Chapter 10 Modern Age

The first phase of the Industrial Revolution took place between the …………. and ……………., and was based on the early mechanization of production proccesses. The new industrial system focused on textiles (especially cotton) and textile machinery, and employed waterpower (vapour pressure) as its principal source of energy.

“The second phase of the Industrial Revolution occured between 1840s and 1880s, and was revolutionary in technological terms. Iron and steel manufacture in factories powered by steam engines represented a major innovation. When this technology was used to develop railroads and steamships, the country entered a new phase of production and transport. Britain became “the workshop of the world”, supplying the materials for a remarkable burst of railroad-building activity in Europe and in former colonies of European nations. Factories now employed thousands of workers, rather than hundreds.” What kind of the basic factors were mentioned in the second phase of the Industrial Revolution?

The third phase of the industrial Revolution began in the last decades of the nineteenth century up to the First World War. Advances in ……………………… and heavy engineering and industry, and the exploitation of steel alloys and heavy chemicals allowed warfare on an un precedented scale. New factory systems combined ……………………. With power tools, overhead cranes, and more durable materials. Giant firms, cartels, and monopolies became the leading commercial organizations, and the ownership of capital rapidly became concentrated

The United Kingdom, Germany, France, the USA and Japan have all industrial specialization within selective “clean” high profit and high technique. Four of them are cautious their supremacy of weapon producer and exporter position. All of them (7-Developed Countries) concentrate on sybernetic knowledge technology. This ………………………… is called as the fourth phase of the Industrial Revolution. The buzzwords of “Industry 4.0” and “digital business” represent the start of a complex transformation process that will deeply affect industry and society during the next decade.

The gate of the modern political era was the Peace Treaty Westphalia in 1648. Political and social commentators have the consensus on the concepts of modern times on three big events, which changed humanlife. After these, political and social life are talked on the concepts of “nation-state, individuality and democracy”. Which event is not one of the starting factors of the modern political era?

The Westphalia Peace (1648) established an order for the relation 1,500 politically independent units in Europe. Merchantilism and revolutions brought the system in balance by 5-6 big states besides the others. Yet by the start of the twentieth century, Europe was made of only 20 nation-states. In Africa and in Asia there were many spaces without a state-organization. Nation-state and the Wesphalia interstate system have recognized the power either supremacy of state sovereignty or tribal rights on using lands. Since then, nation-states have flourished –today there are ………………. nation-states and ………. Territories on the political map of the World.

What do we mean by the term nation-state? It is useful to think of a nation-state as a combination of three elements: ………………. (in many case ethnicity), ………………. (the institutionalized regime of power), and …………………. (the area of state control=sovereignty).

“The first phase unfolded over the half-century following the American War of Independence in 1776. Alike this independent state of Northern American whites, White Latin settlers aimed to separation from Spain and Portugal in 19th century. About 100 colonies combined to form the current nation-states in America. The second major phase of decolonization began after the Second World War, when “the winds of change” blew through Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and islands in the Caribbean and the Pasific and Indian Oceans. This resulted in the formation of another approximately 110 nation-states.” This paragraph explains….

In the Reform/New Age, which followed the Renaissance, the center of civilization shifted in the lands around the English Channel. High yields in agriculture and wealth flowing from discovered places have grown the cities there. The global "East India Company" and the world's first stock exchange were established in this port city. The gold and silver that the Spaniards exploited from America transferred by this financial center. This city was where the freedom thinkers and thoughts that defend people's rights came out of it. Artists painted “life at movement / daily dynamism”. Urbanites did not thank the church and aristocrat classes for sustaining the city with constant joint efforts and technical inventions against difficult natural conditions. No clergyman and noble man could be of greater value than his own city and urbanites. Everyday life was more important than sacred buildings and palaces, they didn't build fancy mansions and churches, they chose to live well by making handy, well-groomed houses on a narrow-equal scale. The business and urban life that prioritized social peace and cooperation developed here. One-third of all the books in the world were published here. The city lost its lead role in the 19th century, but remained one of the star cities. From the 1960s to the present day, where is the city the first place to implement the new generation of human rights and freedoms (anti-sexism, lifestyle freedom, urban green space and bike paths, urban rights, anti-armament, etc.)?

The state of rejecting the classical attitude in art in every society is called ………………. However, …………………….. Is the name of a movement with distinctive features: In art, it is an attitude that prefers asymmetry against axiality (symmetry), curvilinear forms as opposed to orthogonal orders and basic geometric shapes, movement (motion) against stagnation (immobility) and incomprehensibility as opposed to perceptibility at a glance. In the light-shadow distribution, while it is illuminated from a single classical light source, in this current it is as if everything is receiving light from a separate hidden source. In fact, “internally illuminated” is like elements that produce their own luminosity from within. In contrast to the care taken to make the elements that make it recognizable and distinguishable in the classical work, in this movement the elements are blurred for the sake of the work's holistic effect. (Painting and painters: Rubens, Rembrandt… The original Turkish style of this movement was seen in mosques and public fountains between 1720 -1830.)

The life mentality of the bourgeoisie, which "subjects the past to the present" and finds everything produced under its own power, enabled the collection of works other than private property “to be collected in the museum institutions” of the ministry of culture, apart from the palace and the church. During the 19th century, museums of special interest such as painting, sculpture, ethnography, war, maritime, natural history were established, as well as national museums bearing the historical splendor of the national state: Louvre, Hermitage, British, Vatican, Pushkin, Rijkmuseum. Spain's national museum has collected the important collections of Europe as well as the Royal collection. 7600 paintings (Velazquez, El Gerco, Titian, Rubens, Bosch, Goya…), 1000 sculptures and countless drawings are exhibited in the museum. The artifacts were entrusted to Spanish embassies and museums to avoid damage during the Spanish Civil War (1936), brought back to Madrid from abroad in 1945. What is the name of the Spain National Museum in Madrid? Artwork: Velazquez's painting Las Meninas (1656, The Bridesmaids).