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FSH104 Biology

A benign tumour is one that

Does not give rise to secondary tumours elsewhere in the body

Does not press on, or interfere with, surrounding organs

Eventually stops growing by itself without treatment

Promotes the formation of secondary tumours elsewhere in the body

A frameshift mutation will

Alter the coded information on a whole chromosome containing the frameshift mutation

Result in a nucleotide substitution

Will dramatically alter the amino-acid composition of the encoded protein

Will change the position of one amino-acid in the encoded protein

A major class of proteins in the extracellular matrix comprises 3 polypeptide chains, each rich in glycine and proline, tightly wound around each other in a left-handed helix. These proteins are called

Elastins

Collagens

Fibronectins

Proteoglycans

A ribosome is

An organelle that is the site of protein synthesis

An organelle that acts as the powerhouse of the cell

A type of carbohydrate (sugar)

A fragment of a chromosome

Although genes are composed of double-stranded DNA, only one of the strands contains the information to make the protein. The RNA polymerase is directed to transcribe the correct strand because of

The position of the AUG ‘start’ methionine codon

The position of the promoter sequence

The orientation of the DNA strands

None of the above

An oncogene is

Exactly the same thing as a tumour suppressor gene

A gene that is associated with the onset of cancer

A gene found in haploid cells but not in diploid cells

A gene found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells

An unsaturated fatty acid is one that

Is embedded in a lipid bilayer

Has at least one C=C double bond

Has no C=C double bond

Is joined to glycerol

Because there are more codons than amino-acids

Some codons specify more than one amino-acid

Some amino-acids are specified by more than one codon

Some amino-acids do not have codons

Some amino-acids are specified by five codons

Binding of the first messenger to a G-protein-coupled receptor causes

ONLY a conformational change in the receptor protein; nothing else

NO conformational change in the receptor protein but the receptor DOES interact with a G-protein located on the inner side of the cell membrane

NO conformational change in the receptor protein and the receptor DOES NOT interact with a G-protein located on the inner side of the cell membrane

Conformational change in the receptor protein; the receptor THEN interacts with a G-protein located on the inner side of the cell membrane

Cell signalling processes where the messenger molecules are produced by one type of cell, travel in the bloodstream and act on a different type of target cell(s) are described as

Paracrine

Endocrine

Autocrine

Isocrine

Cellulose, found in plants and paper, is

A polymer of beta-D-glucose with beta-1,4 links

A polymer of alpha-D-glucose with alpha-1,4 links and alpha-1,6 branches

A polymer of beta-D-glucosamine with beta-1,4 links

A polymer of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine with beta-1,4 links

Chitin, found in insect shells, is

A polymer of beta-D-glucose with beta-1,4 links

A polymer of alpha-D-glucose with alpha-1,4 links and alpha-1,6 branches

A polymer of beta-D-glucosamine with beta-1,4 links

A polymer of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine with beta-1,4 links

Cholesterol is/has

A polyunsaturated fatty acid

Three fatty acids attached to its 3-carbon backbone

A 4-ring structure with one double bond and various groups attached to certain carbons

A 4-ring structure with two double bonds and no attached groups

Cyclic AMP is an example of

A G-protein

A neurotransmitter

A hormone

A second messenger

Cytokines

Regulate activity of target cells by affecting their growth, or by inducing their differentiation

Cause cells to undergo movement

Are a type of neurotransmitter

Increase glycolysis at the expense of oxidative metabolism

Disulfide bridges (disulfide bonds)

Never occur in proteins

Form between the side chains of two sulfur-containing cysteine amino acids

Are exactly the same thing as a peptide bond

Introduce a kink or bend into a protein chain

Enzymes speed up the rate of biochemical reactions by

Increasing the activation energy of substrate(s) so that they reach the transition state

Generating heat in the cell to promote the reaction

Decreasing the activation energy required by substrate(s) to reach the transition state

Acting just like metal surface catalysts in industry

From one cell division to the next, the phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle are, in order,

M, G1, S, G2

G1, G2, M, S

M, S, G1, G2

S, G1, G2, M

G-protein-coupled receptors

Occur in the cell nucleus

Traverse (cross, span) the cell membrane only once

Traverse (cross, span) the cell membrane up to seven (7) times

Occur only on the outer side of the cell membrane

Gram-positive bacteria have

A cell wall of peptidoglycan only

A cell wall of peptidoglycan plus an outer membrane/layer of lipopolysaccharide

A positive electrical charge on their outer surface

Die on exposure to oxygen

If 30% of an organism’s DNA is thymine, then

20% is adenine

30% is guanine

20% is cytosine

All of the above are correct

If 35% of the nucleotides found in the genome (DNA) of an organism contained the nitrogenous base, thymine, then the G+C content of the organism will be

70%

50%

30%

35%

If the sequence of bases in one strand of DNA is 5’TACCGA 3’, then the sequence of bases in the other DNA strand will be

5’ TCGGTA 3’

5’ AGCCAT 3’

5’ ATGGCT 3’

5’ CGAATG 3’

In a DNA molecule, adenine is always base-paired with which of the following:

Guanine

Thymine

Uracil

Cytosine

Insulin is a

Neurotransmitter

Neuropeptide

Steroid hormone

Peptide hormone

Karyotyping is a procedure that is likely to be used in which of the following circumstances:

To detect whether a person has sickle-cell anaemia

To confirm an individual’s identity

To detect a frameshift mutation

To confirm if an individual has Down syndrome

Lecithin is

A type of cholesterol ester

Another name for phosphatidylcholine, a phosphoglyceride

A type of unsaturated essential fatty acid

Another name for sphingomyelin, a sphingolipid

Ligand is the term applied to

A molecule that binds to, and is recognised by, a receptor on the cell surface

A class of enzyme

A molecule that dissolves in organic solvents but not in water

A second messenger

Meiosis is the type of cell division in which

A diploid cell gives rise to 2 diploid daughter cells by one cell division process

A diploid cell gives rise to 4 diploid daughter cells by two cell division processes

A diploid cell gives rise to 4 haploid daughter cells by two cell division processes

A haploid cell gives rise to 2 diploid daughter cells by one cell division process

Membrane lipids are termed "amphipathic" because

They have both polar, hydrophilic and non-polar, hydrophobic portions

They are insoluble in water

They are a mixture of different kinds of molecules

They are completely non-polar/ hydrophobic

Mitosis is the type of cell division in which

A diploid cell gives rise to 2 diploid daughter cells by one cell division process

A diploid cell gives rise to 4 diploid daughter cells by two cell division processes

A diploid cell gives rise to 4 haploid daughter cells by two cell division processes

A haploid cell gives rise to 2 diploid daughter cells by one cell division process

Mitosis is the type of cell division that

Occurs in ALL cells of the body and produces genetically identical daughter cells

Occurs in all cells of the body (EXCEPT the reproductive cells) and produces genetically identical daughter cells

Occurs ONLY in the reproductive cells and produces genetically DIFFERENT daughter cells

Occurs only in FEMALES, hence the term daughter cells

Neuropeptides are

Short peptides arranged on the outer cell membranes of neurons (nerve cells)

Capable of acting as neurotransmitters at nerve synapses AND as neurohormones that act on distant cells

Capable of acting ONLY as neurohormones that act on distant cells

Capable of acting as neurotransmitters at nerve synapses ONLY

Proteins are

Linear, unbranched polymers of amino acids

Mostly linear polymers of amino acids but with some branching where cysteine amino acids occur

Branched polymers of sugars

Composed of unlinked phospholipids that simply associate with each other to form a bilayer

Proteins are polymers of

Amino acids

Sugars and sugar derivatives

Phospholipids and sphingosine

Nucleotides

Proteins made in/ by bacterial cells

May have N-linked glycans but never O-linked glycans

Have glycans that terminate with sialic acid

Never have glycans attached

Have highly branched glycans

Proteins made in/ by mammalian cells

May have N-linked glycans but never O-linked glycans

Have glycans that terminate with sialic acid

Never have glycans attached

Have highly branched glycans

Proteins made in/ by yeast cells

May have N-linked glycans but never O-linked glycans

Have glycans that terminate with sialic acid

Never have glycans attached

Have highly branched glycans

Rheumatoid arthritis occurs where

A small fracture has failed to heal properly

Age-related wear and tear on cartilage in joints results in pain and swelling

The body makes antibodies to its own proteins in the joint lining (synovium)

Uric acid is not eliminated from the body and accumulates in the

Starch is

A polymer of beta-D-glucose with beta-1,4 links

A polymer of alpha-D-glucose with alpha-1,4 links and alpha-1,6 branches

A polymer of beta-D-glucosamine with beta-1,4 links

A polymer of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine with beta-1,4 links

The disaccharide of milk comprising galactose joined to glucose by a beta-1,4 link is named

Sucrose

Cellobiose

Lactose

Maltose

The DNA coding sequence, 5’ ATGTCTTTCTGG….TGA 3’, codes for the following polypeptide:

Met-Thr-Asp-Trp

Met-Ser-Phe-Trp

Met-Thr-Phe-Trp

Met-Ser-Phe-Arg

The formation of new blood vessels is called

Apoptosis

Angiogenesis

Metastasis

Oncogenesis

The manner in which two or more polypeptide chains (or subunits) join together to form a larger protein is referred to as

Primary structure

Secondary structure

Tertiary structure

Quaternary structure

The membranes of eukaryotic cells are composed of

Mostly phospholipids (phosphoglycerides) along with sphingolipids and some cholesterol

Mostly cholesterol with some phospholipids and small amounts of sphingolipids

Mostly triglycerides with some free fatty acids

Mostly sphingolipids with a little cholesterol but NO phospholipids

The molecule adenosine triphosphate, ATP, is

A component of the cell membrane

The energy currency of the cell

Toxic to air-breathing animals

A trigger for programmed cell death

The most notable difference between glycolysis (anaerobic) and oxidative (aerobic) metabolism is

Glycolysis can take place in the dark

Only multicellular organisms use oxidative metabolism

Only Gram-negative bacteria use glycolysis

The much higher yield of ATP from oxidative metabolism

The part of the cell associated with energy generation is called

Capsid

Cell wall

Extracellular matrix

Mitochondrion

The process of orderly, programmed cell death (cell suicide) is called

Apoptosis

Angiogenesis

Metastasis

Oncogenesis

The process of photosynthesis

Consumes oxygen to generate glucose

Does not involve oxygen at all

Is more efficient in the presence of oxygen

Generates oxygen as a by-product of glucose synthesis

The protein coat that surrounds a virus is called

Capsid

Cell wall

Extracellular matrix

Mitchondrion

The proteins that attach cells to various extracellular matrices, and that possess binding sites for proteoglycans, cells and collagen, are called

Elastins

Glycosaminoglycan

Fibronectins

Proteoglycans

The S-phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle concerns

The actual cell division event

Metabolic activity and growth

Division of the cytoplasm only

Replication of DNA

The specialized proteins that catalyse biochemical reactions are called

Antibodies

Collagens

Enzymes

Ferritins

The spread of tumour cells to other tissues in the body is called

Apoptosis

Angiogenesis

Metastasis

Oncogenesis

The sugar fructose is a

6-carbon ketone monosaccharide that forms a 5-membered ring

6-carbon aldehyde monosaccharide that forms a 6-membered ring

Disaccharide of alpha-D-glucose with an alpha-1,4 link

Disaccharide of beta-D-glucose with a beta-1,4 link

The term glycosylation refers to

The attachment of sugar chains to the surface of a protein

A storage polymer of glucose found in the liver

A component of the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane

The secretion of synovial fluid into joints

The term recombinant protein describes

One involved in meiosis-type cell division

One produced by genetically modified host cells

There is no such thing: only DNA can be recombinant

Any protein made from two or more polypeptide chains

The "defence" proteins produced by the immune system are called

Antigens

Antibodies

Antibiotics

Antihistamines

Tyrosine kinases

Occur in the cell nucleus

Traverse (cross, span) the cell membrane only once

Traverse the cell membrane up to 7 times

Occur only on the inner side of the cell membrane

Tyrosine kinases

Add extra tyrosine amino acids onto their target proteins

Add phosphate groups to tyrosines of their target proteins

Make cyclic AMP

Respond to steroids, including the sex hormones

Tyrosine kinases

Are a type of cell surface receptor

Possess enzyme activity

Are a type of cell surface receptor and possess enzyme activity

Are neither receptors nor enzymes

What is the name given to biological cells that have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane?

Protista

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Archaea

Which of the following acts as a "staple" to attach cells to various extracellular matrices?

Collagen

Haemoglobin

Fibronetin

Glycosamineoglycan

Which of the following components is not found in a ribonucleotide?

Phosphate group

Amino-acid

Nitrogenous base

Ribose

Which of the following is NOT a protein?

Collagen

Haemoglobin

Fibronectin

Glycosaminoglycan

Which of the following is NOT part of the extracellular matrix?

Collagen

Haemoglobin

Fibronectin

Glycosaminoglycan

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Gene mutations will always result in an individual with a genetic disease

Spontaneous mutations arise as a result of errors during DNA replication

DNA repair enzymes can correct mistakes that occur in DNA

There are regions on our chromosomes, called hot spots, where mutations are more likely to occur

Which of the following statements is incorrect? The genetic code is:

Redundant

Triplet

Universal

Overlapping

Which of the following statements is incorrect? We know that the genetic code in non-overlapping because

Nucleotide substitutions affect only a single amino-acid in a protein chain

Frameshift mutations affect all of the code words to the right of the mutation along the gene

The position of one amino-acid in a protein does not influence which amino-acid will be in the immediate neighbouring positions

None of the amino-acids share codons

Which of the following statements is not true about DNA molecules

They consist of two identical strands

The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds

The two strands run anti-parallel to one another

The two strands form a double helix

Which of the following statements is not true? (RNA/DNA)

Both RNA and DNA are composed of nucleotides

RNA contains the sugar ribose, whereas DNA contains deoxyribose

Both RNA and DNA form double-helical structures

RNA contains the nitrogenous base uracil, whereas DNA contains thymine

Which of the following will not be detected using karyotyping?

The sex of an individual

Down syndrome

Nucleotide substsitutions

Chromosomal translocations

Which one of the following is a EUKARYOTE?

Escherichia coli

Fungus

Virus

Archaebacterium

With the aid of the genetic code, choose which of the following amino-acids that are not specified by six codons

Arginine

Serine

Leucine

Threonine

With the aid of the genetic code, choose which of the following nucleotide substitution mutations that does not result in a silent mutation (i.e. A mutation which does not alter the amino-acid specified by the codon).

UUG ? CUG

UGC ? UGG

AGU? UCC

CGU ?CGA

___________ code for ________, but they do so indirectly. ________________ transcribes a gene into _______, and this molecule then leaves the nucleus of the cell and moves to a ribosome where it is translated into a protein

Genes, proteins, DNA polymerase, mRNA

Chromosomes, proteins, RNA polymerase, tRNA

Genes, proteins, RNA polymerase, mRNA

Genes, amino-acids, DNA polymerase, mRNA

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