Earth sci possy

Include geological phenomena and processes that originate externally to the Earth's surface.

Onsite breakdown of rock and its eventual transformation into sediments

Separation and removal of weathered rocks due to different agents like water, wind, and ice and transport where they are deposited

Process where weathered materials rocks and sediment settle down in na particular location

(types) Physical breakdown of a rock without changing its composition

(type) Changes of composition of rocks due to chemical reactions

Factors of Physical weathering

(factors) rocks expand and are fractured when exposed to high temperature

Rocks split or crack into sheets parallel to the surface

When water accumulates in the crack and at that point freezes, ice expands and breaks the rock apart.

Rock pores, salt crystallize and weakens the rock causing to disintegrate when exposed to wind or rain

Caused by impact or friction. It occurs during collision of rocks, sand, and slits due to current or waves along a stream or seashore, causing sharp edges and corners to wear off and become rounded

(biological factors) Roots grow, causing penetration into the crack, expand,and,d in the long run, breaks the rock Human activities Digging, quarrying, denunding forests and cultivating land contribute to physical weathering

(biological factors)They pushes open cracks and moves rock fragments

(biological factors) Downslope movement of rock, soil, and ice due to gravity

Types of chemical weathering

Forms oxide due to breakdown of rock by oxygen and water

Water is absorbed into the crystal structure of the mineral, causing it to expand.

The breakdown of rock by acidic water to produce clay and soluble salts.

Carbon dioxide in the air dissolves in rainwater and becomes weakly acidic.

Is a geological process that was formed, originated, and located below the surface of the earth. It involves geologic activities such as tectonic movements, metamorphism, seismic activities and magmatism.

It refers to all sorts of geological activities correlated with the flow and transportation of igneous material from the planet's interior towards the natural terrestrial surface Also known as plutonism.

Magma cools and minerals start to form From igneous rocks

The minerals that compose them melt at different temperature. It takes place because rocks are not pure materials. As temperature rises, some minerals melt and others remain solid. If the same conditions are maintained at any given temperature, the same mixture of solid and melted rock is maintained.

Molten rocks that are found beneath the Earth’s surface

Properties of magma - oxygen, and iron Potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium.

Properties of magma - oxygen, hydrogen, silicon, aluminum and iron Potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium.

The higher the temperature the more viscous the magma are.

The lower the temperature the more viscous the magma are.

The higher the silica content the more viscous the magma are.

The higher the silica content the less viscous the magma are.

The higher the amount of dissolved gasses this cause to a higher temperature making the magma less viscous and flows readily.

The lower the amount of dissolved gasses this cause to a higher temperature making the magma less viscous and flows readily.

How magma is formed? - Magma is formed under certain circumstances in special location deep in the crust or in the upper mantle. Magma forms from partial melting of mantle rocks.

Mechanisim of melting

Magma that moves up into a volcano without erupting this causes the volcano to grow on the inside the inclusion of the rock layers forming the earth's crust (magma does not get out)

An eruption of magmatic materials that causes land formation on the surface of the Earth causes the formation of volcanoes when the gas pressure is strong enough and there are cracks in the earth's crust Magma that came out to the surface of the earth is called the eruption. Magma that came to the surface of the earth is called lava.

Very broad dome with gentle slope that covers a very wide area

Ancient geek word (meta) for change, and (morp) to form. Rocks change in for composition, and structure due to intense heat and pressure and some active fluids Formed from pre-existing rocks It can come from igneous, sedimentary or even from other metamorphic rocks

Original or parent rock Pre-existing rock

Factors involved metamorphisim - The heat affects the rocks composition, mineralogy and texture. It cause the atoms and ion to RECRYSTALIZE to form new arrangements. It grows larger new crystals than the crystals in original rocks

Temperature

Factors involved metamorphisim - Cause to form folds in a particular direction Result in in a textural changesuch that ther minerals are elongated in the direction perpendicular to the directed stress and contributes to the formation of foliation

Pressure

Factors involved metamorphisim -Dissolved mineral in fluids react with rock, causing changes in chemical and mineral compositions. And replacing mineral without changing its textures

Types of metamorphisim

Branch of geology concerned with the study of rock deformation

Vibration or shakign of the ground/ earths surface Breaking of rocks beneath the earths surface, tectonic forcesby internal heat of earth Cause rock deformation

Process rocks change in shape, size, location, tilt or break due to squeezign, stretching or shearing

Process of deformation that changes earths surface

Branch of geology concerned with the study of rock deformation

Force applied per unit area

Compressive stress, deformed plastically. Causes bending of rocks

A rock sample stress can crack, or freacture

Process of mountain building

Stress

Differential stress

Folds

Faults

Outer layer, human and living organisms live Thin (7km to 10 km beneath oceans) (25km to 70km beneath the continents

Make up the bulk of earths volume Divide to cooler upper mantle and hotter lower mantle

Beneath the mantle Divide into outer core (liquid iron alloy and inner core (solid iron alloy) Outer is thicker than inner

Younger, thinner, denser Silica and magnesium based basalt rocks

Older, thicker, and less dense Silica and aluminum based granite rocks

Lithos rock Composed of crust and upper mantle: resist flow of materials

Composed of the hotter lower mantle

Alfred wegener ( german sci who developed the theory of continental drift One time earth has one giant mass as pangaea that split of drifted apart from todays continents

Evidences in continental drift theory

Harry hammond hess ( how seafloor spreading works) Newly formed crust pushes the older crust away from the mid -ocean edge forming new oceal floor

Device of exploring and mapping the ocean or the seafloor Determine distances and depth under water using sound waves

Underwater mountains at deep crack, called rift valley , running through the center

Evidences

Combines the continental drift and oceal floof spreadign States lithosphere is made of tectonic plates (oceanic/continental plates) Formation of earths crust and its movements, collisions, and destructions Origin of volcanoes, earthquakes and mountains

Places where tectonic plates met

Move away to each other Oceanic plates or sea floor Normal faults are formes Mid ocean ridges are formed

Slide past each other like a strike slip fault Crust is broken bit nothing is created or destroyed

Move toward each other Subduction zone and trenches, reverse faults are formed Volcanic and island arcs are formed Continental plates collide can cause collision mountain belt whic is responsible of formation of mountain ranges

Law

How long the radioactive isotopes takes half for the sample to decay

Determining the absolute age of a sample based in the ratio of parent isotope to daughter isotope. To use this the half life of the paren isotope should be determine first

Breaks down into daughter isotopes

Method od measuring the exact age od an event or object in years This uses radioactive isotopes (unstable atomes or parent isotopes) that undergo radioactive decay ( when radio active breaks down into a new isotope)

Surfaces of erosion an non deposition that separate younger rocks from the older ones

The relative position of rocks whether if a rock layer is older or younger than the layers around it

Basta

Trace or remains of an organisim that lived long ago Some are made from parts of an organisms body (body fossils) Other fossils are simply signs, such as footprints, that an organisms was alvie

How do scientist know how old fossils are? Through relative dating and absolute (radiometric dating)

Index fossils features

Geologist have combined information from rocks and fossils to produce a timeline of the earths history