MICROPARA LECTURE
Microbiology Mastery Quiz
Test your knowledge of microbiology and its pioneers with this comprehensive quiz. Delve into the fascinating world of microorganisms, their classifications, and significant contributors to the field.
Join to explore:
- Key concepts in microbiology
- Famous scientists and their discoveries
- Types of microorganisms and their characteristics
Study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye also study of microorganisms, those being unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony), or acellular (lacking cells)
Microbiology
Biochem
Biology
Microparasitology
A tiny living thing, too small to be seen by the naked eye.
Atom
Cell
Parasites
Microorganism
When was the actual discovery of microbiology
17th century
19th century
Late 17th century
18th century
Who postulated the existence of unseen microbiological life
Jainism
Hinduism
Sikhism
First to use a microscope to observe living things. Discovered cell, basic unit of a living organism
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 -1723)
Robert Hookie (1635 – 1703)
Observe microorganism, using a microscope of his own design, creating the single lens microscope The “Father of Microbiology.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 -1723)
Robert Hookie (1635 – 1703)
English physician was the first to prevent small pox.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 -1723)
Robert Hookie (1635 – 1703)
Father of modern microbiology/ father of bacteriology; introduced pasteurization.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 -1723)
Robert Hookie (1635 – 1703)
Introduced aseptic techniques for control of microbes by the use of physical and chemical agents.The “Father of Antiseptic Sugery”
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
Alexander Fleming (1881 – 1955)
Paul Ehrlich (1854 – 1915)
Robert Koch (1843 – 1910)
Created the four postulates of organisms
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
Alexander Fleming (1881 – 1955)
Paul Ehrlich (1854 – 1915)
Robert Koch (1843 – 1910)
All, isolated anthrax bacillus (Bacillus anthracis, the cause of anthrax) in 1876, perfected the technique of isolating bacteria in pure culture, and discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
Alexander Fleming (1881 – 1955)
Paul Ehrlich (1854 – 1915)
Robert Koch (1843 – 1910)
In 1904, found that the dye Trypan Red was active against trypanosome that causes African sleeping sickness and could be used therapeutically, referred as “magic bullet”. In 1910, he collaborated with a Japanese doctor in the discovery of Salvarsan (Arsenobenzol), treatment for syphillis
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
Alexander Fleming (1881 – 1955)
Paul Ehrlich (1854 – 1915)
Robert Koch (1843 – 1910)
In 1929 discovered the first antibiotic penicillin
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
Alexander Fleming (1881 – 1955)
Paul Ehrlich (1854 – 1915)
Robert Koch (1843 – 1910)
Inventor of the Gram staining technique was a pioneering biologist who devised the system of classification which led to as many as 30,000 formally named species of bacteria.
Hans Christian Gram (1853 – 1938)
Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser (1855 – 1916)
John Tyndall (1820 – 1893)
Theodor Escherich (1857 – 1911)
Discovered the bacterium which he called “bacterium coli commune” and which was later to be called Escherichia coli in 1919.
Hans Christian Gram (1853 – 1938)
Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser (1855 – 1916)
John Tyndall (1820 – 1893)
Theodor Escherich (1857 – 1911)
Discovered highly resistant bacterial structure, later known as endospore, in the infusion of hay. Prolonged boiling or intermittent heating was necessary to kill these spores, to make the infusion completely sterilized, a process known as Tyndallisation.
Hans Christian Gram (1853 – 1938)
Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser (1855 – 1916)
John Tyndall (1820 – 1893)
Theodor Escherich (1857 – 1911)
Discovered the causative agent (pathogen) of gonorrhea, a strain of bacteria that was named in his honour (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
Hans Christian Gram (1853 – 1938)
Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser (1855 – 1916)
John Tyndall (1820 – 1893)
Theodor Escherich (1857 – 1911)
Described as the “savior of mothers”. Proposed the practice of washing hands with chlorinated lime solutions in 1847.
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
Selman Abraham Waksman (1888 – 1973)
John Snow (1813 – 1858)
Luc Antoine Montagnier (1932)
Researched into decomposition of organisms that live in soil enabled the discovery of streptomycin and several other antibiotics.
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
Selman Abraham Waksman (1888 – 1973)
John Snow (1813 – 1858)
Luc Antoine Montagnier (1932)
Father of Field Epidemiology” conducted studies of cholera outbreaks both to discover the cause of disease and to prevent its recurrence
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
Selman Abraham Waksman (1888 – 1973)
Luc Antoine Montagnier (1932)
John Snow (1813 – 1858)
Discovered of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – 1983
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
Selman Abraham Waksman (1888 – 1973)
John Snow (1813 – 1858)
Luc Antoine Montagnier (1932)
Line of defense against microorganism - Cut the chain of infection - Accurate nursing interventions and management. These are?
Significance to the Nursing Profession
Significance to the health of client
Significance to the Health education
Significance to the Nursing education
Simple, single-celled organisms, no true nucleus. (unicellular)
Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Algae
Can grow in the absence of oxygen.
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Facultative Anaerobes
Requires oxygen for growth.
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Facultative Anaerobes
Can grow with or without oxygen.
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Facultative Anaerobes
Spherical, ovoid or round
Cocci
Bacilli
Endospores
Curved rods
Gram positive, straight, slender rods, cigar-shaped with tapering ends.
Cocci
Bacilli
Endospores
Curved rods
Bacteria which produce resistant forms that can tolerate long periods of dryness or other adverse conditions.
Cocci
Bacilli
Endospores
Curved rods
Ever-present phenotype bacteria
Cocci
Bacilli
Endospores
Curved rods
Are of the many types of bacteria that are capable of swimming rapidly by means of threadlike appendages.
Flagella
Mycoplasma
Chlamydia
Genus of bacteria that lacks cell wall around their cell membranes; smallest bacterial cells, can survive without oxygen and comes in various shapes.
Flagella
Mycoplasma
Chlamydia
Smaller than rickettsia and can replicate only within a host cell. These bacteria usually spread though sex or contact with infected genital fluid.
Flagella
Mycoplasma
Chlamydia
Smallest of all pathogens; replication within the host. Composed of a core of nucleic acid, with single strand or double strain RNA or DNA
Virus
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths
Can be single celled or very complex multicellular organisms. Non-green, plantlike organisms
Virus
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths
Single-cell, animal like organism. Found in soil, body of water from moist grass to mud puddles to sea
Virus
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths
Large, multicellular organisms that are generally visible to the naked eye in their adult stages
Virus
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths
Yeasts, Molds, Mycotic, Candida are part of
Virus
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths
Amoeboid (Amebas/Amoeba), Ciliates, Flagellates, Sporozoa
Virus
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths
Flatworms, Acanthocephala, Roundworms
Virus
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths
Group of oxygenic, phototrophic microbes which has a nucleus; can generate oxygen
Algae
Fungi
Virus
Protozoa
Group of soft-bodied, usually much flattened invertebrates. Ex: trematodes (flukes) and cestodes (tapeworms)
Roundworms
Acanthocephala
Flatworms
Known as spiny or thorny-headed worms Ex: Moniliformis moniliformis
Roundworms
Acanthocephala
Flatworms
Elongated, with bilaterally symmetric bodies that contain an intestinal system and a large body cavity. Ex: ascariasis, trichiniasis, hookworm, enterobiasis
Roundworms
Acanthocephala
Flatworms
Fixed types of microorganisms regularly found in a given area at a given age. If disturbed, it reestablishes itself.
Resident Flora
Transient Flora
Consists of non-pathogenic or potentially pathogenic microorganisms. It is derived from the environment, does not produce disease, and does not establish itself permanently.
Resident Flora
Transient Flora
Is any practice that reduces the number and spread of microorganisms.
Medical Asepsis
Surgical Asepsis
Is the process that eliminates completely all microorganisms and their spores from the surface of an object. Protection against infection before, during and after a surgical procedure
Medical Asepsis
Surgical Asepsis
Practice which reduces the number, growth and spread of microorganisms
Medical Asepsis
Surgical Asepsis
Referred to as ‘clean’ technique
Medical Asepsis
Surgical Asepsis
Total elimination of all microorganisms, spores
Medical Asepsis
Surgical Asepsis
Steam, radiation, chemicals, or gas
Medical Asepsis
Surgical Asepsis
Droplet nuclei Smaller than 5 microns ex: Measles, chicken pox (varicella), pulmonary or laryngeal TB
Airborne Precaution
Droplet precautions
Contact precautions
Droplets larger than 5 microns ex: Diphtheia (pharyngeal), rubella, pneumonia or scarlet fever, pertussis, mumps, M. pneumonia,
Airborne Precaution
Droplet precautions
Contact precautions
Direct patient or Environmental contact ex: Colonization or infection, Major wound infections; herpes simplex, Scabies; varicella zoster(disseminated)
Airborne Precaution
Droplet precautions
Contact precautions
Uses only one lens or group of lenses in one unit to magnify objects
Compound microscope
Simple Microscope
Create resolved image then magnified by eyepiece lens for viewing; with different zoom levels of magnification
Eyepiece lens
Objective lens
Compound microscope
Uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small objects
Light microscope
Bright-field Microscope
Darkfield Microscope
Phase-contrast Microscope
Illuminates field evenly, Specimen appears dark with low contrast, so object needs staining, Use for bacteria and fungi
Light microscope
Bright-field Microscope
Darkfield Microscope
Phase-contrast Microscope
Uses reflected light instead of transmitted light, opaque disc condenser that blocks light, and specimen appears bright
Light microscope
Bright-field Microscope
Darkfield Microscope
Phase-contrast Microscope
Produces high-contrast images of specimen (with contrast – enhancing optical technique
Light microscope
Bright-field Microscope
Darkfield Microscope
Phase-contrast Microscope
Uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination, and magnets to focus the beam. Higher resolving power than light microscopes and can reveal the structure of smaller objects. Magnifies up to 2 million times
Light microscope
Atomic force microscope
Electron microscope
Phase-contrast Microscope
A type of high-resolution scanning probe microscope that has a resolution that you can measure in fractions of a nanometer.
Light microscope
Atomic force microscope
Electron microscope
Phase-contrast Microscope
Scanned through surfaces of microorganism for molecular and atomic share of microorganism
Scanned Probe Microscope
Fluorescent Microscope
Confocal Microscope
Uses 1 ultraviolet light and 2 fluorescent dyes, To detect antigen and antibodies
Scanned Probe Microscope
Fluorescent Microscope
Confocal Microscope
Micro-organisms is stained with fluorescent dye to emit light. Scanned by laser in planes and region. Use computer and Produce 3-dimensional image
Scanned Probe Microscope
Fluorescent Microscope
Confocal Microscope
Organism directly damage tissues or surface
Mechanical
Chemical
Toxin
Immunologic
Destroys white blood cells, and coagulates fibrinogen of blood
Mechanical
Chemical
Toxin
Immunologic
Poison or venom
Mechanical
Chemical
Toxin
Immunologic
Consequences of the immune response of the host to microorganism
Mechanical
Chemical
Toxin
Immunologic
Rapid spread of infectious disease to large number of people in a given population within a short period of time
Epidemic
Endemic
Sporadic
Pandemic
Constantly present in a particular place
Epidemic
Endemic
Sporadic
Pandemic
Occurs occasionally
Epidemic
Endemic
Sporadic
Pandemic
Present worldwide
Epidemic
Endemic
Sporadic
Pandemic
Invading microorganism are limited to a relatively small area of the body
Local Infection
Systemic or Generalized Infection
Focal infection
Invading microorganism or their products are spread throughout the body by blood or lymphatic
Local Infection
Systemic or Generalized Infection
Focal infection
Localized in specific part of body that may spread to another part of body via blood or lymphatic vessel
Local Infection
Systemic or Generalized Infection
Focal infection
Acute infection that causes initial illness
Primary infection
Secondary infection
Subclinical infection/ Inapparent Infection
Due to opportunistic pathogens after primary infection weakened body’s defense
Primary infection
Secondary infection
Subclinical infection/ Inapparent Infection
Does not cause noticeable illness
Primary infection
Secondary infection
Subclinical infection/ Inapparent Infection
Mild symptoms of disease which are nonspecific (fever, cough, colds, malaise)
Incubation period
Prodromal period
Period of Illness
Period of Decline/ defervescence
Period of Convalescence
Sign and symptoms start to subside. Patient may become vulnerable to secondary infections
Incubation period
Prodromal period
Period of Illness
Period of Decline/ defervescence
Period of Convalescence
Period of maximal invasion/Disease Is most acute during this period
Incubation period
Prodromal period
Period of Illness
Period of Decline/ defervescence
Period of Convalescence
Time interval between entry of microorganism and the appearance of 1st signs and symptoms
Incubation period
Prodromal period
Period of Illness
Period of Decline/ defervescence
Period of Convalescence
Patient regains strength, body returns to its pre-diseased normal condition. (complete recovery)
Incubation period
Prodromal period
Period of Illness
Period of Decline/ defervescence
Period of Convalescence
Process of killing of harmful microorganism
Disinfection
Sterilization
Aseptic/ Asepsis
Refers to the process by which all pathogens are destroyed, including the spores. Methods include physical and chemical sterilization.
Disinfection
Sterilization
Aseptic/ Asepsis
Characterized by the absence of pathogenic microbes
Disinfection
Sterilization
Aseptic/ Asepsis
An agent, such as heat, irradiation or chemical that disinfects by destroying, neutralizing or inhibiting the growth of disease-carrying microorganisms.
Disinfectants
Antiseptic
Spores
Products that destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms in or on living tissue
Disinfectants
Antiseptic
Spores
Microscopic reproductive cells that are capable of developing into a new bacterium or any organism without fusion with another reproductive cell.
Disinfectants
Antiseptic
Spores
Simplest method is exposing the item to be sterilized to the naked flame
Sterilization by Heat
Sterilization by Moist Heat
Sterilization by Chemical Methods
Sterilization: Mechanism of Action
Uses hot water; 100o C for about 15-20 mins a day.
Sterilization by Heat
Sterilization by Moist Heat
Sterilization by Chemical Methods
Sterilization: Mechanism of Action
Useful for heat sensitive materials e.g., plastics, lensed instruments, endoscopes. Activated alkaline glutaraldehyde 2%: immerse item in solution for about 20 mins if organism is TB. In case of spores, the immersion period is extended to 2-3 hours
Sterilization by Heat
Sterilization by Moist Heat
Sterilization by Chemical Methods
Sterilization: Mechanism of Action
Disruption of cell membrane resulting in exposure, damage/ loss of contents. Removal of sulfhydryl group essential for normal functioning of enzyme (carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen)
Sterilization by Heat
Sterilization by Moist Heat
Sterilization by Chemical Methods
Sterilization: Mechanism of Action
Combination of physical and chemical barriers that prevent all types of foreign agents from penetrating the outer layer of the body
Third line of defense
First Line of Defense
Chemical barriers
Second Line of Defense
The immune system acts to eliminate the infectious agent and prevent the body from infection
Third line of defense
First Line of Defense
Chemical barriers
Second Line of Defense
Cells play a role in inhibiting or destroying the pathogen before it harms the body. They are non-specific and react to the presence of any foreign organism or substance.
Third line of defense
First Line of Defense
Chemical barriers
Second Line of Defense
It is resistance to a disease possessed by an individual, the immunity that is naturally existing.
Natural Immunity
Acquired Immunity
Immunity is induced in individuals by certain ways. Developed during a person’s lifetime; it is not inherited.
Natural Immunity
Acquired Immunity
Acquired by administering specially prepared antigens which produce specific antibodies, This is also known as vaccination.
Naturally acquired active immunity
Artificially acquired active immunity
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
Acquired when a person is exposed to natural infectious or to some antigens in the day-to-day life.
Naturally acquired active immunity
Artificially acquired active immunity
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
Here antibodies are directly administered to body for stimulation of immune response. These antibodies are either produced in animals or in human and they are
Naturally acquired active immunity
Artificially acquired active immunity
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
Involves natural transfer of antibodies from a mother to a fetus via placenta or breast milk and thus providing immunity to the new born for a few days to a few months
Naturally acquired active immunity
Artificially acquired active immunity
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
The first and second line of defense against infections. It Exist before encountering an infectious agent
Adaptive immunity
Innate immunity
Consists of defense mechanism which are stimulated by exposure to infectious agents. Its mechanism is specific because of its ability to distinguish among different, even closely related infectious agents
Adaptive immunity
Innate immunity
Substance which when introduced parenterally into the body stimulates the production of an antibody which reacts specifically and in an observable manner.
Antigens
Autoantigens
Alloantigen’s
Heterophile antigen
Usually, a normal protein or complex protein
Antigens
Autoantigens
Alloantigen’s
Heterophile antigen
Are antigen found in different members of the same species (the red blood cell antigen A and B are examples)
Antigens
Autoantigens
Alloantigen’s
Heterophile antigen
Identical antigens found in the cells of different species
Antigens
Autoantigens
Alloantigen’s
Heterophile antigen
75% of total immunoglobulin - Appears in serum and tissues - Assumes a major role in bloodborne and tissue infections - Activates the complement system - Enhances phagocytosis - Crosses the placenta
IgG
IgE
IgD
IgM
IgA
15% of total immunoglobulin - Appears in body fluids - Protection against respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary infections - Prevents absorption of antigen from food - Passes to neonate in breast milk in protection
IgG
IgE
IgD
IgM
IgA
10% of total immunoglobulin - Appears mostly in intravascular serum - Appears as the first immunoglobulin produced in response to bacterial and viral infections - Activates the complement system.
IgG
IgE
IgD
IgM
IgA
0.004% of immunoglobulins - Appears in serum - Takes part in allergic and hypersensitivity of reactions - Combats parasitic infections.
IgG
IgE
IgD
IgM
IgA
0.2% of immunoglobulins - Appears in small amount in serum - Possibly influences B-lymphocytes differentiation but role is unclear.
IgG
IgE
IgD
IgM
IgA
Secrete cytokines that attract and activate B cells, Produce different types of cytokines
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Suppressor T cells
Direct attack microorganism, Called killer cells
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Suppressor T cells
Suppressing cytotoxic and helper T cells, Preventing the cytotoxic cells
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Suppressor T cells
Prepared from live generally attenuated organisms
Live attenuated vaccines
Inactivated or killed vaccines
Toxoids
Cellular fractions
Organisms killed by heat or chemicals, Safe but generally less efficacious than live vaccines
Live attenuated vaccines
Inactivated or killed vaccines
Toxoids
Cellular fractions
Certain organisms produce exotoxins, these toxins are detoxicated and used in the preparation of vaccines
Live attenuated vaccines
Inactivated or killed vaccines
Toxoids
Cellular fractions
Vaccines which are prepared from extracted cellular fractions, Duration of experience is limited and their efficacy and safety are high
Live attenuated vaccines
Inactivated or killed vaccines
Toxoids
Cellular fractions
Have absolute or obligate need for oxygen
Microaerophiles
Obligate Anaerobes
Facultative Anaerobes
Obligate Aerobes
Cannot multiply if any oxygen is present, often killed
Microaerophiles
Obligate Anaerobes
Facultative Anaerobes
Obligate Aerobes
Grows with oxygen but can also grow without it
Microaerophiles
Obligate Anaerobes
Facultative Anaerobes
Obligate Aerobes
Require small oxygem (2%-10%) for aerobic resp
Microaerophiles
Obligate Anaerobes
Facultative Anaerobes
Obligate Aerobes
Antibiotics kill bacteria directly
Bactericidal
Bacteriostatic
Narrow-spectrum
Broad- spectrum
Antibiotics stop/inhibit bacteria from growing.
Bactericidal
Bacteriostatic
Narrow-spectrum
Broad- spectrum
Antibiotics are only effective against a narrow range of bacteria
Bactericidal
Bacteriostatic
Narrow-spectrum
Broad- spectrum
Antibiotics are effective against a broad range of bacteria
Bactericidal
Bacteriostatic
Narrow-spectrum
Broad- spectrum
Produced by microbe that are subsequently modified by organic chemist to increase antimicrobial properties
Semi-synthetic antibiotics
Synthetic Antibiotic
Natural Antibiotic
Man made in lab. - Purely made of chemicals - 1st synthetic antibiotic was organoarsenic compound salvarsan, now called arsphenamine (by Paul Ehrlich)
Semi-synthetic antibiotics
Synthetic Antibiotic
Natural Antibiotic
Not made of synthetic material - produced naturally. (environment)
Semi-synthetic antibiotics
Synthetic Antibiotic
Natural Antibiotic
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