KU107G 21

The concept "Verisimilitude" = "Falsifiable"

According to "Scientific Realism" - "Reality" exists independently of humans and their beliefs

"Naive Realism" - Believes there is a hidden/invisible reality somewhere behind what we directly can see with our eyes

"Anti-Realist" philosophy of science has no convincing explaination for why technology and other applications of science work so well

According to "Scientific Realism" - Reality "resists" interactions that are based on false theories

Freud´s theories cannot be falsified, because they can always explain everything

Einstein´s theory of relativity is falsifiable, but has never been falsified so far

The "Theory of evolution" is unfalsifiable

Einstein´s theory was famously put to a highly risky test during total solar eclipse

Revelations of the truth recieved directly to the mind of a special individual from supernatural beings, are accepted in science as an alternative way to discover truths about reality

Psychological myths can be harmful and accepting them can impede our ability to think critically

According to Popper, the criterion of the scientific status of a theory is its falsifiability, or its testability

According to Scientific Realism, science makes progress towards higher "truthlikeness"

Scientific journals use a quality-control system called "peer-review" to decide what studies deserve to be published

Camillo Golgi immediately gave up his "Reticular Theory" after the scientific community had concluded that the theory goes against the evidence

Only people holding PhD degrees or high academic positions are allowed to publish studies in scientific journals

Some famous scientists, such as Einstein and Newton, have been lifted to the position of being "Absolute Authorities" in science

A "Closed Belief System" is forever fixed and does not allow any changes or new ideas added to it

The claim that "People only use 10% of their brain power" is supported in the newest scientific evidence in cognitive neuroscience

According to Popper, the theory of evolution predicts that "Pre-Cambrian Rabbits" and "Jurassic Humans" will be found in the fossil record

Already ancient Egyptians understood that the brain is crucially important as the seat of the human mind and soul

Hippocrates worked as the surgeon of Roman gladiators in Rome and there discovered that the brain is necessary for the mind

In Aristotle´s theory, the brain is the seat of the "Noble Passions"

"Trepanation" (or "Trepanning") refers to the prehistoric practise in which holes were intentionally made into the skulls of living humans

The "Ventricle Theory" localizes the mind into the Pineal Gland, a structure in the middle of the brain

Vesalius published the first detailed anatomical drawings of the structure of the human brain

According to Descartes´s theory, nerves conduct electricity

Phrenology included the theoretical idea of "Functional Localization" of different psychological functions into different parts of the brain

The "Holistic" theories presented by Flourens, Lashley, and Golgi turned out to be false

Wilder Penfield is famous for his studies using direct electrical stimulation of the conscious brain, providing evidence for functional localization in the brain

Brodmann´s work in mapping the brain to many different numbered areas was based on the method called "ERPs"

A patient suffering from Wernicke´s Aphasia may produce a lot of speech, but it doesn´t make any sense

"Double Dissociation" refers to the differences between the "Facilitation Effect" and the "Interference Effect" in the "Stroop Task"

The brain uses the exactly same visual recognition system to recognize both visually percieved objects and faces

"Patterns of performance" in neuropsychological patients refer to the combination of preserved and damaged cognitive functions

"Functional Decomposition" describes the "flowchart" or "map" of the information processing stages that are involved in a complex task, such as face recognition

An experiment in cognitive neuroscience needs to include a control condition (where the cognitive function is "off") and an experimental condition (where the same function is "on")

Before we can be sure about localizing a cognitive function a certain part of the brain, covering evidence from multiple studies is needed

To do single-cell recordings, cell staining methods and microscopy must be used

When a stimulus falls into the "Receptive Field" of a neuron, the neuron immediatly stops firing

MRI gives a more accurate image of brain structure than methods using X-rays

PET is a method of funtional brain imaging

The abbreviation "fMRI" comes from the words "functional Magnetic Röntgen Imaging"

Hans Berger discovered the EEG when he was searching for "Psychic energy" in the brain

PET uses unstable radioactive isotopes that are tagged into a "tracer" molecule

MEG picks up gamma rays that are coming out from the brain

EEG and MEG are faster and have better temporal resolution than fMRI or PET

The classical frequency bands in the EEG (such as "alpha", "beta", "theta") refer to how many "waves" per second can be sen in the ongoing EEG signal

The brain is generating electromagnetic activity all by itself, spontaneously and naturally

What we really see in functional brain images, are images of the mind and the soul, and where exactly they are localized inside the brain