Lab cycle 1
Acid-Base Disorders and Renal Physiology Quiz
Test your knowledge on renal physiology and acid-base disorders with our comprehensive quiz designed for medical students and healthcare professionals. Dive deep into various topics including metabolic acidosis, respiratory disorders, and the implications of renal diseases.
- 43 thought-provoking questions
- Assess your understanding of key concepts
- Ideal for exam preparation and self-assessment
1. Renal disease may cause:
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic acidosis​
None of above
Respiratory alkalosis
Chronic diarrhoea may cause
High anion gap metabolic acidosis
Respiratory acidosis
Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Incorrect primary acid-base disorder and compensatory response is
†‘HCO​ -- ​↑PCO2​
†“PCO​2​ ​ ↓​ HCO​3​
†“HCO​ -- ​↓PCO2​
†“PCO​ ​↑HCO​--
†‘PCO​2​ ​ ↑​ HCO​3​
The expected PCO​2​ in metabolic acidosis with bicarbonate concentration of 15 mmol/L is about (in mmHg)
25±2
27±2
35±2
30±2
38±2
Hypernatremia, with increased ECF volume, can occur with:
Diabetes insipidus, Conn's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome
Sodium administration, excessive sweating
Sodium administration, diarrhoea
Potassium administration, Conn's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome
Sodium administration, Conn's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome
Hypokalaemia due to potassium urinary loss results from
†“ plasma phosphate and glucose
†“ plasma magnesium, Conn's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome
†‘ blood bicarbonate, thiazide diuretics
Vomiting, diarrhea, loop diuretics
Chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, diarrhea
Causes of hypokalaemia include all the following except
†“ plasma phosphate and glucose
Renal failure, rhabdomyolysis, the use of ACEI
Liddle's and Barrter's syndrome
Diarrhea, chronic laxative use, loop diuretics
Thiazide diuretics, vomiting
Oval fat bodies are degenerating
Squamous tubular and transitional epithelial cells
Renal tubular and squamous epithelial cells
Renal tubular epithelial cells
Renal tubular and transitional epithelial cells
Renal tubular, squamous and transitional epithelial cell
Biochemical examination of urine (urinalysis) includes all of the following ​except
Urea
Protein
cells
Creatinine
Glucose
All of the following are the effects of acidosis except:
Hypoventilation
Decreased consciousness
Neuromuscular irritability
Heart arrhythmia
Coma
Methanol poisoning may cause:
Respiratory alkalosis
None of above
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory acidosis
Correct sequence of events is
Hyperventilation -> removal of CO2 -> low PCO2->alkalosis->H+ elevated->alkalaemia
Hypoventilation -> retention of CO2 -> high PCO2->alkalosis->H+ decreased->alkalaemia
Hypoventilation -> retention of CO2 -> high PCO2->acidosis->H+ elevated->acidaemia
Hyperventilation -> removal of CO2 -> high PCO2->acidosis->H+ elevated->acidaemia
Hypoventilation -> removal of CO2 -> high PCO2->acidosis->H+ decreased->acidaemia
Chronic obstructive airways disease (COAD) and diuretic therapy (thiazide) may cause
Respiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis
Chronic respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis
Respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis
None of them
In volume depletion, serum [Na+​ ​]
Is always high
Can be high or low
Is always low
Is always normal
Can be high, low or normal
Infusion of isotonic intravenous fluid can lead to
Overhydration
hypovolaemia
Hypervolaemia
Hypernatraemia
Severe overhydration
Sodium depletion associated with urine [Na+​ ​] < 20 mmol/l can be due to
Vomiting, diuretic use
Burns, diarrhea, bowel obstruction
Chronic interstitial nephritis, "third spacing", diuretics
Pancreatitis, polycystic kidney disease
Ileus, Addison's disease
Causes of hyperkalemia include all the following except​
Renal failure, spironolactone use
†‘ blood bicarbonate, Cushing's​, haemolysis
Acidaemia, tumour lysis syndrome
Periodic paralysis, rhabdomyolysis
Use of ACEI, renal failure, drugs given as potassium salts
Which of the following is false:
Diabetic acidosis results from ionization of β-hydroxubutric acid-
In metabolic acidosis, the [HCO​ -​] is always low
Hyperventilation can cause a decreased PCO2
in metabolic acidosis, the blood [H+​ ​] may be high or normal
In metabolic alkalosis, the [H+​ ​] may be high or normal
Renal threshold for glucose is about
180 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L)
180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L)
180 mg/dL (18 mmol/L)
100 mg/dL (18 mmol/L)
180 mg/dL (20 mmol/L)
Paradoxical acid urine occurs in?
Alkali ingestion
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Lactic acidosis
Severe potassium deficiency
Methanol poisoning
Salicylate poisoning may cause:
Respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis
None of above
Microscopic urine analysis include:
Bacterial cells, leucocyte casts, protein, epithelial cells leucocytes, cysteine crystals, hyaline casts
Red blood cell casts, granular casts, urea, glucose
Red blood cells, bacterial cells, pH
Bacterial cells, leucocyte casts, pH, red blood cells
Which of the following is false?
[HCO3-] is about thousand times greater than [H+]
Carbonic acid is proportional to the dissolved CO2 in blood
CO2 dissolved in blood is proportional to PCO2
Blood [H+] is inversely proportional to [HCO3-]
Blood [H+] is inversely proportional to PCO2
The commonest causes of metabolic acidosis are:
Diuretic therapy, vomiting, renal disease​
Pyloric stenosis, salicylate overdose, lactic acidosis
Duodenal fistula, nasogastric suction, chronic laxative
Abuse renal disease, diabetic ketoacidosis and lactic acidosis
Potassium deficiency, alkali ingestion, ketoacidosis
RTA type II (proximal) may cause:
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis
Respiratory acidosis
High anion gap metabolic acidosis
Which of the following is false?
In metabolic alkalosis, the [H+​ ​] is always high​ ​
The anion gap may be helpful in establishing the cause of a metabolic alkalosis
the capacity of bicarbonate buffer is exceeded when the number of moles of H+ exceeds the number of moles of the buffer components
Normal urine is acidic
In the ECF, the most important buffer is bicarbonate and carbonic acid system
Primary respiration disorders are recognized by:
Inspecting the PCO2
Inspecting the PCO2 and carbonic acid concentration
Inspecting the carbonic acid concentration
Inspecting the rate of gas exchange
Inspecting bicarbonate concentration
Ethylene glycol may cause:
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
None of above
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can result from
Hyperkalaemia, hypokalcaemia
Hypokalaemia, hypocalcaemia
Hypokalaemia, hypercalcaemia
Hyperkalaemia, hypercalcaemia
X-linked vasopressin receptor defect
Drinking too much water can lead to
Severe hypervolaemia
Hypervolaemia
Hypovolaemia
Dehydration
Overhydration
Which is not a characteristic of SIAD syndrome
Normovolaemia (normal volume)
Hyponatraemia
Urine less than maximally dilute
Plasma hypoosmolality
High serum uric acid
The expected HCO​ -​in a patient with chronic respiratory acidosis and pCO​ of 70 mmHG 3​ 2​ is:
29
31
40
36
33
Inadequate fluid intake would lead to (especially in the elderly):
Dehydration and normonatraemia
Dehydration and hypernatraemia
Severe hypovolaemia and hypernatraemia
Severe hypovolaemia and hyponatraemia
Dehydration and hyponatraemia
During panic attack the PCO​2 l​ evel decreased to 20 mmHg, the expected bicarbonate concentration is about (in mmol/L)
22
26
20
30
28
Glomerular causes of hematuria include:
BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia), nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)
secondary glomerulonephritis, hyperuricosuria​
Primary glomerulonephritis, secondary glomerulonephritis
Primary glomerulonephritis, hypercalcuria
IgA nephropathy, cystitis, kidney cancer
Which of the following represents the microalbuminuria (A2 albuminuria)? Choose one answer:
ACR: <30 mg / g, 24-h urine albumin: <30 mg
ACR: 30-300 mg / g, 24-h urine albumin: 30-300 mg
ACR:> 300 mg / g, 24-h urine albumin: <30 mg
ACR: <30 mg / g, 24-h urine albumin:> 30 mg
ACR:> 300 mg / g, 24-h urine albumin:> 300 mg
Squamous epithelial cell originate from:
Ureter, renal pelvis, bladder
Outer urethra, renal pelvis
Ureter outer urethra, renal pelvis
bladder outer urethra, renal pelvis
Outer urethra, skin surface
Indicate the set of biochemical urine analyses:
White blood cells, hyaline casts, protein
Leukocytes, red cells casts, pH, urea
Protein, glucose, urea, pH
Uric acid crystals, oxalate crystals, calcium phosphate crystals
Red blood cells, protein, glucose, creatinine
The commonest cause of metabolic alkalosis are:
Milk alkali syndrome, vomiting
Diuretic therapy, vomiting
Potassium deficiency, alkali ingestion
Duodenal fistula, nasogastric suction
Pyloric stenosis, salicylate overdose
Which of the following is false:
Urinalysis is important in screening for many diseases not just renal disease
Urinalysis is restricted to biochemical tests
Urinalysis comprises a set of point-of-care analysis
Urinalysis is an integral part of the examination of every patient
Some urine analysis need to be performed in central
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