Heilzu-blóðfall kafla próf 2

1. Anna knew that increasing physical activity would be beneficial to her health and she felt that she would be able to increase her daily physical activity because of her past experience. Additionally, her family had always been physically active and she knew that they would support her to become more physically active. Which health theory/model is referred to in this example to increase physical activity?

The Transtheoretical Model

Theory of Planned Behaviour

Stages of Change Model

The Health Belief Model

Kynfræðingar hafa rannsakað kynlíf með það að markmiði að:

Upphefja áhersluna á ánægju og minnka skömm

Bjarga hjónaböndum

Komast að því hvað gerist þegar fólk stundar kynlíf

Allir svarmöguleikar eru réttir

Physical activity and health: Which of the following is not true?

Physical activity does improve subjective health status

Physical activity has been shown to improve health in terms of longevity

Physical activity improves a number of chronic illnesses

Physical activity is not an effective treatment approach for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)

Physical activity (PA) influences our brain in many ways but what part of the brain does PA have most impact on throughout our lives?

Prefrontal cortex (Fram-ennisbörkinn)

Hypothalamus (Undirstúkuna)

Amygdala (Möndluna)

Hippocampus (Drekann)

Increasing physical activity: Which of the following is not true?

Wearing a step counter can increase daily physical activity

Work based physical activity interventions are a useful way to target a large number of people

Increasing time spent on physical activity at school can increase activity without having negative effect on academic performance

Mass media physical activity campaigns have a large impact on behaviour

Matthew has been working 9-5 job for 5 years and barely stands up when he is working. In his free time he likes to play chess and read books. Matthew has gained a considerable amount of weight the last couple of years. Recently he has felt tired and has decided to go to the doctor. Which of the following is not one of the consequences that the doctor explains might be related to Matthews sedentary behaviour:

Increased insulin sensitivity

Negative effect on blood fat and coagulation

Changed gene activity of skeleton muscles

Decreased energy use

The development of food preferences can be understood in terms of exposure because:

The impact of exposure to new foods is accumulative

An individual only needs to try a food once to change a food preference

it has no relationship to food avoidance

Daily exposure to a food can reduce their food preference

Some problems with the cognitive model approach to eating behaviour include:

Independent variables are conceptually separate from the dependant variables they are being used to predict

The model predicts actual behaviour leaving no variance to be explained by undefined factors

This perspective uses qualitative methods and does not use questionnaires

It assumes behaviour is a consequence of rational thought

Overeating has been suggested as a form of rebellion because:

The greatest form of rebellion is going on a diet

Self-imposed limits such as when on a diet may activate a desire to rebel against these limits

Dieting can lead to feelings of decreased concern with body shape

Overeating is enjoyable

Several treatments have been used to reset disrupted circadian rhythms. Which of the following treatments has the lowest patient burden?

Physical activity treatment

A combination of psychological and physical activity treatment

Psychological treatment

Light treatment

Merktu við þá tölfræði sem snýst ekki um félagsleg norm tengd matarsóun

7 af 10 telja að umræða um matarsóun hafi aukist

Sjö af hverjum tíu reyna að lágmarka matarsóun

Matarsóun skilar sér í 8–10% af hnattrænni losun gróðurhúsalofttegunda

7% fleiri draga núna úr matarsóun vegna umhverfisins samanborið við árið 2015

Hver eru tengsl milli aldurs og notkunar getnaðarvarna?

Yngra fólk notar meira af bæði smokkum og pillunni en eldra fólk

Yngra fólk notar sjaldnar smokka og pillu en eldra fólk

Aldur hefur ekki áhrif á notkun smokka og pillu heldur viðhorf notenda

Yngra fólk notar smokka en eldra fólk pilluna

7. Í ljósi þess að hegðun hefur áhrif á heilsu, hvað er talið hafa skaðleg áhrif á heilsu karla?

Ekki er enn vitað hvað veldur því að karlar lifa skemur en konur

Náttúruval veldur því að karlar deyja frekar af sjúkdómum en konur

Þeir framleiða minna estrógen sem ver okkur fyrir hjarta- og æðasjúkdómum og því deyja þeir frekar af þeim orsökum

Þeir borða óhollara, reykja og drekka meira, stunda frekar áhættu-íþróttir og eiga fleiri bólfélaga auk þess sem þeir leita síður til heilbrigðiskerfisins

What are green nudges?

Positive, green messages to encourage sustainable behaviour

All answers are correct

New and green choices designed to overcome common cognitive biases

Green solutions that make the sustainable choice the easy choice

Associative learning indicates:

All answers are correct

Rewarding eating behaviour can impact food preference

Food can be used as a reward to promote certain behaviour

Food cues can be paired with aspects of the environment

Íbúar sem búa innan miðborgar Stórborgar geta sótt um íbúakort til að geta lagt í gjaldskyld stæði. Íbúakortin kosta 5.000 krónur á mánuði fyrir bensín-/dísilbíla en 2.500 fyrir rafmagnsbíla. Borgarstjórn Stórborgar ákvað nýverið að breyta reglunum um íbúakort þannig að íbúar þurfi að endurnýja kortin á hálfs árs fresti í staðinn fyrir árlega. Ákvörðun borgarstjórnar Stórborgar er dæmi um...

Hvernig hægt er að nota keppnir til að auka samkeppni um bílastæði

Hvernig hægt er að nota ívilnanir til að hvetja fleiri til að nota rafmagnsbíla

Hvernig refsingar eru notaðar sem aðför að einkabílnum

Hvernig hægt er að búa til hindranir sem gera einkabílinn minna aðlaðandi valkost

What chronotype (dægurgerð) is of greatest risk of developing social jet lag (samfélagsþreyta)?

A late chronotype

All chronotypes have the same chances of developing social jet lag

A medium chronotype

An early chronotype

12. The dragons of inaction (drekar aðgerðaleysis) represent psychological barriers, that hold an individual back from doing something, e.g., taking action to deal with climate change. What of the following is not one of the seven dragons?

Discredence towards experts

Perceived risks of change

Comparison with others

Fear of failure

Which of the following is not included in the description of the Metabolic Syndrom (MetS)?

Elevated fasting blood sugar

Increased blood pressure

Increased HDL cholesterol

Large waist circumference

Poor sleep promotes increased body weight and higher percentage of body fat by triggering:

An increase in both ghrelin and leptin

An increase in ghrelin and a decrease in leptin and cortisol

A decrease in ghrelin and an increase in leptin

An increase in ghrelin and a decrease in leptin

Ragna er 91 árs gömul, býr ein heima hjá sér, er dugleg að hitta fólk og fer leiða sinna gangandi eða á bílnum sínum. Undanfarið hefur hún tekið eftir því að hún er ekki eins snögg að bregðast við þegar hún þarf að stoppa bílinn eða taka af stað á ljósum. Einnig finnst henni hún vera farin að gleyma og nætursvefninn ekki eins góður og hann hefur yfirleitt verið. Hvað af eftirfarandi gæti skýrt þessa breytingu hjá Rögnu?

Allir svarmöguleikar eru réttir

Aldurstengd uppsöfnun prótíns í heila

Röskun í sogæðakerfi heilans (glymphatic system) vegna aldurs

Ónógur svefn dregur úr hugrænni virkni

Which of the following is true about later chronotypes:

Later chronotypes with depression report higher SSRI medication efficacy than early chronotypes

Later chronotypes have a more stable mood

Later chronotypes with depression report lower SSRI medication efficacy than early chronotypes

Having a later chronotype is not considered a risk factor for depression

A role has been suggested for dieting in mood and cognitive changes such as:

Food restriction resulting in increased preoccupation with food

Reduced daily food intake leading to increased ability to concentrate

Self-imposed dieting leading to increased feelings of happiness

Dieting leading to an increase in energy and enthusiasm

What psychological processes may play a role in whether men seek help?

Symptom perception, illness cognitions and social triggers can play a role

Illness cognitions and whether the illness can be ignored

Whether the man has the time and energy to visit a doctor

Only symptom perception dictates if a man seeks help

A sleep disorder which is described by poor control of sleep-wake cycles and involves, for example, abnormal REM sleep is called:

REM sleep disfunction

Insomnia

Narcolepsy

Apnea

Það að verða þunguð ung og ákveða að fara í þungunarrof ræðst af ólíkum þáttum. Þættir sem rannsakaðir hafa verið og auka líkur á að þungunarrof verði fyrir valinu frekar en að eignast barn eru:

Að móðir þeirrar þunguðu hafi sögu um þungunarrof

Hærra atvinnustig heimilis og betri einkunnir í skóla

Að eiga kærasta og njóta stuðnings ríkra foreldra

Lagaleg staða þungunarrofs í heimalandinu

What does the acronym EAST stand for?

Easy; Attainable; Social; Timely

Easy; Attainable; Sustainable; Timely

Easy; Attractive; Social; Timely

Easy; Attractive; Sustainable; Timely

Developmental models of eating behaviour have been criticised because:

It explicitly describes the cognitions of the meanings of food

Much of the research in this area has been conducted in the field which means alternative explanations cannot be excluded

It doesn't account for the various different meanings of food such as power and culture

It explores the meanings of the body such as attractiveness

Exercise: Which of the following is not true?

Exercisers have not been shown to differ to non-exercisers in their beliefs about the benefits of exercise

Self-efficacy is an important mediator between intentions to exercise and actual exercise

A lot of exercise is habitual

Pre-contemplators may not exercise because they cannot think of any reason to do so

In the Community-Based Social Marketing approach to change behaviour, four combinations of _____ and _____ are put forward.

A. barriers; social norms

B. benefits; social norms

C. Social norms; marketing approach

Benefits; barriers

Reasons for why woman life longer than men can be many but one of them is not:

Oestrogen can protect against cardiovascular disease

In order to survive childbirth, women need to be stronger than men

Higher neonatal death rate among female vs. Male babies

General higher robustness of females vs. males

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