Biology Midterm 2

Select all of the following that correlates with Prokaryotes

Lack a membrane-bound nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle

Lack a mitochondria

Have lysosomes

All bacteria and arcahae

Prokaryotes are distinguished by their cell shape, cell wall, and projections

True

False

Match the following cell shapes with their definitions

Bacilli

Rod, Most occur alone, Some occur in pairs or chains

Spirochete

Spherical (round), Forms chains, Forms clusters

Cocci

Spiral, Usually alone

Match the following cell shapes with their infections/diseases/symptoms etc.

Bacilli

Lyme disease, Syphilis

Spirochete

(Chains): Streptococci and Strep Throat. (Clusters) Staphylococci and Staph infection

Cocci

Escherichia coli (E. Coli), Causes food poisoning

Match the cell wall bacteria with their definitions

Lipids and carbs

Gram negative

Peptidoglycan

Gram positive

Many bacteria in cells walls have a capsule that allows them to stick to things or each other

True

False

Match the projections with their definitions

Flagella

Whip like structure that enables swimming

Fimbriae

Hair like projections (helps them stick to other things)

Match the following with their definitions

Auto

"Eats"

Hetero

Other

Photo

Chemical

Chemo

Light

Troph

Self

Select the following that relates to "Energy"

Photo

Chemo

Auto

Hetero

Troph

Select the following that relates to "Carbon"

Photo

Chemo

Auto

Hetero

Troph

Match the following with their definitions (nutrition)

Photoheterotrophs

Capture energy from sunlight, Obtain carbon from organic sources (complex molecules), Purple non-sulfur bacteria (found in aquatic sediments)

Photoautotrophs

Capture energy from sunlight, Use CO2 for carbon, Cyanobacteria (blue green algae)

Chemoautotrophs

Capture energy from inorganic chemical, Obtain carbon from organic sources, Largest and most diverse group, Eats almost anything

Chemoheterotrophs

Capture energy from inorganic chemical, Use CO2 for carbon, Can live in extreme or regular environments

Match the four key groups of bacteria with their definitions

Cyanobacteria

Gram negative, photoautotroph

Proteobacteria

Gram negative, nutritionally diverse, pathogens, symbiosis

Gram-positive bacteria

Gram positive, nutritionally diverse, pathogens

Spirochetes

Gram negative, chemoheterotrophs, pathogens, spiral shaped

Archaea thrive in extreme environments. Select all of the following that is true about Archaea

Halophiles: salt loving

Thermophiles: heat loving

Methanogens: live in anaerobic (no oxygen) conditions and produce methane as waste

Match the following protists with their group by color

Yellow

Unikonta

Red

Archaeplastida

Green

Excavata

Blue

SAR

Protists have diverse nutrition. Match the following with their definitions

Mixotrophs

Both

Heterotrophs

Eat other things

Autotrophs

Photosynthesize

Match the SAR protists with their defintions

Alveolata

Dinoflagellates, ciliates

Stramenopiles

Forminiferans, radiolarians

Rhizarians

Diatoms, brown algae, water molds

Match the following protist super groups with their definitions

Unikonta

Amoebozoans (heterotrophic, slime molds, free-living and parasitic amoebas)

Excavata

Autotrophic, mostly multicellular, red algae, green algae (alternation of generations)

Archaeplastida

"Excavated" feeding groove, parasites, all nutrition (autotrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs)

The alternation of generations are multicellular haploid and diploid individuals

True

False

Match the following multicellular individuals with their definitions

Gametophyte

Produces spores

Sporophyte

Produces gametes

How do Fungi perform absorption?

Their roots eat away at plants and animals in small amounts once they've sunk into the ground

They secrete enzymes that digest plants and animals and then absorb the small nutrients

They produce a specific type of bacteria that eats the plants and animals for them, allow the original fungi to decay and new fungi to be born

They smell so bad that things just decompose around them. Like really bad.

Fill in the blanks in order: A fungus usually consists of a mass thread-like filaments called ______, which branch repeatedly as they grow, forming a ______

Hyphae; mycelium

Mycelium; hyphae

Fungi have asexual AND sexual lifecycles

True

False

Match the five groups of fungi with their definitions

Basidiomycetes (club fungi)

Characterized by mycorrhizae which invade plant cells

Glomeromycetes

Decomposers, plant pathogens, lichens

Zygomycetes

Characterized by basidium (mushrooms!), decomposers, parasites

Chytrids

Mostly terrestrial, mostly decomposers (bread mold), have zygosporangium

Ascomycetes (sac fungi)

Only fungi with flagellated spores, decomposers and parasites, causing amphibian mass extinction

Match the following with their definitions

Mycorrhizae

Helped plants colonize land, trade (plants get nutrients, fungus gets carbon)

Lichens

A symbiosis between an ascomycete and a cyanobacteria or green algae

Select the four key events that occurred in the history of the plant kingdom

Origin of land plants

Origin of vascular plants

Origin of sea plants

Origin of seed plants

Origin of vegetation plants

Origin of flowers

For plants that originated in water, what challenges were presented when living on land? Select all that apply

Drying out

Obtaining resources from two sources

Support (not falling over)

Reproduction and Dispersal

Select all of the following things that plants developed to keep them from drying out

Waxy cuticle

Roots

Stems

Stomata

What does a waxy cuticle do?

Keeps plants shiny

Keeps plants moist

Prevents gas exchange

Prevents predators from their scent

Select all of the following things that plants developed to obtain resources from two sources

Roots

Stems

Leaves

Vascular Tissue

Fill in the blank: To solve the issue with reproduction, all plants have alternation of ______

Transfigurations

Generations

Symbiosis

Photosynthesis

Match the follow dispersal methods for plants with their definitions on how they're dispersed

Angiosperms (flowering plants)

Wind, gravity, animals

Gymnosperms (cone bearing plants)

Water

Moss and ferns

Wind, ants, mammals, birds, water, gravity, etc.

What were the first plants? (moss, liverworts, hornworts)

Bryophytes

Pteridophytes

Tracheophytes

What are the characteristics of bryophytes? Select all that apply

Do not have true roots (have rhyzoids)

Has true roots

Do not have true leaves (phyllid)

Has leaves

Do not have lignin for structural support

Has lignin for structural support

Grows upright

Grow flat in dense mats

Must have water for fertilization

Non-vascular

Vascular

What are the characteristics of seedless vascular plants? Select all that apply

Do not have true roots (have rhyzoids)

Has true roots

Do not have true leaves (phyllid)

Has leaves

Do not have lignin for structural support

Has lignin for structural support

Grows upright

Grow flat in dense mats

Must have water for fertilization

Non-vascular

Vascular

Match the vascular tissues with their definitions (PAIR THEM BY NUMBER)

3 Xylem

3 Vessels are composed of dead tissues and are hollow

3 Pholem

2 Vessel walls consits of fused cells that create a continuous tube

2 Xylem

1 Transports water and minerals from the roots to aerial parts of the plant (unidirectional transport)

1 Pholem

2 Vessel walls consists of cells that are connected at their ends to form porous sieve plates

1 Xylem

1 Transports food and nutrients to storage organs and growing parts of the plant (bidirectional transport)

2 Pholem

3 Vessels are composed of living tissue, however sieve tube elements lack nuclei and have few organelles

Match the seed plant groups with their definitions

Angiosperms

Flowering plants (enclosed seeds)

Gymnosperms

Cone bearing plants (naked seeds)

Seed plants need water to reproduce

True

False

Select all the characteristics of confiers

Leaves in "needles"

Seeds in cones

Evergreen (mostly)

Have ovaries

All woody (secondary growth)

Have flowers

Select all the characteristics of angiosperms

Have flowers

Evergreen (mostly)

Have ovaries

Symbiosis with pollinators

Leaves in "needles"

Adaptations for dispersal

Match the following floral morphology with its purpose

Stamens

Often attract animal pollinators

Petals

The female reproductive structures (stigma, style, ovary)

Sepals

Male reproductive structures (anther: contains pollen)

Carpels

Enclose the flower before it opens

Match the dispersal method with its adaptation to move

Fruits

Mammals dispersal

Wings

Bird and mammal dispersal

Elaiosomes

Ant dispersal

Buoyancy

Water dispersal

Burs

Wind dispersal

Pollination syndromes are similarities among flowers that share the same pollinators. Match the animal with its pollination syndrome

Bees

White flowers, highly scented, bloom at night

Bats and months

Bright red and orange flowers, no scents

Birds

Marked with guides that lead to nectar

Match the plants with its life cycle

Fern

Flower

Moss

Match the word with its definition

Monocots

Two cotyledons in seed leaves, branched leaf veins, vascular bundles in rings, flowers in multiples of four or five, taproot

Eudicots

One cotyledon in seed leaves, parallel leaf veins, scattered vascular bundles, flowers in multiples of three, fibrous root system

Match the following words with its definitions (or characteristics)

Nodes

The leaf

Petiole

Organ that has the leaves and buds on it, can photosynthesize

Terminal Bud

Between stem and leaf, usually dormant

Ancillary Bud

Points at which leaves are attached

Blade

Increase surface area

Stems

Primary growing point for getting taller

Root hairs

Joins blade to the stem at a node

Plants are comprised of three systems. Match the following system and modified systems to its characteristics

Leaf

Spines (protects the plant from being eaten) and tendrils (modified leaves that help vines "climb")

Root

Stems (can photosynthesize and has nodes), buds (terminal and ancillary bud), and flower

Modified roots

Stolon, rhizome, tuber, succulence

Shoot

Anchors the plant to the soil, absorbs and transports minerals and water (facilitated by root hairs), taproots store carbohydrates

Modified leaf

Primary site for photosynthesis, consists of blade and petiole

Modified shoot

Large taproots that store food (carrots, turnips, sweet potatoes)

Growth is limited by lifespan, physics, and environmental conditions

True

False

Match the following with its definition

Meristems

Divided into two tissues (vascular cambium and cork cambium)

Apical Meristems

Meristems at the tips of roots, in the terminal bud

Lateral Meristems

Growing out (thickens), meristems, lateral meristems

Primary growth

Unspecialized tissues that divide with conditions are right

Secondary growth

Growing up (lengthens), meristems, apical meristems

Match the following with its plant reproduction definition

Sexual

Fragmentation, rhizomes, stolons, used in agriculture

Asexual (cloning)

Flowers, pollen, etc.

Transpiration is...

The process of condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls from clouds due to gravitational pull and flourishes wildlife plants

The process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as leaves, stems and flowers

There are three ways plants can do photosynthesis. Match the following with its definisions

Converts CO2 to a 4C compound and then sequestered to a deeper tissue layer where less oxygen is present

CAM

Take CO2 directly from the air

Take in CO2 at night, stores it and does photosynthesis during the day

Match the following with its definitions

Carnivorous plants

An adaptation to low nutrient conditions, kill insects and animals and digest them, often found in areas with low nitrogen

Parasitic plants

Grows on other plants, no a symbiosis, the host plant provides support (elevation toward more sunlight)

Epiphytes

Grown on (or near) other plants and steal nutrients, hemiparasites, holoparasites, modified roots (haustorium) attached to host plant and takes water/nutrients

Select the following that are characteristics of animals

Cells have cell walls

Eukaryotes

Multicellular heterotrophs

Use ingestion

Match the following words with its place on the chart (by color; ignore things in black)

Yellow

Radial symmetry

Blue

Bilateral symmetry

Red

Tissues

Green

No tissues

Match the following words with its place on the chart (by color; ignore things in black)

Purple

Arthropods

Gray

Sponges

Yellow

Nematodes

Red

Echinoderms

Brown

Cnidarians

Orange

Chordates

Blue

Flatworms

Pink

Annelids

Green

Molluscs

Match the following characteristics of sponges with its definitions

Amoebocytes

Use flagellum to move water and trap food

Suspension feeders

Produce skeletal fibers (yellow) and digest food

Choanocytes

Collect food particles by passing water through a "trap"

Sessile

Do not move

Match the following with its definitions

Bilateral symmetry

Mirror image right and left sides

Tissue

Integrated group of cells with a common function or structure

Radial symmetry

Body parts radiate from center

Match the following with its characteristics

Arthropods

Radial symmetry, two true tissue layers, gastrovascular cavity, polyp and medusa body forms

Echinoderms

Have bilateral symmetry, three tissue layers, a body cavity, digestive tract with two openings, pseudococelom

Flatworms

Have bilateral symmetry, three tissue layers, a body cavity, open circulatory system

Annelids

Have bilateral symmetry, three tissue layers, no body cavity

Cnidarians

Have bilateral symmetry, three tissue layers, a body cavity, exoskeleton, open circulatory system

Nematodes

No tissues, no nerves, no muscles, lack symmetry

Molluscs

Bilateral symmetry as larvae but radial as adults, three tissue layers, a body cavity, endoskeleton

Sponges

Have bilateral symmetry, three tissue layers, a body cavity, segmentation, closed circulatory system, cocelom

Match the following with an animal from its category

Molluscs

Snails, Slugs, Oysters, Clams

Annelids

Crayfish, Lobsters, Crabs

Sponges

Planarians, Flukes, Tapeworms

Arthropods

Hydra, Sea jelly

Echinoderms

Segmented worms

Nematodes

Sea urchins, Sea stars

Flatworms

...Sponges

Cnidarians

Roundworms

Match the following characteristics of Chordates with its definition

Post-anal tail

Cartilage rod; becomes disk in backbone

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Used for filter feeding; becomes gills in fish

Notochord

Becomes the central nervous system

Phalangeal Slits

A tail

Match the following animal adaptations to living on land with its defintion

Lungs

Babies out of water

Lobed fins

Protection for spinal cord, attachment for muscles

Milk

Catch and eat food

Vertebral column

Nourishment for babies

Amniotic egg

Walking

Four limbs

Breathing air

Jaws

Moving on land

Match the following words with its place on the chart (by color; ignore things in black)

Blue

Lobed finned fish

Yellow

Vertebral column

Purple

Legs

Orange

Amniotic Egg

Red

Jaws

Green

Lungs or lung derivatives

Pink

Milk

Match the following words with its place on the chart (by color; ignore things in black)

Yellow

Mammals

Magenta (the last color since I ran out of colors)

Tunicates

Orange

Sharks, Rays

Green

Hagfishes

Gray

Lobe-fins

Red

Lampreys

Brown

Reptiles

Purple

Lancelets

Pink

Ray-finned fish

Blue

Amphibians

Match the following with its characterists

Sharks and Rays

Amniotes (amniotic egg), ectothermic (except birds, which are endothermic)

Lobed-fin fish

Lay eggs in water, first tetrapod to colonize lands

Reptiles

Endothermic amniotes, hair, produce milk

Amphibians

Cartilaginous fish, filter feeders

Hagfishes and Lampreys

Rudimentary vertebrae, notochord, NO hinged jaws nor paired fins

Jawed vertebrates with gills and paired fins

Bony, operculum, swim bladder, lobed fins

Mammals

Bony, operculum, swim bladder

Ray-finned fish

Fins and Jaws (sharks, rays, ray-finned fish, lobe-finned fish)

Match the following with its definition

Eutherian (placental mammals)

Have a brief gestation and give birth typically tiny, embryonic offspring that complete development in a pouch

Monotremes

Nutrients from the mother's blood diffuse into the embryo's blood

Marsupials

Egg-laying mammals

Placenta

Bear fully developed live young

Match the following with its definition

Stomach

Breakdown (with rocks and sand) and store food

Gizzard

Breakdown (with chemicals) and store food

Crop

Absorb nutrients

Alimentary Canal

A digestive tube with two openings

Intestines

Where food is softened and stored (animals without teeth)

Match the digestive system with the type of animal

Omnivores

No cecum, intermediate length

Herbivores

Long digestive tract (more time for plants), cecum (home to microbes that break down plants)

Carnivores

Expandable stomach, short digestive tract

Match the four main approaches to gas exchange with its characteristcs

Gills

Absorb O2 dissolved in water

Skin

Must live in damp places, small animals

Lungs

Internal sacs lines with a moist epithelium, gas carried to cells via circulatory system

Tracheal System

Has respiratory surfaces at the tips of tiny branching tubes in body, transports O2 direct to body cells and moves CO2 away from them

Match the following with its definition on the subject of thermoregulation

Endothermic

Using heat generated by metabolism to maintain a warm, steady body temperature

Thermoregulation

How animals maintain a internal temperature despite variation in external temperature

Ecothermic

Absorbing external heat rather than generating much of their own

Match the following with its definition on the subject of specialized sensory receptors

Pain receptors

Detect heat or cold

Chemoreceptors

Special nerve cells that are tuned to the conditions of the environment

Electromagnetic

Respond to chemicals

Merchanoreceptors

Sensed dangerous stimuli (harmful pressure, temperatures, or chemicals)

Sensory receptors

Receptors respond to electricity, magnetism or light

Thermoreceptors

Respond to mechanical energy, such as touch

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