŽแŸ’แžแžถแžแžขแžถแž…แž“แžนแž„ แž‘แž˜แŸ’แž‘แžนแž˜แž–แŸแž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžœแžถแžŠแžปแŸ‡แž…แŸแž‰แž˜แž€
มž‡แŸ€แžŸแžœแžถแž„แž–แžธแž–แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžŸแŸ†แž–แžถแž’แž“แŸƒแž”แž”แžผแžšแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แž“แžนแž„แžขแŸ„แž™แž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแž”แžถแž“แž›แŸ’แžขแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžš
มž‚แžปแžŽแžœแžทแž”แžแŸ’แžแžทแž…แŸ†แž”แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ Cervical Headgear แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž”แžถแž›แž–แžแŸ‹แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แž˜แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“ แž‚แžบแŸ–
Intrusion แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž…แž„แŸ’แž€แžผแž˜แžแžถแž„แž›แžพ
Extrusion แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžปแžแžแžถแž„แž›แžพ
Extrusion แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แžแŸ’แž‚แžถแž˜แž˜แžปแžแžแžถแž„แž›แžพ
มž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแž‘แž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„ แž€
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž€แžแŸ’แžแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแžถแž›แžฒแŸ’แž™แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžœแŸแž™แž…แŸ†แžŽแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŠแž€แžŠแž„แŸ’แž แžพแž˜แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸ—แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž€แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ—แŸ– 
 1. แžแŸ’แžœแŸ‡แžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแž แž˜ (Anemia)
 2. แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ„แž™แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„
 3. แž’แžถแžแŸ‹
 4. แžšแž›แžถแž€แžŸแž“แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹แž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž€แžถแžšแž”แžพแž€ Mucoperiosteal แž‚แžฝแžšแžแŸ‚แŸ–
 1. แž˜แžพแž›แžƒแžพแž‰แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแž›แŸ’แžข provide for visual access.
 2. แž„แžถแž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž—แžถแžšแŸˆ provide for instrument access.
 3. แžขแž“แžปแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžแžฒแŸ’แž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แžทแž‘แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แž›แžพแž†แŸ’แžขแžนแž„แž”แžถแž“แž›แŸ’แžข permit repositioning over a solid bone base
 4. Be semilunar in shape
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แž“แŸ„แž˜แž€แžแŸ’แžแžถแžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแžพแž€แžแŸ’แžแžถแžŽแžถแžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž™แžพแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแžพ Spherical alloy แž‡แžถแž‡แžถแž„ Admix alloy แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ Amalgam restoration?
 1. Condenser แžŠแŸแž’แŸ†1
 2. แžˆแžพแžŸแŸ’แž‘แŸ€แž (Wedge)
 3. แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžŸแž„แŸ’แž€แžแŸ‹
 4. Soft matrix band
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แžแžพ Benzodiazepine แž˜แžถแž“แžฅแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž–แž›แžขแŸ’แžœแžธแžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡?
 1. Anxiolytic
 2. Sedative
 3. Anti convulsant
 4. Analgesic"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแžŸแŸ’แžแŸแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แž—แžถแžšแŸ‡แžแžถแŸ†แž–แžปแž˜แŸ’แž–แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž–แžธ Poly ether แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸ‡แž›แŸ’แžข แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ‚แŸ’แžแžœแžถ แž“แžนแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแŸ‚แž”แŸ’แžšแžฝแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžšแžŽแžธแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแŸ†แž—แžถแžšแŸ‡แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แŸ”
มžขแžแŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแžแžทแž‘แžนแž€แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž“แŸ‹
มž‘แžปแž€แžฒแŸ’แž™แž”แžบแžแž‘แžนแž€แž‘แŸ€แž แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž–แŸแž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžšแžนแž„
มž€แŸ†แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž˜แžทแž“แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžพ
มž†แžถแž”แŸ‹แž™แž€แž–แžปแž˜แŸ’แž–แž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแž˜แžถแžแŸ‹แž–แŸแž€
มž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž‡แžถแžแžทแž‡แŸแžš Latex
แž€แžถแžšแžŠแž€แž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž›แžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แŸ–
 1. แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบแž”แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžผแž„ (myocardial infection )2 แžแŸ‚แž˜แžปแž“
 2. แžแŸ’แžŸแŸ„แž™แž€แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž‰ Thyroid (hypothyroid)
 3. แž˜แžถแž“ Factor VIII deficiency
 4. แž˜แžถแž“ Pregnant 4 แžแŸ‚
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹etching แž›แžพ dentin แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‡แžถแžแžทแžขแžถแžŸแžธแž phosphoric 10-15% แžšแž™แŸ‡แž–แŸแž› 15-20 s แžขแžถแž…แŸ”
 1. แž™แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžพแž„แŸ— แž…แŸแž‰แžฌแž€แŸ†แž‘แŸแž…แž€แŸ†แž‘แžธแžแžผแž…แŸ— แž…แŸแž‰
 2. แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž“แžผแžœ แž€แžถแžšแž‡แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ Dentine
 3. แž”แžพแž€ Dentinal tubules
 4. แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™ Inter tubularแž“แžทแž„ per tubular แž›แŸ‚แž„แž’แŸ’แžœแžพ calcification"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ acid-etc hed แž›แžพ enamel แž แžพแž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพ bonding แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž“แžถแŸ†แžฒแŸ’แž™แŸ–
มž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แžแŸ’แžœแŸ‡แžแžถแžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ resin
มž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแŸ†แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ enamel
มž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แžถแžšแžแŸ’แžœแŸ‡แž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แžแžผแž…แŸ—
มž›แžปแž”แž”แŸ†แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แž…แŸ„แž›แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ€แžœแž’แŸ’แž˜แŸแž‰แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž แžพแž™
มž”แž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž˜แž“แžผแžœแž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž’แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ lomposite แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž—แžถแž–แžŸแžบแž€
แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แž“แŸ„แž˜แžŸแžธแž˜แŸ‰แž„แŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜ แžแžพแžŸแžธแž˜แŸ‰แž„แŸ‹1แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„ enamel
 1. Zine phosphate cement
 2. Poly carboxyl ate cement
 3. Ethoxy benzoic acid cement
 4. Glass ionomer cement"
(1) , (2) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(1) แž“แžทแž„ (3) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(2) แž“แžทแž„ (4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
(4) แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ
มž”แŸ’แžšแžพ Pin แž‡แžถ retention แŸ–
มž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแžšแž แŸ‚แž€แž›แžพ cuspid แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ‰แŸ‡
มž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แžŸแž„แŸ’แž€แžแŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ Amalgam
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž“แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž’แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ Amalgam
มž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžฒแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžšแžนแž„แž˜แžถแŸ†
มž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™แž€แžถแžšแžแŸ’แžœแŸ‡แžแžถแž แžฌแž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡แžแžผแž…แŸ—แžŠแŸ„แž™ pin แž—แŸ’แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž“แžทแž„ Amalgam
มžแžพแž‡แžถแž›แžทแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแž—แŸแž‘แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แŸ’แž”แŸ‹แžŠแžŽแŸ’แžแž”แŸ‹แž›แžพแž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแžŸแž“แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹ tempera mandibular แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ”
Hyaline cartilage
Fibro cartilage
Epithelium
Connective tissue แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถ fibrous แž€แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŽแŸ‚แž“แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แŸ”
Fibrous connective tissue แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž’แžผแžšแž›แžปแž„แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แŸ”
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