EHRA Young EP ECG Contest

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CASE
A 16 year old female presents with recurrent palpitations.
In her past history she underwent 3 ablations for WPW syndrome with a para-Hisian accessory pathway and a concealed left lateral accessory pathway.
The following ECG is recorded in the ER:

Picture1

What is the most likely diagnosis ?

Recurrent para-Hisian and left lateral accessory pathway conduction
Recurrent intermittent para-Hisian accessory pathway conduction with intermittent preexcitation and underlying bifascicular block
Recurrent left lateral accessory pathway conduction
PVCs without anterograde accessory pathway conduction  
CLINICAL CASE
A 20 year old male with mild cognitive impairment presented to the outpatient clinic for a sports pre-participation cardiovascular examination. 
The echocardiogram revealed severe concentric LV hypertrophy (28mm). 
The following ECG was recorded:

What is the most likely diagnosis?

Danon disease
HCM due to MYH7 mutation

Apical HCM

Amyloidosis

Noonan syndrome
CLINICAL CASE
A 30 year old female patient was recently diagnosed with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (mild LV dilatation,  LVEF 45%).
She has a history of atrial flutter ablation one year prior to current presentation.
The following resting ECG was recorded:
 

What is the most likely diagnosis?

DCM due to titin mutation
DCM due to lamin A/C mutation
Wild type TTR amyloidosis
Left ventricular non-compaction
Anderson-Fabry disease
CASE
A 76 year old patient with symptomatic heart failure and dyspnoea NYHA class III presents with monthly palpitations. 
The following 12-lead ECG is recorded (50mm/s):
 

Which phenomena can be spotted on the ECG?

Ventricular bigeminy
RBBB, left anterior fascicle block, left posterior fascicle block
LBBB, I° AV block
II°  AV block, LBBB
CLINICAL CASE
A 64 year old patient with WPW syndrome recently presented with an episode of preexcited atrial fibrillation which was terminated with cardioversion. 
The resting ECG is as follows:
 

What is the most likely accessory pathway location?

Left lateral
Left posterior
Midseptal
Right posterior
Right anteroseptal
CLINICAL CASE
A 77 year old male patient presented with recurrent episodes of palpitations.
ECG during tachycardia, as well as baseline ECG, are shown:
 

What is the most likely mechanism of the arrhythmia?

Atrial flutter
Atypical AVNRT
Typical AVNRT
Antidromic reciprocating tachycardia
PJRT
CASE
A 45 year old patient is referred by his cardiologist because of an "abnormal ECG". 
He has a family history of sudden cardiac death; his brother died at age of 49 years.
The following resting ECG was recorded: 
 

What is the most likely diagnosis?

CPVT
ARVC
HCM
HOCM

CLINICAL CASE
Sports pre-participation cardiovascular screening revealed abnormal ECG findings in a 20 year old asymptomatic man.
For further evaluation a 24-hour ECG recording was performed. The following strips were recorded:

What is the most likely diagnosis?

Typical ventricular pre-excitation
Mahaim variant of pre-excitation
Idioventricular rhythm
Intermittent complete heart block
Ectopic atrial rhythm
CASE
A 61 year old female presented with palpitations to the emergency department.
She has no known cardiac history.
 
 

What is the most likely diagnosis?

Preexcited AF
Atrial flutter with LBBB
Ventricular tachycardia
Atrioventricular nodal tachycardia

CLINICAL CASE
A 63 year old man presented to the ED with sudden onset palpitations.
He has a history of arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia.
The following ECG was obtained:

 

What is the most likely diagnosis?

Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia
Typical clockwise atrial flutter
Typical counterclockwise atrial flutter
Atypical flutter
CLINICAL CASE
A 67 year old man presented with history of hypertension and PVCs.
Recent 24h Holter showed >25000 monomorphic PVCs.
Echocardiogram showed 50% LVEF, coronary angiogram and cardiac MRI were normal.
(50mm/s)

Where is the most likely site of the PVC origin?

Anterolateral papillary muscle
Right coronary cusp
Free wall RVOT
Basal inferior septal LV
Apical lateral LV

CASE
A 53 year old male presents to the emergency department with palpitations and tachycardia at 130 bpm.
In the ED intravenous 12 mg adenosine was administered with the following ECG recording.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

AVNRT/AVRT
Atrial flutter
Sinus tachycardia
Fascicular Ventricular tachycardia

CASE
A 49 year old patient presents with recurrent palpitations, dizziness and angina during exercise.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

Atrial fibrillation
Typical atrial flutter with 1:1 conduction
Typical atrioventricular nodal tachycardia
Atypical atrioventricular nodal tachycardia

CLINICAL CASE
A 65 year old patient presented with AV block and recurent syncope and underwent permanent pacemaker implantation. 
The following surface ECG was recorded during follow-up.

What can be observed on the three ECG strips from left to right?

 

His pacing, parahisian pacing & myocardial pacing 
Pseudofusion & fusion pacing
Myocardial pacing, parahisian pacing & His pacing
Left bundle pacing
CLINICAL CASE
A 45 year old patient presented to the ED with palpitations and shortness of breath.
An echocardiogram and a coronary angiogram were normal.
The following ECG was recorded just moments before ventricular fibrillation requiring external defibrillation.
 
 
 

What is the most likely diagnosis?

Short QT syndrome
VF triggered by short coupled PVC
Long QT syndrome
Electrocardiographic artefact
CLINICAL CASE
A 40 year old male was referred to the cardiology outpatient clinic for asymptomatic, high burden PVCs.
 

What is the most likely localization of the PVC’s focus?

Aortomitral continuity   
RVOT
LVOT
Posterior papillary muscle

CLINICAL CASE
A 55 year old man with a history of anterior myocardial infarction and ICD for secondary prevention presents with palpitation. Echo showed reduced LVEF (30%).  
The following continous tracing was recorded during symptoms.

What is the most likely cause of palpitations?

Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia  
Ventricular tachycardia stopped after first ATP
Ventricular tachycardia self terminated
Ventricular tachycardia degenerates into another form of VT after the first ATP, stopped after the second one.

CLINICAL CASE
A 32 year old female was referred to the cardiology outpatient clinic due to highly symptomatic PVCs. The ambulatory 24h-Holter-ECG recording revealed a high PVC burden (> 30%).  

What is the most likely location of the PVC’s focus?

Aorto-mitral continuity (AMC)  
RVOT
LV summit
LV posteroseptal area
CLINICAL CASE
A 53 year old man presented to the ER complaining of palpitation.
He has a history of hypertension andPVCs. A 24h ECG Holter recording showed 30% PVC burden. 
Echocardiogram showed 55% LVEF and coronary angiogram was normal. 
The following tracing was recorded during symptoms.
 

Where is the most probable site of PVC origin?

RVOT
Left coronary cusp
Aortomitral continuity 
LVOT

CLINICAL CASE
A 59 year old male with a history on non-ischemic cardiomyopathy with mildly reduced systolic function (LVEF 40%) underwent cardiac resynchronization therapy with good response. During follow-up he presented to the ED with new fatigue and exercise intolerance. The ECG recorded in the ED is shown: 

What is the most likely diagnosis?

CRT-pacemaker mediated tachycardia (PMT)
Ventricular tachycardia
Atrial tachycardia + ventricular stimulation
Sinus tachycardia + ventricular stimulation
CLINICAL CASE
A 49 year old man presented to the emergency department complaining of palpitations and shortness of breath.
He had history of intermittent palpitations.
12-lead ECG recorded at presentation is shown:
 

What is the most likely diagnosis?

Preexcited atrial fibrillation
Antidromic reciprocating tachycardia
Atrial tachycardia with aberrancy
Ventricular tachycardia

CLINICAL CASE
A 65 year old female patient with a history of coronary artery disease, arterial hypertension and diabetes presented with dyspnoea on exertion. 
The following ECG was recorded in the emergency room:

What is the most likely diagnosis and how would you verify it?

Second-degree AV block, type Wenckebach; give atropine or perform stress test.
Second-degree AV block, type Mobitz; give atropine or perform stress test.
Third-degree AV block; give atropine.
Third-degree AV block; no further test required, pacemaker indicated.

CLINICAL CASE
A 72 year old patient with temporary transvenous cardiac pacing for complete AV block experiences a new syncope episode. The following tracing was recorded during symptoms.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

Ventricular oversensing
Ventricular undersensing
Intermittent ventricular capture
Loss of ventricular capture
CLINICAL CASE
A 45 year old woman was rescued at Mount Everest showing signs of hypothermia. 
Her ECG was the following:
 

What is the name of the phenomenon observed in the ECG? 

1) J wave
2) Osborn wave
3) De Winter syndrome
4) 1 and 2 are correct.
5) 1, 2 and 3 are correct.
CASE
A 50 year old male patient presents with a one-week history of atypical chest pain.
The following ECG is recorded:
 

What is the most likely diagnosis?  

Previous inferior myocardial infarction
Recent posterior myocardial infarction
Left posteroseptal accessory pathway
 Anteroseptal accessory pathway
CLINICAL CASE
A 75 year old patient with a recent myocardial infarction, severely depressed left ventricular function and episodes of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia on telemetry was discharged from the hospital with a wearable cardioverter defibrillator.  
The patient had a syncope, was shocked by the device and regained consciouseness.
The following 2-lead ECG was recorded during the episode:
 

How would you descripe the episode?

Appropriate and effective shock for ventricular fibrillation.
Appropriate and effective shock for ventricular tachycardia.
Inappropriate shock for atrial flutter with high degree AV block.
Inappropriate shock due to undersensing of the device.
CLINICAL CASE
A 71 year old male, with a history of ischaemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus and hypertension, was admitted to the ED after complaining of palpitations and dizziness. 
ECG recorded during ED examination is shown.

 

What is the most likely diagnosis?

 

Atrial flutter + RBBB
Ventricular tachycardia
Atrial tachycardia + LBBB
Antidromic AVRT
CASE
The following ECG tracing was recorded on device interrogation. 
Patient is asymptomatic. 
 
 
What is the most likely diagnosis?
 
VT
SVT with abberrancy
AF
Sinus rhythm with artefacts
CLINICAL CASE
A 24 year old patient with fever and syncope presented to the ED
Echocardiographic examination was normal.
Standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is shown:
 

Which is the most likely diagnosis?

ST elevation myocardial infarction
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Brugada syndrome
Arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy

CLINICAL CASE
A 59 year old woman presents with palpitations. The following 12-lead ECG is recorded:

Which explanation for the beat indicated by blue arrows is the least likely? 

Dual nodal response
Atrial extrasystole
Nodal extrasystole
Ventricular extrasystole
CLINICAL CASE
A 72 year old male patient is referred for several episodes of recurrent sustained palpitations. 
He has a history of dual-chamber ICD implantation for ischemic cardiomyopathy and severely reduced LVEF.
 

What is the possible explanation for the palpitations? 

Pacemaker-mediated tachycardia
Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm
Junctional tachycardia 
Atrial tachycardia
CLINICAL CASE
A 45 year old female with no medical history except smoking, was admitted to the ER due to palpitations lasting several hours. 
A 12-lead ECG recorded during examinationis shown.
 

What is the 1st drug of choice in this case ?

Flecainide
Digoxin
Adenosine
Verapamil
CLINICAL CASE
A 69 year old male without known cardiac disease presents at the emergency department with palpitations.
On auscultation a mitral systolic murmur is noted.
The following 12-lead ECG is recorded. 
 

What is the most likely diagnosis?

Atypical atrial flutter, probably left-sided origin
Clockwise typical atrial flutter
Atypical AVNRT
Counterclockwise typical atrial flutter

CLINICAL CASE
A 78 year old woman with ischemic heart disease and low left ventricular ejection fraction (35%) was referred for episodes of wide QRS complex tachycardia. The patient had been previously implanted with a dual-chamber ICD.

What is the most likely diagnosis? 

PM induced tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia
Atrial fibrillation with aberrancy 
SVT with aberrancy
CLINICAL CASE
A 20 year old male was referred to the cardiology outpatient clinic after army medical assessment revealed an abnormal ECG.  
He is asymptomatic.
The resting ECG is shown.
 

What is the diagnosis?

Preexcitation through anteroseptal accesory pathway
Preexcitation through posteroseptal accesory pathway
Preexcitation through left lateral accesory pathway
Preexcitation through right lateral (Mahaim) accesory pathway
Normal ECG
CASE
A 54 year old patient is admitted for elective surgery tothe surgical ward. 
Their ECG seems abnormal and you are called for an urgent consultation.
 
 
What is your diagnosis?
Junctional escape rhythm
Atrial fibrillation
Accrochage, AV dissociation
AVNRT

Where is the most likely origin of the ventricular ectopic beats? 

basal inferolateral wall of left ventricle
basal inferolateral wall of right ventricle
right ventricular outflow tract 
left ventricular outflow tract 
CLINICAL CASE
A 73 year old male patient with history of coronary artery disease reports intermittent palpitations.
He reports no angina or syncope.
He recorded several single-lead ECGs with a smartwatch while he experienced palpitations:
 

What is the most likely diagnosis?

Supraventricular tachycardia with aberrancy, correct heart rate annotation.
Supraventricular tachycardia with aberrancy, incorrect heart rate annotation.
Ventricular tachycardia, correct heart rate annotation.
Ventricular tachycardia, incorrect heart rate annotation.
CLINICAL CASE
A 18 year old semi-professional basketball player complained of palpitations during a game and subsequently developed syncope, but regained consciousness within 20 seconds. 
Medical team recorded the following ECG.
 

What is the most likely diagnosis?

VT
Atrial fibrillation over accessory pathway
Atrial tachycardia + BBB
Antidromic AVRT
CASE
A 25 year old patient is seen at the Emergency Department after sudden loss of conciousness.  
The following ECG is recorded.
 
 
What is your diagnosis?
Brugada Type I
Brugada Type II and possible epsilon wave
Early repolarization
Acute anteroseptal myocardial infarction
CLINICAL CASE
A 73 year old male patient with history of coronary artery disease reports intermittent palpitations.
He reports no angina or syncope. 
He recorded a single-lead ECG with a smartwatch while he experienced palpitations and the algorithm found this tracing suggestive of atrial fibrillation:
 

What is the most likely diagnosis?

 
Atrial fibrillation.
Sinus rhythm with intermittent II° AV block Mobitz I. 
Sinus rhythm with polymorphic ventricular extrasystoles.
Sinus rhythm with intermittent preexcitation. 
CASE
A 73 year old patient is planned for CABG surgery. 
An ECG prior to surgery to asses arrhythmia and the need for surgical PVI is shown.
 
 
What should be your advice?
No PVI or CTI ablation indicated
Surgical PVI is recommended
Endocardial CTI ablation
Hybrid procedure: surgical PVI and endocardial CTI
CLINICAL CASE
A 44 year old patient with familial history of atrial fibrillation and treated with low dose of betablocker and flecainide for persistent atrial fibrillation presented with recurrent atrial fibrillation.
He had no comorbidites.
The following ECG was recorded after cardioversion.
 

What is the most likely diagnosis?

Sinus node disease
Long QT syndrome
Drug-induced bradycardia
II degree AV block

CLINICAL CASE
An 87 year old patient with a history of persistent atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease presented to the ED with fever, dysuria, dehydration and palpitations. She didn't remember the name of her regular medications.  
The following ECG was recorded during ED examination.

ECG limb leads

ECG precordial leads

What drug is most likely causing this tachycardia?

Amiodarone
Digitalis
Propafenone
None, it is atrial tachycardia with rate dependant BBB
CASE
A 76 year old patient presents to the emergency department with a  presyncope. 
The following 12-lead ECG is recorded.
 
 
What is your diagnosis?
AF with abberrancy
SVT with abberrancy
VT
AF with BPT
CLINICAL CASE
A 23 year old male admitted to the emergency department after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitated with an AED (automated external defibrillator). 
He has a family history of sudden death at young age in a maternal uncle.
His baseline 12-lead ECG recorded at his arrival at the emergency department is shown. 
 

Which is the most probable cause of the sudden cardiac death?

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Acute coronary syndrome.
Short QT syndrome.
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.
CASE
A 60 year old male patient presents to the ED with a stroke.
His past medical history includes ischaemic cardiomyopathy with severely impaired LV function and a primary prevention Biotronik ICD.
The following 12-lead ECG is recorded:
 

What are the spikes in ECG?

Ventricular undersensing of a dual chamber pacemaker
Atrial undersensing of a dual chamber pacemaker
Thoracic impedance measurements
Artifacts
CLINICAL CASE
A 72 year old female patient without history of cardiovascular disease presents with palpitations and dyspnoea.
She reports no angina or (pre-)syncope. 
The following 12-lead ECG is recorded: 
 

What is your diagnosis?

Sinus tachycardia with aberrancy.
Intermittent pre-excitation.
Antidromic AVRT.
Ventricular tachycardia.
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