Dental Research 05

66. Which of the following study designs is Quantitative study?:

Case report

Case-control study

Case series

Interviews

67. Which form(s) of bias that can occur in a research study?:

Observer bias

Confounding bias

Selection bias

Publication bias

All are corrects

68. When shall we do standardization?:

Before starting the actual study in order to minimize the impact of different clinical examiners

After Calibration

After Data Analysis

Any time during the study

69. Which of the following has the lowest “level of evidence”?:

Animal and Laboratory studies

Case reports or Case series

Cohort studies

Meta-analysis and/or Systematic reviews

Randomized controlled trial

70. Which of the following has the highest “level of evidence”?:

Animal and Laboratory studies

Case reports or Case series

Cohort studies

Meta-analysis and/or Systematic reviews

Randomized controlled trial

71. During “Data Processing”, we check if the questionnaires are acceptable or not. Which of the following situations when the questionnaires are NOT acceptable?:

Incomplete partially or fully

Biased or dishonest answer

Answered by a person who has inadequate knowledge

Manipulated

All are corrects

72. If the data set has some missing information/data, how could we manage the Missing Data?:

Substitute with code 0

Substitute with code 1

Leave blank

All above

73. During data processing step, we have to classify or group the statistical data by:?:

Discrete variables

Continuous variables

Ordinal variables

Nominal variables

All are corrects

74. You have the following hypothesis: “Frequent intake of cokes will increase the risk of dental erosion.”You decide that you will divide a group of patients who were seen at UHS dental clinic this year; and follow them for the next 10 years to observe the incidence of dental erosion. What the study design is it?:

Randomized Control Trial

Cross-sectional

Prospective cohort

Case-control

75. You have the following hypothesis: “Frequent intake of cokes will increase the risk of dental erosion.” You decide that you will compare frequency of cokes intake between patients who had dental erosion at UHS dental clinic in the last 3 years and those who did not have dental erosion. What the study design is it?:

Randomized Control Trial

Cross-sectional

Prospective cohort

Case-control

76. You have the following hypothesis: “Frequent intake of cokes will increase the risk of dental erosion.” You decide that you will survey a group of patients who were seen at UP dental clinic to know the frequency of their coke intake in the last 5 years, and also ask check if they have dental erosion. What the study design is it?:

Randomized Control Trial

Cross-sectional

Prospective cohort

Case-control

77. You have the following hypothesis: “Frequent intake of cokes will increase the risk of dental erosion.”You decide that you will Randomly allocate people who live in Phnom Penh: half to drink cokes often and the other half to not drink cokes at all. Then, follow them over the next 10 years to observe the incidence of dental erosion. What the study design is it?

Randomized Control Trial

Cross-sectional

Prospective cohort

Case-control

78. What is a Hypothesis?:

Generation and/or acquisition of new knowledge.

A cliam/argument about relationship between two or more variables that can be tested with data.

Queuries/problems/issues that the research is going to address.

A detailed description of a proposed study designed to investigate a given problem.

79. What is a Research Proposal?:

Generation and/or acquisition of new knowledge.

A cliam/argument about relationship between two or more variables that can be tested with data

Queuries/problems/issues that the research is going to address.

A detailed description of a proposed study designed to investigate a given problem.

80. What is a Research?:

Generation and/or acquisition of new knowledge.

A cliam/argument about relationship between two or more variables that can be tested with data

Queuries/problems/issues that the research is going to address.

A detailed description of a proposed study designed to investigate a given problem.

81. What is Research Questions?:

Generation and/or acquisition of new knowledge.

A cliam/argument about relationship between two or more variables that can be tested with data

Queuries/problems/issues that the research is going to address.

A detailed description of a proposed study designed to investigate a given problem.

82. Which of the following is characteristics of Hypothesis?:

Seeking for answer

Allow a wide range of outcomes

Predictive in nature

Can be used only in qualitative studies

83. Which of the following is characteristics of Research Question?:

Seeking for answer

Does not allow a wide range of outcomes

Predictive in nature

Can be used only in qualitative studies

84. Why do you need a Research Proposal?:

To give a clear outline of the objectives that you want to achieve through your project.

To show why is the intended research is important and effort-worthy.

To serve as a planning too.

To apply for funding

All are corrects

85. For Quantitative study, the Research Question?:

is exploratory in nature

is confirmatory in nature

usually begin with “how”

sometimes start with “why”

86. For Qualitative study, the Research Question?:

is exploratory in nature

is confirmatory in nature

usually compare between two or more things

sometimes address the relationship between two or more things

87. Which is the following research questions is Qualitative study?:

What are the experiences and perceptions of adolescents and young adults living with Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI)

Is the application of (SDF) effective for (arresting caries in 6-12 year-old Cambodian children) as compared to SF varnish

What is the relationship between daily sugary intake and carie progression in primary-school children

What is the effect of daily Cola intake on tooth surface in adult Cambodian

88. Which is the following research questions is Quantitative study?:

What are the experiences and perceptions of adolescents and young adults living with Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI)

Is the application of (SDF) effective for (arresting caries in 6-12 year-old Cambodian children) as compared to SF varnish

What are the patients' reactions on being diagnosed with peri-implantitis

What are their opinions on dental implant therapy and expectations on treatment of the disease….

89. What is Reliability?:

Refers to how close the results of a study are to the truth

Refers to the degrees to which multiple assessment of a subject agree

Refers to measurement to tell how well the investigators agree

Refers to the value of significant level

90. What is Validity?:

Refers to how close the results of a study are to the truth

Refers to the degrees to which multiple assessment of a subject agree

Refers to measurement that provide about how well the investigators agree

Refers to the value of significant level

91. What is Calibration?:

Refers to how close the results of a study are to the truth

Refers to the degrees to which multiple assessment of a subject agree

Refers to measurement that tell how well the investigators agree

Refers to the value of significant level

92. What is Referencing?:

An acknowledgement that you have used the ideas and written material belonging to other authors in your own work

A numbering system across the written article

A collection of facts

A library of Endnote

93. Why do you should reference?:

To increase the word count of your article

To show that you did a lot of reading

To show that your writing is based on knowledge and ensure that anyone reading your work can trace the source you have used

To fulfill requirement of a journal editor

94. What is the difference between Reference and Bibliography?:

Reference includes unpublished data

Bibliography can include unpublished data and or all items that you have consulted for your work

Bibliography is listed in alphabetical order, but reference is not listed in numerical order

There is no different between Bibliography and Reference

95. What is Data?:

A collection of number

A collection of facts or figures

A collection of questionnaires

A library of statistical results

96. What is PICO framework used for?

To analyse the data

To generate a good research question

To be included in the conclusion

To be included in the literature review section

97. Which type of study assesses the efficacy of the treatment intervention in a controlled, standardized, and highly monitored setting and usually among highly selected samples of patients?

randomized controlled trial

case series

sensitivity analysis

cost‐benefit analysis

98. In which type of study does the investigator use information already collected to look for associations?:

retrospective study

prospective study

historical study

survey study

99. In which type of study does the investigator identify a group of individuals and thenobserve them for a specified period after study initiation? :

retrospective study

prospective study

meta‐analysis

diagnostic test study

100. Case‐control studies are always

prospective

retrospective

cross sectional

experimental

101. Which type of study can be used to describe the experience of an individual or institution in treating a disease?

case‐control study

crossover trial

case series

equivalence study

102. What is a cross-sectional design?

A comparison of two or more variables longitudinally

A design that is devised when the researcher is in a bad mood.

The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time.

Research into one particular section of society, e.g. The middle classes.

103. Survey research is cross-sectional and as a result, it is

Low in internal validity but high in replicability.

High in internal validity but low in reliability.

None of the above

High in ecological validity but low in external validity.

104. What does the term 'longitudinal design' mean?

A study completed far away from where the researcher lives.

A study which is very long to read.

A study with two contrasting cases.

A study completed over a distinct period of time to map changes in social phenomena

105. Which of the following requirements for a dissertation may depend on your institution?

Whether an abstract should be included

The format for referencing

The size of the study

All of the above

106. The role of a project supervisor is to:

give you a reading list.

provide academic support, guidance and critical feedback on your work.

negotiate access to the research setting on the student's behalf.

ensure you keep to your schedule and deadlines.

107. Why is it important to have well formulated research questions?

It gives greater clarity to the research process and what you wish to research.

It leads to more focused research.

It provides more structure to my work.

All of the above.

108. Which of the following is a criterion for a good research question?

Questions should be long and use complex terms

Questions should show where my research biases are.

Questions should sound contemporary.

Questions should connect with established theory and research.

109. Which of the following should be included in a research proposal?:

Your academic status and experience.

The difficulties you encountered with your previous reading on the topic.

Your choice of research methods and reasons for choosing them.

All of the above.

110. Which of the following should you think about when preparing your research?:

Your sample frame and sampling strategy.

The ethical issues that might arise.

Negotiating access to the setting.

All of the above.

111. What practical steps can you take before you actually start your research?:

Find out exactly what your institution's requirements are for a dissertation.

Make sure you are familiar with the hardware and software you plan to use.

Apply for clearance of your project through an ethics committee.

All of the above.

112. Which of the following is the first step in starting the research process?:

Searching sources of information to locate problem.

Survey of related literature

Identification of problem

Searching for solutions to the problem

113. A research paper is a brief report of research work based on:

Primary Data only

Secondary Data only

Both Primary and Secondary Data

None of the above

114. Information is…..:

Raw Data

Processed Data

Input data

Organized data

115. Conference proceedings are considered as..................documents:.

Conventional

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

116. Controlled Group” is a term used in.............. :.

Survey research

Historical research

Experimental research

Descriptive research

117. Which of the following is not a “Graphic representation” ?:

Pie Chart

Bar Chart

Table

Histogram

118. The transmission of receiver’s reaction back to the sender is known as................. .:

Noise

Feedback

Medium

Source

119. A set of rules that govern overall data communications system is popularly known as...............:

Protocol

Agreement

Pact

Memorandum

120. Which of the following is not true about e journals ?:

They are distributed through digital methods

They also have editors or editorial boards

They are publications of serial nature

They are always free of cost

121. What does the term 'longitudinal design' mean?:

A study completed far away from where the researcher lives.

A study which is very long to read.

A study with two contrasting cases.

A study completed over a distinct period of time to map changes in social phenome

122. What is a cross-sectional design?:

A comparison of two or more variables longitudinally

A design that is devised when the researcher is in a bad mood.

The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time.

Research into one particular section of society, e.g. The middle classes.

123. What is a research design?

A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory.

The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods.

The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. A graph.

A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data.

124. Which is not an operational step of the eight step model of the research process?:

Selecting a sample.

Writing a research report.

Conducting a survey.

Formulation of a research question

125. At the start of each research project a researcher has to decide on:

The journal the report will be published in

What research question will be answered.

How many participants to include.

How many books to order from the library

126. When selecting a sample you should:

Use less than 10 participants for a quantitative study.

Avoid bias.

Avoid costs.

Always include all your friends

127. Why does a researcher write a research proposal at the start of a study?:

So they will not forget what they are doing during the study.

So they can advertise for people to take part in the study.

To make sure they have not left any part of the study out when they are planning it.

To apply for ethical approval and to gain permission to access participants or sources of data.

128. The research participants are described in detail in which section of the research plan?

Introduction

Method

Data analysis

Discussion

129. A research plan:

Should be detailed

Should be given to others for review and comments

Sets out the rationale for a research study

All of the above

130. The Method section of the research plan typically specifies

The research participants

The apparatus, instruments, and materials for the research study

The planned research procedures

All are corrects

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