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Dental hygiene 202

According to Darby and Walsh if a dental hygienist sees his or her practice as scientific based, uses prevention strategy, and functions as a cotherapist, he or she is operating according to what conceptual model?

Occupational

Professional

Scientific

Research

Why is dental hygiene research important?

To improve the public's oral health

To advance and promote the profession of dental hygiene

To continue advancing practice

All of these

All of the following is private practice methodology except ________.

Identifies chief complain

Makes diagnosis

Makes observations

Imitates treatment intervention

Place the Steps of the Scientific Method in the correct order.

Match each step from research methodology in column 2 to the appropriate process from private practice methodology in column 1. (LEARN THIS ORDER)

1.IDENTIFIES CHIEF COMPLAIN

2. TAKES HEALTH HISTORY

3. MAKES DIAGNOSIS

4. DETERMINES TREATMENT PLAN

5. OBTAINS INFORMED CONSENT

5. INITIATES TREATMENT INTERVENTION

6. RECALLS OR REEVALUATES

Who is the founder of dental hygiene?

Irene Newman

Alfred Fones

Jack Orio

Christine Nathe

If dental hygiene is to evolve as a specific scientific discipline, ________.

Focus must be placed on being a field of study with a discipline interest

We must compile information from many disciplines and adapt it for a complete dental hygiene base

A research base solely generated by the profession must be established

We must ensure that all dental hygienists lobby for higher pay and more jobs

Evidence-Based Practice means ________.

Using known methods and anecdotes

Using known methods with predictable results and scientific method

Using known methods with unpredictable results and scientific method.

Using known methods with predictable results, anecdotes, and scientific method.

Which source provides funding for the educational and research activities of dental hygienists?

ADHA Institute of Oral Health

Local businesses

Chip

Medicaid

Evidence-based practice takes into account which preferences?

Local government

Patient

Nonclinical

Experimental approaches

None of these

Which of the following is NOT part of the Research Methodology Analogy?

Takes survey/makes observation about a population

Conducts literature review

Develops research question or hypothesis

Determines treatment plan

Obtains informed consent

What is a body of techniques that uses observation, reason, and experimentation to further evidence?

Science measurement

Scientific method

Evidence-based method

Retroactive method

Both Science measurement and Scientific method

The purpose of dental hygiene research is to ________.

Establish that anecdotal recommendations are preferred methods of treatment

Prove that all patients are universally the same and need the same universal treatment methods

Justify things like making sure plaque is removed prior to fluoride application

Establish a scientifically based standard of care for dental hygiene practice

What is the first step of the scientific method?

Form an educated guess (hypothesis)

Perform an experiment

Name the problem or question

Conduct the research

Which is NOT an attribute of Scholarly Identity?

Gives little regard to the work of other dental hygiene scholars and disciplines

Disseminates the findings of one's work through scientific publication

Has a sense of dental hygiene discipline as a whole

Uses evidence to support one's viewpoint

Ethical behavior in research may be described as what is ________.

Right

Legal

Fair

Both right and legal

All of these

Bioethics, an important aspect of conducting research, refers to the inherent role of ethics in health care and the established norms that distinguish between morally acceptable and unacceptable research practices.

The first statement is true; the second statement is false.

The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

Both statements are true.

Both statements are false

An institutional review board should include which roles?

Ensures that the rights and safety of the research subjects are respected and protected

Protects the institution and the researchers against lawsuits

Holds the researchers accountable to the public

All of these

The most compelling ethical dilemma with the Tuskegee Study was which of the following?

Did not make the study consent available in all languages

Plagiarism of test results

Did not offer Curative Treatment that was available

Researchers became too close with subjects

Informed consent, another ethical consideration, requires educating a subject in a research study about the study's purpose, duration, experimental procedures, alternatives, risks, and benefits.

True

False

When research involves human subjects, an informed consent must be obtained because subjects should always understand the research in which they are participating.

Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.

Both the statement and the reason are correct but NOT related.

The statement is correct but the reason is NOT.

The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.

NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

Research misconduct may include ________

Plagiarism

Falsifying or fabricating data

All of these

What group is charged with reviewing the ethical implications of a research study?

Health access group

Institutional review board

Ethic study board

Bioethics review group

Both Health access group and Ethic study board

What act adds to the confidentiality of patient records?

HIPPO

HIPAA

IRB

BEG

Both HIPPO and HIPAA

When a covered entity conducts clinical research involving protected health information (PHI), dental hygienists-investigators must understand the HIPAA privacy rules' restrictions on the use and disclosure of patients' PHI, such as information from a patient's medical chart or test results, as well as an individual's billing information for medical services rendered, when that information is held or transmitted by an entity. PHI also includes identifiable health information about subjects of clinical research gathered by a researcher who is a health care provider.

The first statement is true; the second statement is false

The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

Both statements are true.

Both statements are false.

Making good ethical decisions in research can help an institution, researchers, and society as a whole. On the other hand, poor ethical choices tend to accumulate or snowball and can sometimes become unethical habits, which can affect all of us.

The first statement is true; the second statement is false

The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

Both statements are true.

Both statements are false.

The Nuremberg Code was a result of ________.

The absence of research protocol from a university

A trial that was run without due process

War crimes trials

Universal report that was developed in the early 21st century

The Belmont Report describes ethical principles and guidelines for research involving human subjects. Identified principles include which of the following?

Respect for persons

Specific guidelines for war

Roles of institutions

None of these

Ethics, in a "nutshell," is about doing the right thing.

True

False

Government entities such as the state department review research conducted in the private sector.

True

False

A study in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows who is using a product or placebo is termed ________.

Double-blind

Blind

Cross-over

Double cross-over

None of these

In a posttest-only design, the independent variable is introducing and then the dependent variable is measured.

True

False

A study that uses questionnaires, opinionnaires, interviews, and indexes is called a ________.

Survey

Document analysis

Quasi-experimental

Developmental

None of these

Stratifying a sample would define information such as age, gender, sex, income level, or educational levels.

True

False

Which study approximates the true experimental approach but lacks the control of true experimentation?

Survey

Quasi-experimental

Clinical

Retroactive

None of these

Which study tries to investigate cause-and-effect relationships and involves manipulation of variables?

Trend

Experimental

Correlational

Survey

All of these

Which approach studies the meaning of past events?

Case study

Case control

Descriptive

Historical

All of these

The attempt to identify and describe the topic being researched is ________.

Objective

Analytic

Descriptive

Subjective

All of these

Which type of approach describes and interprets current events or situations?

Ex post facto

Descriptive

Case cohort

Case control

None of these

Posttest sensitization is the effect of the pretest on the outcome of the study.

True

false

Which type of research studies the same population over an extended period of time?

Case control

Longitudinal study

Correlational study

Survey

Both Case control and Longitudinal study

Which type of research, for example, considers the effect of intraoral sodium bicarbonate rinses on the periodontal ligament of laboratory rats?

Case study

Case contro

Experimental

Correlational

None of these

Which approach measures the relationship between variables?

Correlational

Experimental

Ex post facto

Case control

All of these

Which type of study investigates existing differences to determine possible causes?

Experimental

Ex post facto

Correlational

Quasi-experimental

None of these

Which type of study is an in-depth report on a single person, group, event, or situation?

Quasi-experimental

Correlational

Case study

Experimental

None of these

To report an average without a measure of dispersion can misrepresent the data

True

False

What involves the application of statistical tests to the data in order to organize, describe, summarize, and analyze it to answer a research question or test a hypothesis?

Causality

Data interpretation

Data assessment

Data analysis

Both Causality and Data assessment

Characteristics of effective tables and graphs include ________.

Appearance

Accuracy

Clarity

Both Appearance and Accuracy

All of these

Which of the following represents the average distance of each score from the mean?

Variance

Square deviation

Range

Both Variance and Square deviation

All of these

Which of the following can be determined by examining the mean and median of the distribution?

Gaussian distribution

Bell curve

Normal bell distribution

Skew

None of these

The mode is the ________.

Most frequently occurring value

Average

Midpoint

Both Most frequently occurring value and Average

All of these

Which theorem suggests that if an infinite number of randomly selected samples is drawn from a population, the means of the samples tend to be normally distributed, and the average of the sample mean is very close to the mean?

Bell distribution

Normal distribution

Central limit

Skew

None of these

Which is determined by subtracting the highest score from the lowest score?

Standard deviation

Range

Variance

Both Standard deviation and Range

All of these

This error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected, and it is true.

Type IV

Type II

Type III

Type I

None of these

A histogram uses dots on a frequency table

True

False

Which is the most common correlation coefficient?

Analysis of variance

Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient

Student t test

Pearson product–moment correlation coefficient

All are equally common.

The mean is commonly considered to be the ________

Most frequently occurring value

Midpoint

Average

Both Most frequently occurring value and Midpoint

All of these

Most events in this world tend to fall into a bell-shaped curve called a normal distribution, sometimes called the ________.

Left skew

Positive skew

Gaussian distribution

Right skew

None of these

The mean of the following set of values is 3: 7, 7, 8, 8, and 5.

True

False

A bar graph is used to present categorical data.

True

False

Which is a perfect correlation?

+.75

+.98

-98

The median is the ________.

Average

Most frequently occurring value

Midpoint

Both Average and Most frequently occurring value

All of these

What requires that critical thinking be used to explain the meaning and application of the findings and identify possible factors that could influence the results?

Data analysis

Interpretation

Data assessment

Causality

None of these

The following set of values has two modes: 7, 7, 8, 8, 5.

True

False

This refers to a relationship or association between variables that can be measured mathematically.

Set limit theorem

Correlation

Trend

Causality

Both Set limit theorem and Correlation

Observational studies can be conducted to infer causality.

True

False

The prevention agenda for the United States is discussed in which publication?

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

Healthy People 2010

Global Oral Data Bank

Prevention USA

None of these

The theory that a disease can be attributed to many factors is termed ________.

Multifactorial

Cause-and-effect

Dimensional

Naturalization

None of these

The study of disease in a target population is called ________.

Etiology

Causality

Epidemiology

Naturalization

All of these

What source contains oral epidemiological data from around the world?

Prevention Internationa

Federation Dentaire Internationale

Global Oral Data Bank

International Federation of Dental Hygienists

None of these

A risk marker is an attribute that is associated with the increased probability of disease but is not considered to have a causal role.

True

False

Causality means that a particular exposure results in a particular outcome.

True

False

What publication is a compilation of cogent issues currently studied?

Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report

Healthy People 2000

Call to Action

Healthy People 2010

None of these

A risk indicator is a modifiable attribute that is known to be associated with a health condition.

True

False

Establishing risk is the same as establishing causality.

True

False

Bacterial plaque converts all foods, especially sugar, into acid.

True

False

Periodontal disease is caused by convergence of bacteria and an aggressive ________.

Toothbrushing technique

Flossing technique

Immune response

Both Toothbrushing technique and Flossing technique

None of these

Dental caries is the most common of all diseases.

True

False

Root caries are most common in teenagers.

True

False

The host response is important in severe periodontitis.

True

False

In the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), how many adults were found to have gingivitis?

20%

50%

70%

75%

None of these

The number of new cases of a disease in a population over a given period of time is called ________.

Incidence

Prevalence

Morbidity

Mortality

All of these

The number of all existing cases of a disease in a population measured at a given point is called ________.

Incidence

Prevalence

Morbidity

Mortality

None of these

Overall, the prevalence of both partial and total tooth loss in adults has ________.

Increased

Decreased

Stayed the same

Doubled in numbers

None of these

Significant health disparities exist in different ethnic groups.

True

False

A dental hygienist should recommend products based on the ADA Seal

True

False

The ADA Seal of Acceptance program is regulated by the ________.

Institute of Medicine

Food and Drug Administration

American Dental Hygienists' Association

American Medical Association

American Dental Association

In the scientific community it is considered the cutoff point for statistical significance if a p value is equal or less than ________.

.05

.50

.005

None of these

A peer-reviewed article indicates that the article has been reviewed by ________.

An editor from the publishers

Editorial reviewers who are copyeditors

Editorial reviewers who are dental providers/researchers

Both An editor from the publishers and Editorial reviewers who are copyeditors

All of these

Which of the following parts of a research report should include a detailed description of the research instruments, equipment, procedures, and method of data analysis?

Methods and materials

Literature review

Introduction

Results

Conclusion

A study should be randomized if at all possible.

True

False

Which of the following parts of a research report should include a variety of current and relevant studies?

Results

Abstract

Conclusion

Literature review

Introduction

Which of the following parts of a research report should contain a condensed version of the purpose, methods, results, and conclusion?

Conclusion

Discussion

Review of the literature

Abstract

Introduction

Which of the following sources can be used to locate information on dental care products?

Sales representatives

Internet

Colleagues

Lay magazines

All of these

Which of the following parts of a research report should include a summary of all relevant data, including statistics and data characteristics?

Abstract

Results

Methods and materials

Discussion

Both Results and Discussion

Currently dental products are under the regulation of which government department?

Institute of Medicine

Food and Drug Administration

Institute of Pharmacy

American Dental Association

None of these

The FDA provides dental professionals with information concerning various health products through their FDA ________.

Review

Writings

Times

Bulletin

PubMed is a reliable source to find research reports and is from the ________.

Food and Drug Administration

Dental Museum

National Library of Medicine

National Library of Dentistry

All of these

Studies need to have enough subjects to be valid.

True

False

Which of the following parts of a research report should evaluate and interpret findings?

Results

Abstract

Discussion

Conclusion

Literature review

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