FSH104 Biology
A benign tumour is one that
Does not give rise to secondary tumours elsewhere in the body
Does not press on, or interfere with, surrounding organs
Eventually stops growing by itself without treatment
Promotes the formation of secondary tumours elsewhere in the body
A frameshift mutation will
Alter the coded information on a whole chromosome containing the frameshift mutation
Result in a nucleotide substitution
Will dramatically alter the amino-acid composition of the encoded protein
Will change the position of one amino-acid in the encoded protein
A major class of proteins in the extracellular matrix comprises 3 polypeptide chains, each rich in glycine and proline, tightly wound around each other in a left-handed helix. These proteins are called
Elastins
Collagens
Fibronectins
Proteoglycans
A ribosome is
An organelle that is the site of protein synthesis
An organelle that acts as the powerhouse of the cell
A type of carbohydrate (sugar)
A fragment of a chromosome
Although genes are composed of double-stranded DNA, only one of the strands contains the information to make the protein. The RNA polymerase is directed to transcribe the correct strand because of
The position of the AUG ‘start’ methionine codon
The position of the promoter sequence
The orientation of the DNA strands
None of the above
An oncogene is
Exactly the same thing as a tumour suppressor gene
A gene that is associated with the onset of cancer
A gene found in haploid cells but not in diploid cells
A gene found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells
An unsaturated fatty acid is one that
Is embedded in a lipid bilayer
Has at least one C=C double bond
Has no C=C double bond
Is joined to glycerol
Because there are more codons than amino-acids
Some codons specify more than one amino-acid
Some amino-acids are specified by more than one codon
Some amino-acids do not have codons
Some amino-acids are specified by five codons
Binding of the first messenger to a G-protein-coupled receptor causes
ONLY a conformational change in the receptor protein; nothing else
NO conformational change in the receptor protein but the receptor DOES interact with a G-protein located on the inner side of the cell membrane
NO conformational change in the receptor protein and the receptor DOES NOT interact with a G-protein located on the inner side of the cell membrane
Conformational change in the receptor protein; the receptor THEN interacts with a G-protein located on the inner side of the cell membrane
Cell signalling processes where the messenger molecules are produced by one type of cell, travel in the bloodstream and act on a different type of target cell(s) are described as
Paracrine
Endocrine
Autocrine
Isocrine
Cellulose, found in plants and paper, is
A polymer of beta-D-glucose with beta-1,4 links
A polymer of alpha-D-glucose with alpha-1,4 links and alpha-1,6 branches
A polymer of beta-D-glucosamine with beta-1,4 links
A polymer of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine with beta-1,4 links
Chitin, found in insect shells, is
A polymer of beta-D-glucose with beta-1,4 links
A polymer of alpha-D-glucose with alpha-1,4 links and alpha-1,6 branches
A polymer of beta-D-glucosamine with beta-1,4 links
A polymer of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine with beta-1,4 links
Cholesterol is/has
A polyunsaturated fatty acid
Three fatty acids attached to its 3-carbon backbone
A 4-ring structure with one double bond and various groups attached to certain carbons
A 4-ring structure with two double bonds and no attached groups
Cyclic AMP is an example of
A G-protein
A neurotransmitter
A hormone
A second messenger
Cytokines
Regulate activity of target cells by affecting their growth, or by inducing their differentiation
Cause cells to undergo movement
Are a type of neurotransmitter
Increase glycolysis at the expense of oxidative metabolism
Disulfide bridges (disulfide bonds)
Never occur in proteins
Form between the side chains of two sulfur-containing cysteine amino acids
Are exactly the same thing as a peptide bond
Introduce a kink or bend into a protein chain
Enzymes speed up the rate of biochemical reactions by
Increasing the activation energy of substrate(s) so that they reach the transition state
Generating heat in the cell to promote the reaction
Decreasing the activation energy required by substrate(s) to reach the transition state
Acting just like metal surface catalysts in industry
From one cell division to the next, the phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle are, in order,
M, G1, S, G2
G1, G2, M, S
M, S, G1, G2
S, G1, G2, M
G-protein-coupled receptors
Occur in the cell nucleus
Traverse (cross, span) the cell membrane only once
Traverse (cross, span) the cell membrane up to seven (7) times
Occur only on the outer side of the cell membrane
Gram-positive bacteria have
A cell wall of peptidoglycan only
A cell wall of peptidoglycan plus an outer membrane/layer of lipopolysaccharide
A positive electrical charge on their outer surface
Die on exposure to oxygen
If 30% of an organism’s DNA is thymine, then
20% is adenine
30% is guanine
20% is cytosine
All of the above are correct
If 35% of the nucleotides found in the genome (DNA) of an organism contained the nitrogenous base, thymine, then the G+C content of the organism will be
70%
50%
30%
35%
If the sequence of bases in one strand of DNA is 5’TACCGA 3’, then the sequence of bases in the other DNA strand will be
5’ TCGGTA 3’
5’ AGCCAT 3’
5’ ATGGCT 3’
5’ CGAATG 3’
In a DNA molecule, adenine is always base-paired with which of the following:
Guanine
Thymine
Uracil
Cytosine
Insulin is a
Neurotransmitter
Neuropeptide
Steroid hormone
Peptide hormone
Karyotyping is a procedure that is likely to be used in which of the following circumstances:
To detect whether a person has sickle-cell anaemia
To confirm an individual’s identity
To detect a frameshift mutation
To confirm if an individual has Down syndrome
Lecithin is
A type of cholesterol ester
Another name for phosphatidylcholine, a phosphoglyceride
A type of unsaturated essential fatty acid
Another name for sphingomyelin, a sphingolipid
Ligand is the term applied to
A molecule that binds to, and is recognised by, a receptor on the cell surface
A class of enzyme
A molecule that dissolves in organic solvents but not in water
A second messenger
Meiosis is the type of cell division in which
A diploid cell gives rise to 2 diploid daughter cells by one cell division process
A diploid cell gives rise to 4 diploid daughter cells by two cell division processes
A diploid cell gives rise to 4 haploid daughter cells by two cell division processes
A haploid cell gives rise to 2 diploid daughter cells by one cell division process
Membrane lipids are termed "amphipathic" because
They have both polar, hydrophilic and non-polar, hydrophobic portions
They are insoluble in water
They are a mixture of different kinds of molecules
They are completely non-polar/ hydrophobic
Mitosis is the type of cell division in which
A diploid cell gives rise to 2 diploid daughter cells by one cell division process
A diploid cell gives rise to 4 diploid daughter cells by two cell division processes
A diploid cell gives rise to 4 haploid daughter cells by two cell division processes
A haploid cell gives rise to 2 diploid daughter cells by one cell division process
Mitosis is the type of cell division that
Occurs in ALL cells of the body and produces genetically identical daughter cells
Occurs in all cells of the body (EXCEPT the reproductive cells) and produces genetically identical daughter cells
Occurs ONLY in the reproductive cells and produces genetically DIFFERENT daughter cells
Occurs only in FEMALES, hence the term daughter cells
Neuropeptides are
Short peptides arranged on the outer cell membranes of neurons (nerve cells)
Capable of acting as neurotransmitters at nerve synapses AND as neurohormones that act on distant cells
Capable of acting ONLY as neurohormones that act on distant cells
Capable of acting as neurotransmitters at nerve synapses ONLY
Proteins are
Linear, unbranched polymers of amino acids
Mostly linear polymers of amino acids but with some branching where cysteine amino acids occur
Branched polymers of sugars
Composed of unlinked phospholipids that simply associate with each other to form a bilayer
Proteins are polymers of
Amino acids
Sugars and sugar derivatives
Phospholipids and sphingosine
Nucleotides
Proteins made in/ by bacterial cells
May have N-linked glycans but never O-linked glycans
Have glycans that terminate with sialic acid
Never have glycans attached
Have highly branched glycans
Proteins made in/ by mammalian cells
May have N-linked glycans but never O-linked glycans
Have glycans that terminate with sialic acid
Never have glycans attached
Have highly branched glycans
Proteins made in/ by yeast cells
May have N-linked glycans but never O-linked glycans
Have glycans that terminate with sialic acid
Never have glycans attached
Have highly branched glycans
Rheumatoid arthritis occurs where
A small fracture has failed to heal properly
Age-related wear and tear on cartilage in joints results in pain and swelling
The body makes antibodies to its own proteins in the joint lining (synovium)
Uric acid is not eliminated from the body and accumulates in the
Starch is
A polymer of beta-D-glucose with beta-1,4 links
A polymer of alpha-D-glucose with alpha-1,4 links and alpha-1,6 branches
A polymer of beta-D-glucosamine with beta-1,4 links
A polymer of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine with beta-1,4 links
The disaccharide of milk comprising galactose joined to glucose by a beta-1,4 link is named
Sucrose
Cellobiose
Lactose
Maltose
The DNA coding sequence, 5’ ATGTCTTTCTGG….TGA 3’, codes for the following polypeptide:
Met-Thr-Asp-Trp
Met-Ser-Phe-Trp
Met-Thr-Phe-Trp
Met-Ser-Phe-Arg
The formation of new blood vessels is called
Apoptosis
Angiogenesis
Metastasis
Oncogenesis
The manner in which two or more polypeptide chains (or subunits) join together to form a larger protein is referred to as
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure
The membranes of eukaryotic cells are composed of
Mostly phospholipids (phosphoglycerides) along with sphingolipids and some cholesterol
Mostly cholesterol with some phospholipids and small amounts of sphingolipids
Mostly triglycerides with some free fatty acids
Mostly sphingolipids with a little cholesterol but NO phospholipids
The molecule adenosine triphosphate, ATP, is
A component of the cell membrane
The energy currency of the cell
Toxic to air-breathing animals
A trigger for programmed cell death
The most notable difference between glycolysis (anaerobic) and oxidative (aerobic) metabolism is
Glycolysis can take place in the dark
Only multicellular organisms use oxidative metabolism
Only Gram-negative bacteria use glycolysis
The much higher yield of ATP from oxidative metabolism
The part of the cell associated with energy generation is called
Capsid
Cell wall
Extracellular matrix
Mitochondrion
The process of orderly, programmed cell death (cell suicide) is called
Apoptosis
Angiogenesis
Metastasis
Oncogenesis
The process of photosynthesis
Consumes oxygen to generate glucose
Does not involve oxygen at all
Is more efficient in the presence of oxygen
Generates oxygen as a by-product of glucose synthesis
The protein coat that surrounds a virus is called
Capsid
Cell wall
Extracellular matrix
Mitchondrion
The proteins that attach cells to various extracellular matrices, and that possess binding sites for proteoglycans, cells and collagen, are called
Elastins
Glycosaminoglycan
Fibronectins
Proteoglycans
The S-phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle concerns
The actual cell division event
Metabolic activity and growth
Division of the cytoplasm only
Replication of DNA
The specialized proteins that catalyse biochemical reactions are called
Antibodies
Collagens
Enzymes
Ferritins
The spread of tumour cells to other tissues in the body is called
Apoptosis
Angiogenesis
Metastasis
Oncogenesis
The sugar fructose is a
6-carbon ketone monosaccharide that forms a 5-membered ring
6-carbon aldehyde monosaccharide that forms a 6-membered ring
Disaccharide of alpha-D-glucose with an alpha-1,4 link
Disaccharide of beta-D-glucose with a beta-1,4 link
The term glycosylation refers to
The attachment of sugar chains to the surface of a protein
A storage polymer of glucose found in the liver
A component of the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane
The secretion of synovial fluid into joints
The term recombinant protein describes
One involved in meiosis-type cell division
One produced by genetically modified host cells
There is no such thing: only DNA can be recombinant
Any protein made from two or more polypeptide chains
The "defence" proteins produced by the immune system are called
Antigens
Antibodies
Antibiotics
Antihistamines
Tyrosine kinases
Occur in the cell nucleus
Traverse (cross, span) the cell membrane only once
Traverse the cell membrane up to 7 times
Occur only on the inner side of the cell membrane
Tyrosine kinases
Add extra tyrosine amino acids onto their target proteins
Add phosphate groups to tyrosines of their target proteins
Make cyclic AMP
Respond to steroids, including the sex hormones
Tyrosine kinases
Are a type of cell surface receptor
Possess enzyme activity
Are a type of cell surface receptor and possess enzyme activity
Are neither receptors nor enzymes
What is the name given to biological cells that have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane?
Protista
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Archaea
Which of the following acts as a "staple" to attach cells to various extracellular matrices?
Collagen
Haemoglobin
Fibronetin
Glycosamineoglycan
Which of the following components is not found in a ribonucleotide?
Phosphate group
Amino-acid
Nitrogenous base
Ribose
Which of the following is NOT a protein?
Collagen
Haemoglobin
Fibronectin
Glycosaminoglycan
Which of the following is NOT part of the extracellular matrix?
Collagen
Haemoglobin
Fibronectin
Glycosaminoglycan
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
Gene mutations will always result in an individual with a genetic disease
Spontaneous mutations arise as a result of errors during DNA replication
DNA repair enzymes can correct mistakes that occur in DNA
There are regions on our chromosomes, called hot spots, where mutations are more likely to occur
Which of the following statements is incorrect? The genetic code is:
Redundant
Triplet
Universal
Overlapping
Which of the following statements is incorrect? We know that the genetic code in non-overlapping because
Nucleotide substitutions affect only a single amino-acid in a protein chain
Frameshift mutations affect all of the code words to the right of the mutation along the gene
The position of one amino-acid in a protein does not influence which amino-acid will be in the immediate neighbouring positions
None of the amino-acids share codons
Which of the following statements is not true about DNA molecules
They consist of two identical strands
The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds
The two strands run anti-parallel to one another
The two strands form a double helix
Which of the following statements is not true? (RNA/DNA)
Both RNA and DNA are composed of nucleotides
RNA contains the sugar ribose, whereas DNA contains deoxyribose
Both RNA and DNA form double-helical structures
RNA contains the nitrogenous base uracil, whereas DNA contains thymine
Which of the following will not be detected using karyotyping?
The sex of an individual
Down syndrome
Nucleotide substsitutions
Chromosomal translocations
Which one of the following is a EUKARYOTE?
Escherichia coli
Fungus
Virus
Archaebacterium
With the aid of the genetic code, choose which of the following amino-acids that are not specified by six codons
Arginine
Serine
Leucine
Threonine
With the aid of the genetic code, choose which of the following nucleotide substitution mutations that does not result in a silent mutation (i.e. A mutation which does not alter the amino-acid specified by the codon).
UUG ? CUG
UGC ? UGG
AGU? UCC
CGU ?CGA
___________ code for ________, but they do so indirectly. ________________ transcribes a gene into _______, and this molecule then leaves the nucleus of the cell and moves to a ribosome where it is translated into a protein
Genes, proteins, DNA polymerase, mRNA
Chromosomes, proteins, RNA polymerase, tRNA
Genes, proteins, RNA polymerase, mRNA
Genes, amino-acids, DNA polymerase, mRNA
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