PBIOOOOOO lab

Normal urine color in a fresh state is pale yellow or amber and is due to the presence of various pigments collectively called _____________

Urine is denser than pure water

Normal SG of urine is 1.016 to 1.029 in 24 hrs sample

A non-invasive analysis that includes various tests to examine the urine contents for any abnormalities that indicate a disease condition or infection.

Average 24-hr urinary output in adults is 1-2.5L/DAY.

The following are used to measure specific gravity of urine EXCEPT:

Identify the cause: White and cloudy on standing on alkaline urine

Identify the cause: Pink and cloudy on acid urine

Identify the cause: Varying grades of turbidity

Identify the cause: Uniformly cloudy, do not settle at the bottom after centrifugation

Refers to protein excretion in urine >150 mg/24 hours in adults.

Urinary excretion of 30 to 300 mg/24 hours (or 2-20 mg/dl) of albumin in urine.

Due to increased permeability of glomerular capillary wall

Due to excretion of low molecular weight proteins which are actively reabsorbed by proximal renal tubules in diseased conditions of tubules.

When concentration of a low molecular weight protein rises in plasma, it “overflows” from plasma into the urine

Alteration of blood flow through the glomeruli causes increased filtration of proteins

This is caused by inflammatory or neoplastic conditions in renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, prostate, or urethra

Select tests for proteins in urine:

SELECT TEST DETECTION FOR BILIRUBIN

SELECT TESTS FOR UROBILINOGEN:

Presence of bilirubin in urine is called as ___________

Presence of bilirubin in urine indicates conjugated __________

The presence of abnormal number of intact red blood cells in urine is called as __________

A sample of well-mixed urine (usually 10-15 ml) is centrifuged in a test tube at relatively low speed (about 2000-3,000 rpm) for 5-10 minutes which produces a concentration of sediment (cellular matter) at the bottom of the tube.

Urinary casts are cylindrical aggregations of particles that form in the distal nephron, dislodge, and pass into the urine. In urinalysis they indicate liver disease.

The most common type of cast- hyaline casts are solidified ________________ secreted from the tubular epithelial cells and seen in fever, strenuous exercise, damage to the glomerular capillary.

The liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals, including humans

SG of Milk is 1.027 – 1.030

Major carbohydrate fraction in milk

Most important in all dairy processing. It ensures that all potential pathogens are destroyed

72 C or 161 F for 15 seconds or above

138 C (280 F) for two seconds and aseptically placed in sterile conventional milk containers

138 C (280 F) for two seconds then milk then goes into a more substantial container—either a sterile five-layer laminated “box” or a metal can.

63 °C (145 °F) for 30 minutes or 72 °C (161 °F) for 15 seconds

Prevents fat globules from floating to the top and forming a cream layer or cream plug

Precipitate + Ether → __________

A single-stranded nucleic acid polymer of the four nucleotides A, C, G, and U

They are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life

The lactose present in milk is a ____________ containing free carbonyl groups which undergo aldol condensation (caramelization) reaction in alkaline medium

Fe, Cu, Zn and Ni are all trace elements