(NEW)part8(1890-1921).....(1785-2039)4 brettpit

A 14-year-old boy comes to the office because he has been feeling a mass under his right nipple for the last three weeks. The physical examination reveals clinical findings suggestive of right gynecomastia with very mild tenderness. The left breast and the rest of the physical exam is unremarkable. His testis is 2 cm in length and has 3 ml volume. What is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

A 14-year-old boy is brought to your office by his mother because of a two-week history of generalized edema, fatigue, and abdominal pain. His past medical history is insignificant, and the boy is not taking any medications. His BP is 110/70 mmHg and heart rate is 80/min. Urinalysis reveals proteinuria 4+, but urine sediment findings are within normal limits. Which of the following light microscopy finding would you expect in this patient's kidney biopsy?

You are asked by a colleague to evaluate a 5-year-old boy as a second opinion. He has a history of chronic and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, several admissions to the hospital for pneumonia, and three surgeries for PE tubes for chronic otitis media. Of note is a right-sided heart on repeated radiographs. Convinced you know the diagnosis based on history alone, you confirm your diagnosis with a biopsy of the nasal mucosa. You expect to find which of the following?

A 13-year-old patient with sickle-cell anemia presents with respiratory distress; she has an infiltrate on chest radiograph. The laboratory workup of the patient reveals the following: hemoglobin 5 g/dL; hematocrit 16%; white blood cell count 30,000/μL; and arterial blood (room air) pH 7.1, PO2: 35 mm Hg, and PaCO2: 28 mm Hg. These values indicate which of the following?

A 6-month-old child was noted to be normal at birth, but over the ensuing months you have been somewhat concerned about his slowish weight gain and his mild delay in achieving developmental milestones. The family calls you urgently at 7:00 AM noting that their child seems unable to move the right side of his body. Which of the following conditions might explain this child’s condition?

A 3-year-old girl with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) presents to the emergency department after a 15-minute focal seizure of her left arm and leg. A brief history reveals that the child has no known seizure disorder and has been having a low-grade fever at home for about 4 days. She also has been less active and has had poor appetite. On physical examination, her temperature is 40.2 C (104.3 F), and her pulse is 82/min. She is not responsive to her name, but she is responsive to painful stimuli with withdrawal of her extremities. Cardiac examination is significant for a grade 3 systolic murmur best heard at the left lower sternal border. Neurologic examination reveals anisocoria with a dilated right pupil. After stabilization, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?

A 20-month-old male is brought to the emergency department for evaluation of rectal bleeding after his parents discovered a substantial amount of maroon colored stool when changing his diaper. He has no history of hematochezia. The patient has been otherwise healthy and has not appeared to be in any pain. He has been eating and drinking well. His temperature is 37 C (98.6 F), blood pressure is 85/50 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, and respiratory rate is 20/min. On examination, the abdomen is soft, nondistended, and nontender. On rectal examination, there are no fissures or masses present. A fecal occult blood test is positive. The remainder of the physical examination is normal. Which of the following is the best test to confirm the diagnosis?

A 7 -year-old African American boy is brought to your clinic with complaints of bedwetting. He was toilet trained at the age of 4. He has been able to pass urine normally in daytime, but has never been dry at night. There is no history of urgency or frequency during daytime. There is no history suggestive of child abuse. He had two episodes of urinary tract infections (UTI) from birth until he was 2-years-old, but he has not had any episodes ever since. What is the next best step in the management of this patient?

A 1-month-old male infant is brought to the emergency department by his mother due to a 3-day history of projectile vomiting. He has been formula- fed since birth, and his bowel movements are normal. He has never been ill before. His parents and 4-year-old sister are all healthy. One of his maternal uncles is mentally retarded. He weighs 3.1 kg (7 Ib). Physical examination reveals fair hair and skin, blue eyes, eczematous rash, and mild signs of dehydration. His urine has a mousy odor. What is the most appropriate screening test for this patient's early diagnosis and treatment?

A 7-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of persistent nasal obstruction for 6 months. There is no: personal or family history of allergic disorders. Examination of the nasal fossae reveals bilateral ethmoidal polyps that protrude into the middle meatus and nasal cavity. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?

A 3-year-old African American boy is brought to the emergency department with sudden onset of difficulty walking. His mother reports that his right hand also seems "clumsy." The boy's past medical history is significant for a hospitalization one year ago for severe upper extremity pain and hand swelling. On physical examination, he has a blood pressure of 90/60 mmHg, heart rate of 120/min, temperature of 36.7°C (98°F), and respiratory rate of 22/min. Which of the following would be most helpful in diagnosing his condition?

A 15-year-old boy with tall stature presents with decreased exercise tolerance over the past 2 months. He states that he used to play two games of basketball with no problem, but he now can play only one game. On physical examination, his weight is at the 25th percentile, and his height higher than the 95th percentile. He is thin and has a gangly body habitus. His fingers are long and thin. There is pectus deformity in his chest. His joints are hyperextensible. An ophthalmologic examination reveals mild subluxation of the lens. Which of the following is the most likely finding on an echocardiogram?

A 15-year-old otherwise healthy boy presents with a complaint of intermittent abdominal distention, crampy abdominal pain, and excessive flatulence. He first started noticing these symptoms when he moved into his father’s house, and his stepmother insisted on milk at dinner every night. He has normal growth, has not lost weight, and has no travel history. Which of the following is the most appropriate study to diagnose his condition?

A 6-week-old infant is admitted to the hospital with jaundice. Her outpatient blood work demonstrated a total bilirubin of 12 mg/dL with a direct portion of 3.5 mg/dL. Which of the following disorders is most likely to be responsible?

A 9-month-old child comes in for a routine visit. She has had several episodes of otitis media in the past, but no major illnesses or hospitalizations. Her mother is concerned because the child was previously happy and social around other people, but now cries if her mother is not in the room. The child constantly wants to be held by her mother and becomes upset if her mother walks into the next room. Her grandmother keeps her during the day, and she now cries when her mother leaves her in the morning. Developmentally, she is crawling and waves bye-bye. She does not yet respond to her name or say words. She previously babbled but stopped several months ago. When you hide a toy with your hand, she lifts your hand to look for the toy. Which of the following is the best next step in the management of this child?

As a city public health officer, you have been charged with the task of screening high-risk children for lead poisoning. Which of the following is the best screen for this purpose?

The 1-year-old brother of a child with known abetalipoproteinemia is evaluated by a pediatrician for the disease. The 1 -year-old has been exhibiting steatorrhea and ataxia. Which of the following would most strongly support the suspected diagnosis?

A 2-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department (ED) in acute respiratory distress. He is afebrile, and has a heart rate of 100/min, respiratory rate of 80/min, and Sa02 of 84% on room air. He is sitting upright, and has significant nasal flaring and intercostal retractions. He is given supplemental oxygen in the ED. Chest x-ray reveal hyperinflation of the right lung, mediastinal shift to the left, and a severely hypoinflated left lung Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 2-year-old presents to the emergency center with several days of rectal bleeding. The mother first noticed reddish-colored stools 2 days prior to arrival and has since changed several diapers with just blood. The child is afebrile, alert, and playful, and is eating well without emesis. He is slightly tachycardic, and his abdominal examination is normal. Which of the following is the best diagnostic study to order to confirm the diagnosis?

A 16-month-old girl is brought to medical attention because of irritability, poor feeding, and temperatures up to 39.4 C (103 F). Careful history and physical examination fail to disclose any identifiable cause of her fever. There is some degree of abdominal tenderness on palpation. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?

A 3-year-old child presents to your office for an evaluation of constipation. The mother notes that since birth, and despite frequent use of stool softeners, the child has only about one stool per week. He does not have fecal soiling or diarrhea. He was born at term and without pregnancy complications. The child stayed an extra day in the hospital at birth because he did not pass stool for 48 hours, but has not been in the hospital since. Initial evaluation of this child should include which of the following?

A 4-year-old boy falls from the jungle gym at preschool. He sustains minor abrasions and contusions, and is taken care of by the school nurse. His parents take him that same afternoon to his regular pediatrician and demand "a thorough check-up" for possible internal injuries. The pediatrician complies, and a complete physical examination is normal. His hemoglobin is 14 g/dL, and a urinalysis shows the presence of microhematuria. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 4-year-old child is brought to the emergency department after he ingested liquid oven cleaner. His vital signs are stable. He is crying and drooling with blood-tinged secretions. His lips and chin are swollen and erythematous. His clothes are contaminated with the material. His breathing appears normal. His lungs are clear. Based on these findings, what is the best next step in the management of this patient?

A 4-week-old male infant is brought to the office due to several episodes of projectile vomiting for the last few days. The vomitus contains milk and doesn't contain bile or blood. The child's appetite has increased for the last few days. He has been fed with goat's milk since birth, but doesn't seem to tolerate it anymore for the last few days. He vomits a few minutes after feedings. He appears dehydrated, and abdominal examination reveals no mass. Blood tests reveal macrocytosis. What is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

A 6 month old male is brought in to the Emergency Room by his mother who states that when she picked him up from the baby-sitter he was not acting right. The baby-sitter stated that he was sleeping more and was fussy. On examination the baby is stuporous. His temperature is 37.8 C (99.9 F), pulse is 140/min, and respirations are 36/min. A 4 cm ecchymosis is noted on his right cheek. The remainder of the physical examination is unremarkable. The physician suspects possible physical abuse. He orders a CT scan of the head, skeletal survey, chemistry panel and complete blood count. Which of the following diagnostic tests should also be ordered?

A 4-year-old boy, recently adopted through an international adoption service, is noted to have intermittent watery diarrhea, nausea, belching, and abdominal pain. His weight is less than the fifth percentile for his age. Which of the following studies would be most helpful in making the diagnosis?

A 10-month-old infant has poor weight gain, a persistent cough, and a history of several bouts of pneumonitis. The mother describes the child as having very large, foul-smelling stools for months. Which of the following diagnostic maneuvers is likely to result in the correct diagnosis of this child?

A 14-year-old African-American girl presents to the ER with a mild fever and severe right-sided thigh pain. She is agitated and requests quick pain relief. Her heart rate is 120/min and blood pressure is 120/70 mmHg. She says that she had a similar episode one year ago and was placed in the hospital for intravenous pain management. Her brother had similar episodes and died of an infection at 10 years of age. Which of the following would you most expect to see on this patient's peripheral blood smear?

You are asked to evaluate an infant born vaginally 3 hours previously to a mother whose only pregnancy complication was poorly controlled gestational diabetes. The nursing staff noticed that the infant was breathing abnormally. On examination, you find that the infant is cyanotic, has irregular, labored breathing, and has decreased breath sounds on the right side. You also note decreased tone in the right arm. You provide oxygen and order a stat portable chest radiograph, which is normal. Which of the following studies is most likely to confirm your diagnosis?

A 3-year-old boy of African descent is brought to your office by his stepfather because of easy bruising. He says that the child bruises easily even without trauma. The child started playing games by himself recently. He has a past history of clavicular fracture, which the stepfather attributes to a fall down a set of stairs. The history of the biological father is unknown. On examination, there is a right knee effusion with decreased range of motion, and multiple soft tissue hematomas on the thigh. What is the most appropriate diagnostic step in management?

An 8-year-old boy presents to the pediatrician's office with a headache for the past 3 weeks. His mother also states that he has been more tired and has had frequent nose bleeding for the past month. On physical examination, his height and weight are both below the 5th percentile for his age. His blood pressure is 152/86 mm Hg in all four extremities. His pulse is 74/min, and respirations are 16/min. His heart examination is normal with no murmur. His peripheral pulses are strong and symmetric. Urinalysis and serum electrolytes are ordered. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?

A 15-year-old girl presents with diplopia after prolonged reading and ptosis that worsens in the afternoon. On examination, she is noted to have bilateral ptosis, impaired extraocular muscle movements, facial weakness, and generalized hypotonia and weakness increasing with repetition. Which of the following is the best diagnostic test for this disorder?

A 7-day-old boy who is the product of an uncomplicated gestation is brought to the physician because of hypospadias. The baby is otherwise healthy, and is urinating without any difficulty. On physical examination, vital signs are stable, lungs are clear and the heart is beating at a regular rate. The only abnormal physical finding is the hypospadias. Urinalysis is negative for infection. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?

A 12-year-old girl has a solitary thyroid nodule found on routine examination; she has no symptoms. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step for this patient?

A 5-year-old boy develops a headache, cough, myalgia and a fever. He has been a healthy child with all immunizations up to date. He is given a decongestant and an aspirin for his symptoms with some relief. However, 4 days later, he is brought back by his parents because of persistent vomiting and irritability. On physical examination, he is found to be semicomatose, becoming combative on stimulation. Which of the following levels should be measured to aid in the diagnosis of this patient?

A 3-year-old boy is admitted for seizure-like activity. He has been a healthy child and has been meeting all development milestones. His immunization schedule is up-to-date. Examination is notable for an erythematous throat and fever. His convulsions require IV administration of a benzodiazepine. Serum analysis reveals a normal white cell count with mild basophilic stippling. The lumbar puncture reveals elevated CSF pressure. Head CT scan is notable for cerebral edema. Which of the following is the next diagnostic step?

A 3-day-old, full-term baby boy is brought into the emergency department because of feeding intolerance and bilious vomiting. X-rays films show multiple dilated loops of small bowel and a "ground glass" appearance in the lower abdomen. The mother has cystic fibrosis. Which of the following diagnostic tests would also have therapeutic value?

A 5-year-old boy is brought to clinic with increasing right lower foot pain. He stepped on a nail several days ago. At that time, the family had sought medical attention. The child was given a tetanus shot, and the wound was extensively irrigated. On examination, the foot is tender, swollen, warm, and erythematous. Osteomyelitis is suspected. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?

A 15-year-old African-American girl has a facial rash and vague joint pains. Her temperature is 37.2C (99F). On examination, a malar erythematous rash is noted. Her laboratory evaluation is significant for anemia, leukopenia, and a normal platelet count. Her antinuclear antibody and Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) tests are positive. Which of the following tests is confirmatory for this patient's condition?

A 15-year-old Caucasian female comes to your office because her menses have not yet started. Her breast development is Tanner stage 2 and there is scant pubic hair. Physical examination is also significant for decreased femoral pulses. Which of the following is the best next step in evaluating her condition?

A 5-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his mother because he was sent home by the school nurse. The nurse claims to have heard a murmur in his chest. The child has always been healthy, and has never had any shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness or any other illnesses. On examination, the child appears alert, and his vital signs are stable. Auscultation of the chest reveals a grade-2 systolic ejection murmur at the left sternal border, but no other extra sounds. The murmur changes with position. What is the best next step in the management of this patient?

A 4-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital last night with the complaint of “difficulty breathing.” He has no past history of lung infection, no recent travel, and no day-care exposure; he does, however, have an annoying tendency to eat dirt. In the emergency center he was noted to be wheezing and to have hepatomegaly. He is able to talk, relaying his concern about his 6-week-old Chihuahua being left alone at home. Laboratory studies revealed marked eosinophilia (60% eosinophils). Which of the following tests is most likely to produce a specific diagnosis?

A 2-year-old boy who emigrated from Eastern Europe 1 year ago is brought to the physician because of fever, cough, and night sweats for 3 weeks. The child's grandmother, who lives with him, has similar symptoms. The child's temperature is 39.2 C (102.6 F), Wood pressure is 110/65 mm Hg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 28/min. A Mantoux test is reactive, and a chest x-ray film shows a right middle lobe infiltrate and hilar lymphadenopathy. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?

An otherwise healthy 17-year-old complains of swollen glands in his neck and groin for the past 6 months and an increasing cough over the previous 2 weeks. He also reports some fevers, especially at night, and possibly some weight loss. On examination, you notice that he has nontender cervical, supraclavicular, axillary, and inguinal nodes, no hepatosplenomegaly, and otherwise looks to be fairly healthy. Which of the following would be the appropriate next step?

A 3-year-old girl is brought to the pediatrician with complaints of abdominal pain and fever. Her mother states that the fever started 2 days ago, with the highest temperature being 39.0 C (102.2 F). She has had no vomiting or diarrhea. The mother states that her daughter has been complaining of pain on urination. On examination, she is tender in her lower abdomen, and there is some right-sided costovertebral angle tenderness. A urinalysis confirms the suspicion of a urinary tract infection. Which of the following would be the most appropriate diagnostic procedure?

A 7 -year-old male child is brought to the office due to decreased urine output and lethargy for the past week. His birth and past medical histories are insignificant. His immunizations are up-to-date. Examination reveals no abnormalities. His BUN and creatinine levels are elevated. What is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

A 6-year-old girl is brought to the office for the evaluation of "passing smoky urine." She recently had a sore throat. Her blood pressure is 150/100 mmHg. There is swelling of the face and extremities. Urinalysis reveals many red blood cells, red blood cell casts and 1 + proteinuria. Her serum C3 level and CH 50 are low. Her C4 1evel is normal. Her antistreptolysin-a (ASO) titer is 1,024 Todd units (normal ≤ 166 Todd units). In this patient, which of the following abnormal findings is most likely to become normal within 8 to 12 weeks?

A 2-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department with a fever, chills, poor appetite, and vomiting. On examination, she is irritable and diaphoretic. Her temperature is 39.2 C (102.5 F), blood pressure is 80/48 mm Hg, pulse is 88/min, and respirations are 17/min. She is tender at the left costovertebral angle. Initial laboratory tests show the following: Leukocyte count 16,300/mm3, Hemoglobin 12.5 g/dL, Platelet count 245,000/mm3, Blood urea nitrogen 6 mg/dL, Creatinine 0.5 mg/dl. Urinalysis is positive for leukocyte esterase and nitrite, with 150 white blood cells/hpf. After TV antibiotic administration and stabilization, what is the most appropriate diagnostic study?

A 9-year-old girl is brought to the clinic with complaints of fatigue, abdominal pain and low grade fever. Four days ago her mother noticed a red rash on the tops of her daughter's feet, which has now spread to her thighs and buttocks. The rash was initially small red dots, but has now become patches. Her daughter subsequently developed periumbilical, cramping, abdominal pain. Review of systems is positive only for a respiratory viral illness three weeks ago. Her temperature is 37.7 C (99.8 F), pulse is 96/min, and respirations are 18/min. Abdominal examination is remarkable for tenderness to palpation near the umbilicus, but the abdomen is otherwise soft, with no rebound or guarding, and no organomegaly. Raised, palpable purpuric lesions are present on the buttocks and thighs. The ankles are tender and edematous bilaterally. Complete blood count reveals a leukocyte count of 9,000/mm3. Her hemoglobin 12. 6 g/dL, and platelets are 325,000/mm3. Serum electrolytes are normal. Which of the following is her urinalysis most likely to reveal?

A 6-year-old girl is brought to the office due to significant steatorrhea and failure to thrive. She has a poor appetite and general malaise. Her past medical history is significant for prolonged neonatal jaundice and numerous respiratory tract infections. On examination, she looks a little underweight and has a runny nose. Auscultation reveals mild wheezing and diminished air entry in both lungs. Clubbing is visible on both hands. What is the best diagnostic test for this patient?

A 6-year-old girl is brought to the emergency room because her urine is red. She has been healthy her whole life, and has recently returned from an outing with her grandmother to a local amusement park. Her urine dip for heme is positive, suggesting which of the following is a possibility?

A 6-year-old boy with mental retardation has recently been diagnosed with Fragile X syndrome. His 9-year-old sister appears to be of normal intelligence but has symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). What is the first test that is indicated in her work-up for ADHD?

A 21-year-old woman has just delivered a term infant. She has had only one visit to her obstetrician, and that was at about 6 weeks of pregnancy. She provides her laboratory results from that visit. The delivered infant is microcephalic, has cataracts, a heart murmur, and hepatosplenomegaly. Your further evaluation of the child demonstrates thrombocytopenia, mild hemolytic anemia, and, on the echocardiogram, patent ductus arteriosus and peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis. Which of the following maternal laboratory tests done at 6 weeks gestation is likely to explain the findings in this child?

A 4-year-old boy from India presents with weakness. His parents note that he has been looking increasingly pale. Hemoglobin electrophoresis demonstrates an abnormal hemoglobin species. Genetic analysis indicates that the patient has the substitution of a valine for a glutamine in the sixth position of the betahemoglobin chain. Which of the following will most likely be seen on his blood smear?

A concerned mother brings her 2-month-old daughter to the clinic because of constipation. The mother had appropriate prenatal care but decided to deliver her child at home with the help of a midwife. The child has not received any medical attention since birth. Examination reveals jaundice, an umbilical hernia, and poor muscle tone. Which of the following is the most appropriate diagnostic study?

A one-month-old infant is born with craniofacial anomalies. Further evaluation reveals a cognitive impairment, a 22q 11 microdeletion in his chromosomes, and a heart condition with a right-to-left shunt. The infant subsequently undergoes heart surgery. The surgeon notes that the patient's thymus is absent. The anesthesiologist observes prolonged QT intervals in the patient's ECG. What is the most important parameter that should be monitored throughout this surgery?

A 14-year-old girl is brought to the office by her mother for the evaluation of leg muscle fatigability while climbing the stairs. She has occasional headaches. She was diagnosed (via karyotyping) with Turner's syndrome two years ago. Her blood pressure is 165/95 mm Hg on the right arm, and 161/95 mm Hg on the left arm. Her heart rate is 85/min. The physical examination reveals no secondary sexual characteristics. Her chest is broad. The point of maximal apical impulse is displaced to the left and increased in intensity. A mild, continuous murmur is heard all over the chest. The lungs are clear. What is the most probable finding on her chest radiograph?

A 14-year-old male presents with a complaint of soreness, and weakness in his legs for the past day that has slowly spread from his calves to his thighs. He now complains of weakness in his trunk and arms. On examination he appears tired and lays on the examining table. His temperature is 37 C (98.6 F), pulse is 48/min, and respirations are 22/min. Both of his legs are diffusely tender. Deep tendon reflexes are absent in the lower extremities, and sensation is greatly diminished. Which of the following studies is essential for this patient's diagnosis?

A nurse notices that a 1-week-old, premature infant in the neonatal unit is experiencing migratory jerks of the extremities. She picks the infant up and can feel that the muscle jerks are continuing to happen, even when she holds an involved extremity still. After about 5 minutes, the jerking movements stop. Which of the following is the most appropriate first step in diagnosis?

A 7-year-old is brought to the office with sore throat, poor appetite, and malaise over the last 2 days. He has no cough, rhinorrhea, or nasal congestion. The boy takes no medications, has no known allergies, and his immunization are up to date. Temperature is 38.9 C, BP is 110/70 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, and respitations are 16/min. On examination, his tonsils are swollen and covered with thin, with exudates. Small, tender anterior cervical lymph nodes are palpated. What is the most appropriate next step in management of this patient?

A 12-year-old male child comes to the office after being referred for a medical evaluation. His schoolteacher says that he has a problem concentrating during class. He stares in space for a few seconds several times a day, and appears totally absorbed in his thoughts. He is not disruptive in class, but appears forgetful. There is no history of trauma, infection or problem at birth. On examination, the child is alert with stable vital signs. There is no loss of motor or sensory perceptioin. Which of the following can confirm the patient’s diagnosis?

Within 8 hours after birth, an infant has "excessive salivation." Physical examination reveals that she has an imperforate anus, with a small fistula to the vagina. A small, soft nasogastric tube is inserted, and the infant is taken to x-ray. The film shows the tube coiled back on itself in the upper chest, and a normal gas pattern in the gastrointestinal tract. There are no apparent abnormalities of the radius or the vertebral bodies. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

An 8-year-old girl is brought to the pediatrician's office for evaluation of new onset swelling around the eyes. Physical examination reveals periorbital, sacral, and pretibial edema; her blood pressure is 96/64 mm Hg. The rest other physical examination is normal. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial diagnostic study?

A 4-year-old child is observed to hold his eyelids open with his fingers and to close one eye periodically, especially in the evening. He has some trouble swallowing his food. He usually appears sad, although he laughs often enough. He can throw a ball, and he runs well. Which of the following is most likely to aid in the diagnosis?

A neonate is markedly edematous and dies 1 hour after birth. A diagnosis of hydrops fetalis is made after the hematocrit on cord blood is demonstrated to be 5%. The erythrocytes in a smear from the cord blood are markedly hypochromatic. The mother is Rh positive and is known to have alpha-thalassemia trait. The thalassemia status of the father is unknown. Alpha-thalassemia is the suspected cause of the infant's hydrops. Which of the following hemoglobins would most likely be markedly elevated in this infant's blood if this diagnosis were correct?

A 21-year-old woman presents to the emergency room in active labor. She has had no prenatal care, but her last menstrual period was approximately 9 months prior. Her membranes are artificially ruptured, yielding no amniotic fluid. She delivers an 1800-g (4-lb) term infant who develops significant respiratory distress immediately at birth. The first chest radiograph on this infant demonstrates hypoplastic lungs. After this infant is stabilized, which of the following is the most appropriate next step for this infant?

A 7-year-old girl was found in a routine health supervision visit to have bilateral breast tissue development. She also had long, pigmented hair over the labia majora. Her height and weight are both at the 80th percentile for her age. Which of the following is the most appropriate management?

A 48-year-old woman develops constipation postoperatively and self-medicates with milk of magnesia. She presents to clinic, at which time her serum electrolytes are checked, and she is noted to have an elevated serum magnesium level. Which of the following represents the earliest clinical indication of hypermagnesemia?

A football player is tackled, and he develops severe knee swelling and pain. On physical examination with the knee flexed at 90 degrees, the leg can be pulled anteriorly, like a drawer being opened. A similar finding can be elicited with the knee flexed at 20 degrees by grasping the thigh with one hand, and pulling the leg with the other. Which of the following is the most likely injured structure?

A 45-year-old woman with Crohn disease and a small intestinal fistula develops tetany during the second week of parenteral nutrition. The laboratory findings include: Na: 135 mEq/LK: 3.2 mEq/LCl: 103 mEq/LHCO3: 25 mEq/LCa: 8.2 mEq/LMg: 1.2 mEq/LPO4: 2.4 mEq/LAlbumin: 2.4An arterial blood gas sample reveals a pH of 7.42, PCO2 of 38 mm Hg, and PO2 of 84 mm Hg. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the patient’s tetany?

A 42-year-old, right-handed man has had a history of progressive speech difficulties and right hemiparesis for 5 months. He has had progressively severe headaches for the past 2 months, which are worse in the mornings. At the time of admission, he is confused and vomiting, and has blurred vision, papilledema, and diplopia. Shortly thereafter, his blood pressure increases to 190/110 mm Hg, and he develops bradycardia. Which of the following is most likely the significance of the hypertension and the bradycardia?

A 19-year-old man sustains multiple injuries in a high-speed automobile collision. There is a pneumothorax on the left, for which he has a chest tube placed. Over the next several days, a large amount of air drains continuously through the tube (a large "air leak"), and daily chest x-rays show that his collapsed left lung is not expanding. The patient is not on a respirator. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?

A 23-year-old woman is brought to the emergency room from a halfway house, where she apparently swallowed a handful of pills. The patient complains of shortness of breath and tinnitus, but refuses to identify the pills she ingested. Pertinent laboratory values are as follows:Arterial blood gases: pH 7.45, PCO2 12 mm Hg, PO2 126 mm Hg.Serum electrolytes (mEq/L): Na+ 138, K+ 4.8, Cl− 102, HCO3− 8.An overdose of which of the following drugs would be most likely to cause the acid–base disturbance in this patient?

A middle-aged man with symptomatic carotid stenosis underwent a carotid endarterectomy on the right side. The area of significant stenosis extended from die carotid bifurcation up into the internal carotid, requiring a very high dissection and clamping of the vessel. The endarterectomy was done with an in situ shunt and closed with a Dacron patch. In the postoperative period, the patient has persistent difficulty swallowing solids and even more difficulty swallowing liquids. Any attempt to do so results in violent coughing and aspiration. His lips look symmetric and move normally, he speaks in a normal tone of voice without tiring, and he has no trouble breathing. When he is asked to stick his tongue out, he does so without deviation to either side. His symptoms are due to intraoperative damage of which of the following nerves?

A 52-year-old man has been impotent ever since he had an abdominoperineal resection for cancer of the rectum. The tumor was staged as T3, NO, MO. He gets no nocturnal erections, and his impotence extends to all situations, regardless of sexual partner, and includes inability to masturbate. His erectile dysfunction is most likely due to which of the following?

A 60-year-old diabetic man undergoes incision and drainage of an infected boil on his back. The wound is left open and packed daily. Week by week, the wound grows smaller and eventually heals. Which of the following terms describes the method of wound closure by the patient?

A 55-year-old-woman of Asian descent goes to the emergency department because of vomiting and severe abdominal cramping of 3 days' duration. Her pain is centered on the umbilicus. She denies being exposed to a viral or bacterial illness. Her medical history includes a previous cholecystectomy and an appendectomy after which she developed an infection. Her abdomen is not tender, but hyperactive, high-pitched peristalsis with rushes coincides with palpable bowel cramping. Abdominal x-ray films taken in the supine and upright positions demonstrate a ladder-like series of distended small bowel loops. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these findings?

A patient with a solid malignancy discusses chemotherapy with his oncologist. He is interested in the risks of the treatment. What is the primary toxicity of doxorubicin (Adriamycin)?

A 56-year-old woman is undergoing chemotherapy. She presents today with complaints of burning on urination and bloody urine. Which of the following agents causes hemorrhagic cystitis?

A 65-year-old man undergoes a technically difficult abdominal–perineal resection for a rectal cancer during which he receives 3 units of packed red blood cells. Four hours later, in the intensive care unit (ICU), he is bleeding heavily from his perineal wound. Emergency coagulation studies reveal normal prothrombin, partial thromboplastin, and bleeding times. The fibrin degradation products are not elevated, but the serum fibrinogen content is depressed and the platelet count is 70,000/μL. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his bleeding?

A 78-year-old man with a history of coronary artery disease and an asymptomatic reducible inguinal hernia requests an elective hernia repair. Which of the following would be a valid reason for delaying the proposed surgery?

A 53-year-old woman has been intubated for several days after sustaining a right pulmonary contusion after a motor vehicle collision as well as multiple rib fractures. Which of the following is a reasonable indication to attempt extubation?

A 74-year-old woman with a history of a previous total abdominal hysterectomy presents with abdominal pain and distention for 3 days. She is noted on plain films to have dilated small-bowel and air-fluid levels. She is taken to the operating room for a small-bowel obstruction. Which of the following inhalational anesthetics should be avoided because of accumulation in air-filled cavities during general anesthesia?

A 65-year-old man has an enterocutaneous fistula originating in the jejunum secondary to inflammatory bowel disease. Which of the following would be the most appropriate fluid for replacement of his enteric losses?

A 45-year-old woman is seen with wasting of the intrinsic muscles of the hand, weakness, and pain in the wrist. Which of the following nerves has most likely been injured?

A 68-year-old woman presents with a pigmented lesion on the trunk. Upon further examination the lesion has an irregular border, darkening coloration, and raised surface. An incisional biopsy is performed and confirms a melanoma with a thickness of 0.5 mm. The patient is scheduled for a wide local excision of the melanoma in the operating room. Which of the following is the smallest margi recommended for excision?

A 25-year-old woman presents with a benign nevus on the right upper arm. She desires removal and undergoes a clean incision and then closure of the incision without complication. With regard to the healing process, which of the following cell types are the first infiltrating cells to enter the wound site, peaking at 24 to 48 hours?

A 35-year-old woman undergoes an elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelithiasis. Which of the following wound classes best describes her procedure?

A 65-year-old woman presents with a 1-cm lesion with a pearly border on her nose, and punch biopsy is consistent with a basal cell carcinoma. She is scheduled to undergo Mohs surgery. Which of the following is a benefit of Mohs surgery over wide local excision?

A 55-year-old man presents with worsening cirrhosis. After evaluation by a hepatologist, he presents for evaluation for hepatic transplantation. He is informed that prioritization for transplantation is based on the Model of End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, and that patients with higher MELD scores have a greater benefit from transplantation. Which of the following contributes to the MELD score?

A young woman who has received a transplant has posttransplant fever and malaise. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is diagnosed. This has occurred most commonly with the transplantation of which of the following?

A 55-year-old woman who has end-stage liver disease is referred to a hepatologist for evaluation. Which of the following would prevent her from being a transplantation candidate?

A 63-year-old man with a 40-pack per year smoking history undergoes a low anterior resection for rectal cancer and on postoperative day 5 develops a fever, new infiltrate on chest x-ray, and leukocytosis. He is transferred to the ICU for treatment of his pneumonia because of clinical deterioration. Which of the following is a sign of early sepsis?

A 43-year-old trauma patient develops acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and has difficulty oxygenating despite increased concentrations of inspired O2. After the positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is increased, the patient’s oxygenation improves. What is the mechanism by which this occurs?

An 80-year-old man comes to the physician because of a slowly growing ulcerated mass on the glans penis. A biopsy is positive for squamous cell carcinoma. Which of the following conditions is usually present in association with this tumor?

Syphilis

A college student is tackled while playing football and develops severe knee pain. When examined shortly thereafter, the knee is swollen and the patient has pain on direct palpation over the lateral aspect of the knee. With the knee flexed 30 degrees, passive adduction elicits pain on the same area, and the leg can be adducted further than in the normal contralateral leg (varus stress test). The anterior drawer test, posterior drawer test, and Lachman test are negative. Which of the following is the most likely site of injury?

A 39-year-old woman presents with generalized malaise and lymphadenopathy. Biopsy of a supraclavicular lymph node reveals non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Fortyeight hours after initiation of chemotherapy, she develops a high-grade fever and her laboratory studies demonstrate hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypocalcemia. Which of the following cells mediate this syndrome?