Anatomy and physiology

The Morganroth hypothesis suggests that

Endurance athletes have more muscular hearts

Endurance athletes have larger volume hearts

Power athletes have more muscular hearts

Power athletes have larger volume hearts

What can regulate blood volume by osmotic effects

Nitric oxide

Beetroot juice

Plasma proteins

VEGF

Blood can carry roughly ___ml of oxygen per litre

100

200

300

400

Plasma volume increases can occur in ____ days of training

100

1000

A longitudinal training study showed that a doubling in mitochondrial enzymes corresponded to a

20-40% VO2 max increase

VO2 max halved

VO2 max remained the same

Isolated muscle can use more O2 than non isolated

After what age is ~1% of VO2 max lost per year

VO2 max is only found ___% of the time by the primary criterion

100

The Haldane transformation assumes that

N2 is inert

O2 is inert

Air consists of O2, N2, CO2

V(I)=V(E)

1 calorie is the energy required to raise 1kg of water by 1 degree

True

False

What makes up the fast component of EPOC

Indirect calorimetry is only appropriate in the range of RER between

0.5 and 1

0.7 and 1

0.8 and 1.1

1 and 1.2

BMR reduces by how much (roughly) per decade

2-3%

7-8%

15%

1 MET =

1ml/kg/min

2.5ml/kg/min

3.5ml/kg/min

5ml/kg/min

Trained individuals have ____ fat maxes

Higher

Lower

Most lactate is cleared by the

Muscle

Liver

Kidneys

Myocardium

The name for reconverting lactate to NADH and pyruvate is

Beta oxidation

Cori cycle

Lactate shuttling

Ketosis

Lactate threshold is the first significant elevation ____mmol/L above resting

0.1

0.5

Lactate turnpoint can be found by

Dmod method

Second increase in 0.5mmol/L from previous stage

Plateau

Moderate intensity threshold could be found with lactate as being

<2mmol/L

1-4mmol/L

2-8mmol/L

>8mmol/L

Which of these are ways to identify high intensity exercise

BLa < 8mmol/L

VO2 > 90% max

60-80% max HR

12-16 on Borg scale

Phase I (cardiodynamic) phase of O2 uptake roughly lasts

10s

20s

30s

40s

The slow portion of O2 uptake occurs because

Higher power outputs use more fat

Higher power outputs use more inefficient fibre types

The heart/lungs can't keep up

The myosin heavy chain isoform differs between fibre types, meaning that

Troponin-Ca binding changes

Power stroke mechanics change

ATPase activity changes

VEGF concentration changes

Mitochondria are seen to increase in what way (primarily) as a response to training

Size

Number

Mitochondrial biogenesis is stimulated by increases AMP/ATP activating

Creatine Kinase

Phosphofructokinase

PGC-1alpha

Lipases

Insulin sensitivity is mostly changed by

Duration of exercise

Intensity of exercise

Type of exercise

GLUT 4 causes

Increased glycolysis

Increased protein anabolism

Increased glucose uptake

Increased CO2 output

Central chemoreceptors detect CO2 increase in

Carotid bodies

Aortic arch

Cerebrospinal fluid

Extremities

Ventilatory threshold is the ____ break in ventilation/O2 curve

First

Second

Ventilatory equivalent of oxygen =

VO2/VI

VI/VO2

VO2*VI

VI-VO2

Respiratory compensation point is seen around the point of

Lactate threshold

MLSS

VO2 max

What other factors can increase ventilation

High core temp

K+ increase

Mechanoreceptor stimulation

Dead space ventilation is

The air in the airways

The oxygen breathed out

The air that goes through the larynx

The redirection of blood to respiratory muscles under fatigue is known as

Respiratory compensation point

Respiratory threshold

Metaboreflex

Respiratory turnpoint

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