Physio cycle 4

Create a visually engaging illustration showing the human body systems related to renal, respiratory, and endocrine physiology, with diagrams of kidneys, lungs, and hormonal interactions in a colorful and educational style.

Physiology Cycle 4 Quiz

Test your knowledge on renal physiology, lung mechanics, and hormonal regulation with our comprehensive 63-question quiz. Designed for students and enthusiasts alike, this quiz covers various topics related to human physiology, ensuring a thorough understanding of important concepts.

  • Evaluate your grasp of physiological processes.
  • A variety of question formats for an engaging experience.
  • Ideal for students preparing for exams or anyone interested in deepening their knowledge.
63 Questions16 MinutesCreated by LearningLynx321
Which of the following statements concerning the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) are NOT true?
Most of glucose is reabsorbed from PCT in process of the secondary active transport
Glucose is mostly reabsorbed from PCT in process of simple diffusion
Glucose is reabsorbed from the lumen of PCT by sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT)
PCT is not poorly permeable to water
Glomerulotubular balance is:
The intrinsic ability of the tubules to increase their reabsorption rate in response to increased tubular load
The phenomenon maintained by the macula densa of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
The constant reabsorption the solute from ultrafiltrate (approximately 80 ml/min).
It helps to prevent overloading of the distal tubular segments when GFR increases
The renal clearance of particular substance represents
Glomerular filtration rate
The amount of substance which can be transported through the tubular walls per minute
The plasma concentration of the substance at which it begins to appear in the urine
A volume of plasma cleared of the that substance a minute
Which of following statements concerning Tmax are NOT TRUE
Tmax of substance X is the difference between load of the substance X in ultrafiltrate and in final urine
Tmax of glucose is higher than Tmax of Hippurate. Because of that threshold glucose is higher than for Hippurate
Tmax for Hippurate equals 80 mg/min
Appearance of glucose in urine occurs before Tmax is reached because not all nephrons have the same reabsorptive potential for glucose
Glucosuria - is defined as a presence of glucose in finally excreted urine
States of increased GFR (i.e. In pregnant women GFR is 170-180 mL/min.) - increase load of glucose in glomerular filtrate
Plasma level of glucose exceeds its renal threshold of appearance (which is 10 mmol/L or 180mg/dL in healthy humans)
Renal threshold for glucose reduced because of innate or acquired malfunction of the tubular transport (TmGlu: lower than 375 ± 80 mg/min. In men and lower than 300 ± 50 mg/min. In women)
Increased filtration rate of glucose due to increased activity of SGLT2 (specific renal carrier of glucose)
Find right sentences related to receptive relaxation of stomach
Stomach gains the ability to accommodate even a large amount of food without increasing of Intragastric pressure
It the phenomenon present in all parts of the stomach
It is intensified by adrenergic stimulation - Adrenergic increases contraction
It is mediated by branches of the vagus nerve (vasovagal reflex)
It's the phenomenon present in fundus of the stomac
AWR
Increase in response to histamine liberated from mast cells increases
Increases in tachypnoea
It decreases in effect of interaction of Ach and M3-cholinergic receptor
Most of AWR is generated in small bronchi and bronchioles
Are responsible for approximately 70% of the total pulmonary resistance (TRP) at rest (normal depth and rate of breathing)
AWR
It increases proportionately to the breathing rate
Most of AWR is generated in small bronchi and bronchioles
Determination requires assessment of alveolar pressure and volume of air inspired
It decreases in effect of interaction of Ach and M3-cholinergic receptor
Which of following statements correctly concern Residual Volume of lungs
It is approximately 150 mL
It is approximately 1.2 – 1.5 L
It's a volume of air left in lungs after removal of ERV
It's a volume of air left in lungs after removal of tidal volume (TV)
It is approximately 1.1 -1.2 L
It is a component of inspiratory capacity (IC)
Identify right statement concerning Slowly Adapting Receptors
They are located between pulmonary alveoli and alveolar capillaries
Their stimulation elicits cough
They fire to pump-neurons of DRG
They initiate Hering-Breuer reflex
They inhibit expiration
Identify right statement concerning Slowly Adapting Receptors
They shorten inspiration
They activate P-neurones of DRG of the medulla
Inhibit inspiration
They produce cough
They are activated by inhaling of an unusually high volume of air into lungs (inspiration of more than 1- 2 L of air).
They are mechanoreceptors located among smooth muscle cells of airways (mainly bronchi)
They simulate P neurons in dorsal respiratory group of neurons.
Their activation increases TV and prolongs inspiration
Which of following situations can potentially rise plasma level of TSH
Dietary deficit of iodine
Low plasma level of free thyroxin (FT4)
Hyperthyroidism
Dietary deficits of proteins
Effects of increased concentration of thyroid hormones are
Up-regulation of SERCA pump (calcium ATPase of SR) and Gs Protein
Down regulation of Beta-adrenergic receptors and increased sensitivity to catecholamine
Decreased peripheral vascular resistance of the cardiovascular system
Inhibition of erythropoietin release. Down-regulation of expression of EPO
Identify right statement concerning effects of action of thyroid hormones
Eutyreosis (normal plasma level of thyroid hormones) is necessary criterion of the proper myelinization in CNS
Complex T4-nuclear receptor intensifies the process of synthesis of the proteins uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation
Rise of concentration of T3 in plasma of blood can result with rise of systolic pressure and decrease of diastolic pressure
Thyroid hormones up-regulate b-adrenergic receptors (increase their number) on cardiomyocytes
Identify right statements concerning glucagon
It is liberated in response to hypoglycemia
It activates glycogenolysis in hepatocyte
It exerts negative chronotrpic effect on heart positive
It is liberated in response to increased concentration of FFA in plasma of blood
Actions of glucagon are
Increased SV (resulting from increased synthesis of cAMP cardiomyocytes)
Increased breakdown of triglycerides (lipolysis)
Increased TPR and systolic pressure reduced
Increased visceral blood flow
Decreased TPR and diastolic pressure reduced
Secretion of HCl from parietal cell is NOT stimulated by
Acetylcholine mediating through N-cholinergic receptor
Histamine mediating through H2 histaminic receptor stimulate
Norepinephrine mediating through a2 adrenergic receptor
Gastrin mediating through CCKB receptor
Somatostatin
Actions of insulin are
Controls processes of organogenesis
Increases lipogenesis
Increases transportation of K+ ion from cells to the ECF increased inflow
Increases transportation of glucose to myocytes through SGLT1 of the sarcolemma
FEV1 is
The volume of air that can be expired in the first second of forcibly expired air
The best marker of the amount of the pulmonary parenchyma
Should be equal to 50% of FVC in young healthy adults
Decreased in people suffering because of obstructive (obturative) lung disease
Find right sentences concerning volumes and capacities of lungs
The total lung capacity of young healthy adult males (TLC) is approx
The inspiratory capacity (IC) and the functional residual capacity (FRC) can be assessed by spirometry
Tidal volume is 500ml and includes volume of are that fills alveoli (350ml) and volume of that fills airways (150ml)
The functional residual capacity (FRC) can be assessed by the body plethysmograph or the helium dilution method
Which of following sentences properly describes Starling forces across glomerular capillary wal
Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillary is 45 mmHg facilitating (favouring) filtration
Increases b. Oncotic pressure progressively decreases along the capillary length
At the end of the glomerular capillary Starling forces facilitate reabsorption
Constriction of the afferent arteriole reduces renal plasma flow and GFR
Identify right expressions and formulas concerning filtration fraction (FF)
It equals clearance of inulin divided by clearance of PAH (FF = CIN / CPAH )
It equals renal plasma flow divided by clearance of PAH (FF = RPF / CPAH)
It equals glomerular filtration rate divided by renal plasma flow (FF = GFR / RPF)
It equals renal plasma flow divided by renal blood flow (FF = RPF / RBF)
It equals clearance of glucose divided by clearance of PAH(FF=CGLUCOSE /CPAH)
0,96-0120 f. It equals 1,0 in young healthy adults
Effects of increased concentration of thyroid hormones are
Up-regulation of Beta-adrenergic receptors and increased sensitivity to catecholamine
Up-regulation of SERCA pump (calcium ATPase of SR) and Gs Protein
Increased peripheral vascular resistance of the cardiovascular system
Inhibition of erythropoietin release. Down-regulation of expression of EPO
Which statements concerning digestion and absorption of carbohydrates are true?
Pancreatic amylase hydrolyses fully amylopectin as well as maltotriose to single glucose molecules
Glucose is mostly reabsorbed from the lumen of the jejunum by SGLT1 in process of secondary active transport
GLT2 is the most effective system of the primary active transport of glucose from ileum
Both enzymes, sucrase and lactase are embedded in brush border of enterocytes, enabling immediate digestion and absorption of particular disaccharides
Which statements concerning the loop of Henle are FALSE
The descending limb of loop of Henle can pump sodium ion against concentration gradient
The descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to water
The farther in descending limb of loop of Henle - the lower is osmolarity of the tubular fluid
The thick ascending limb of loop of Henle performs secretion of Na+ in process of secondary active transport
Identify right statements concerning compliance of the normal heathy lung:
The lung compliance is higher at the apex than at the base of the lung
The lung compliance is lower at the apex than at the base of the lung
Compliance is lower in supine (horizontal) position than in standing (up-right)
Compliance of the lung increases with age
Compliance of lungs states how many mL of air is inspired because of difference of pressure equal to mmHg (1cmH20)
Which statements concerning the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) are right?
Most of glucose is reabsorbed from PCT to interstitial fluid in process of the secondary active transport
Glucose is mainly reabsorbed from PCT to interstitial fluid in process of facilitated diffusion
Glucose is reabsorbed from the lumen of PCT by sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLT1, SGLT2)
PCT is not permeable to wate
Which of following statements concerning Tmax are true?
Tmax of substance X is the difference between load of the substance X in ultrafiltrate and in final urine
Tmax of glucose is higher than Tmax of Hippurate. Because of that threshold glucose is higher than for Hippurate
Tmax for Hippurate equals 80 mg/min
Appearance of glucose in urine occurs before Tmax is reached because not all nephrons have the same reabsorptive potential for glucose
Which of following statements properly concern FRC
Retractility of lungs is directed centripetally in all the range of its size and is equalized by elastic properties of the chest at FRC
FRC equals 2000-2300mL. All this air can be expired forcibly
Determination of FRC requires helium dilution method
Holding of such a volume of air in lungs requires engagement of diaphragm - it must be contracted to prevent removal of air
Which of following statements properly describe processes concerning Hippurate (PAH) in kidney?
The load of Hippurate in glomerular filtrate equals plasma concentration of Hippurate multiplied by GFR clearance of inulin
Hippurate is actively secreted. Its Tmax equals 375mg/min
Clearance of Hippurate equals renal plasma flow
Clearance of PAH, dependently on gender and age, equals 590 - 650 mL/min
Rank the following substances (albumin, creatinine, inulin, PAH) in order to their clearance from highest to lowest:
PAH – creatinine – inulin – albumin
PAH - Albumin - lnulin - Creatinine
Albumin - Inulin - Creatinine - PAH
Inulin - PAH - Creatinine - Albumin
Which sentences are right
Bradypnea is a respiratory compensation of the metabolic acidosis
Tachypnoea is a respiratory compensation of the metabolic acidosis
Tachypnoea during exercise is a reason for metabolic alkalosis
In metabolic alkalosis bicarbonate appears in urine when its level in plasma exceeds 26 - 28 meq/L
Which statements concerning relation of gastrointestinal hormones to the activity of the gut are true:
CCK slows gastric emptying, increases the tone of the pyloric sphincter, decreases the tone of LES
G cells of gastric and intestinal mucosa initiate BER
Gastrin inhibits growth of the mucosa of stomach and small and large intestines (atrophic effect)
Contact of the intestinal mucosa with peptides and amino acids, H+ and bile salts increases secretion of CCK
Which statements concerning basal metabolic rate (BMR) are right
Energy equivalent of oxygen in conditions of BMR equals 9,3 kcal of heat liberated per 1L of oxygen utilized
BMR increases after physical exercise because of recovery processes
BMR is the most proportionate to the lean body mass or body surface area
BMR depends on core body temperature
It does not depend on such personal factors as age, gender, hormonal state
Which statement concerning BMR is right
Energy equivalent of O2 express an amount of energy liberated per 1l of O2 utilized in indirect method of BMR assessment. In well-balanced diet equals 4,82 kcal per 1L of O2
BMR is proportionate to the lean body mass
It depends on core body temperature
It does not depend on such personal factors as body mass, age, height, gender, hormonal state
Which statement is right?
Hypoventilation is respiratory compensation of metabolic acidosis
Hyperventilation is respiratory compensation of metabolic acidosis
Hyperventilation during exercise is reason for metabolic alkalosis respiratory alkalosis
In metabolic alkalosis HCO3 appears in urine if the level of HCO3 in plasma is exceeds 26-28 mg/l
Rank following substances in order of their clearance from highest to lowest: Inulin, Hippurate (PAH), Creatinine, Glucose
Inulin, Hippurate, Creatinine, Glucose
Hippurate, Creatinine, Inulin, Glucose
Hippurate, Glucose, Inulin, Creatinine
Glucose, Inulin, Creatinine, Hippurate
Which of following statements properly describe phenomena in various parts of the respiratory system:
Intrapleural pressure refers to the pressure within the pleural cavity between the visceral and parietal compensated pleura
Elastic recoil of the lungs creates an (centrifugal) directed force, pulling the lung towards the chest wall
Intrapleural pressure is usually Iower than atmospheric (it ranges -5 cm H20 at rest: -8 cm 1-120 at the top of inspiration)
During forcible expiration against resistance (such as during playing the trumpet) intrapleural pressure decreases
Which of following volumes and capacities of lungs cannot be directly by spirometry
Residual Volume and Total Lung Capacity
Inspiratory Reserve Volume and Expiratory Reserve Volume
Tidal Volume and Vital Capacity
Functional Residual Capacity and Functional Dead Space
Which of following sentences concerning dynamic spirometry are true
FVC is decreased in pathologies coinciding with bronchoconstriction
FEVI is the maximum volume of air that is forcibly expired in the first second
FEVI is deceased in people suffering because of bronchoconstriction (asthma, COPD)
FEVI/FVC is increased in people suffering because of obstructive (obturative) lung diseases such as asthma
Which of following sentences concerning renal clearance are true
Renal clearance is inversely proportionate the amount of substance by the kidney
Renal clearance of inulin is NOT proportionate to its plasma concentration
Renal clearance of some well soluble substances equals 750ml/min
Renal clearance is the volume of plasma completely cleared of the substance by the kidney per unit of time
Identify right statements and formulas concerning filtration fraction:
It is a part of the plasma filtered in all glomeruli
It equals RPF / Cpah
Lt equals GFR / RPF
It equals RPF / RBF
It equals clearance of PAH (Hippurate)
Cinulin / Cpah
Which statements concerning the loop of Henle are right?
The thin descending limb of Henle is permeable to water
In the descending 'limb of Henle’s loop reabsorption of solute follows reabsorption of water. It is called “solvent drag”
The thick ascending limb of Henle reabsorbs 25% of all the sodium load by an active mechanism
Which statements concerning be proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) are NOT true
Tubular fluid leaving PCT is hypertonic because of intensive reabsorption of (70% of all the GFR)
Glucose cannot be reabsorbed from PCT against the gradient
Glucose is reabsorbed from the lumen of PCT by glucose transporter (SGLT
The amount of glucose reabsorbed from the tubular fluid equals plasma level of glucose multiplied by GFR
Which of the following statements properly describe actions of the vagus nerve in the gastrointestinal tract:
Preganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve are relatively short and synapse in ganglia outside the gastrointestinal system
It innervates striated muscles of the upper third part of the esophagus as well as smooth musculature of its remaining part.
It innervates both internal and external anal sphincter, rectum and the sigmoid colon
Peptidergic neurons liberate one of the several neurotransmitters such as substance P, VIP
There are no efferent fibers of the vagus nerve to the gastrointestinal tract
Actions of gastrin are
Stimulation of pepsin secretion
Inhibition of gastric acid secretion
Stimulation of gastric motility
Stimulation of growth of the gastric mucosa
Simulation of pancreatic secretion
Which are right
BER (slow wave) distributes among visceral smooth muscle cells of intestines through gap junctions
BER (slow wave) is by G cells of gastric mucosa
CCK contraction of gallbladders
The rhythm of BER is the most frequent in stomach
Surfactant administration in premature newborns with RDS
Decreased bronchial smooth muscle tone
Increases right before birth
Increased workload of breathing
Increased surface tension
Proper level of GFR maintained by
Glomerular Tubular balance
Autoregulation of renal flow
Regulation of vascular resistance in renal arteries in response to changes in blood pressure
Sensing of NaCl tubular load performed by cells of the macula densa of juxtaglomerular apparatus
Renal clearance - choose wrong
Osmotic clearance is the volume of plasma cleared of all osmotic substances per minute
clearance of creatinine measures renal plasma flow
Clearance of PAH measures renal blood flow
Clearance of inulin measures volume of plasma completely cleared of inulin per minute, not dependent on inulin concentration in plasma
SGLT2 inhibitor:
Inhibits glucose absorption in proximal tube
Increases diuresis because of more glucose in urine, increased osmolarity
Inhibits intestinal absorption
Intensifies release of insulin
Totipotent stem cells
Can give rise to cells in all 3 germ layers
Fetal tissue + placental tissue
Have special cells that determine linkage to which cells differentiate
Zygote is example of totipotent stem cell
Compare differences concerning SARs and RARs of lungs
SARS react by hyperinflation of lungs more than 2L and react by facilitating inspiration
RARs produce cough, bronchoconstriction, intensify mucus secretion + hyperpnea
Activation of SARs elicit tachycardia + shortening Herring-Breuer inflation + deflation reflexes, bronchodilation
RARs are especially activated by rise of volume and in case of pulmonary oedema
Identify right statements concerning loop of lung compliance (hysteresis loop of lungs)
Lung compliance has no direct influence on the shape of hysteresis loop
The lung volume increases proportionately to transpulmonary pressure
The greater compliance of lungs the greater is angle between X axis of the system and the long axis of the loop
The greater retractility of lungs the greater is angle between X axis of system + long axis of loop
Which of the following statements concerning PEF are right Peak Expiratory flow
Is the flow rate exhalated in the first second of forceful expiration
PEF is the best marker of pulmonary parenchyma
Maximum flow rate of air recorded at the top of inspiration
Approximately equals 20% of TLC
It should decrease in people suffering from restrictive pathologies
All are incorrect
Identify right statements concerning minute alveolar ventilation:
Increases in effect of bronchodilation
Volume of air located in area of gas exchange in a particular moment of time
Volume of air ventilating area of gas exchange per minute
It does not depend on the activity of inspiratory alpha motoneurons
Identify right formulas
VC = IC + ERV
FRC = ERV + RV
VC = ERV + IRV + TV
TLC=ERV+IRV+RV
Filtration load of hippurate can be calculated by
Subtraction of amount of PAH excreted with urine from its tubular secretion
Subtraction of tubular secretion of PAH from amount excreted with urine
Summation of amount of PAH excreted with urine with its tubular reabsorption
Multiplication of GFR with plasma concentration of PAH and tubular coefficient of PAH
Identify right statements concerning renal clearances
osmotic clearance is the volume of plasma cleared of all osmotic substances per minute
Clearance of creatinine measures renal plasma flow
Clearance of PAH measures renal blood flow
Clearance of inulin measures volume of plasma completely cleared of inulin per minute, It is not dependent on inulin concentration in plasma
Proper level of GFR is maintained by
Glomerular Tubular balance
Autoregulation of renal blood flow
Regulation of vascular resistance in renal arteries in response to changes in BP
Sensing of NaCl tubular load performed by cells of the macula densa of juxtaglomerular apparatu
In which situations is bicarbonate levels raised
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Mixed alkalosis
Full compensated mixed
Glottis open and outflow of air
Inspiration continues
Expiration continues
Pressure in pulmonary alveoli is lower than atmospheric
Pressure in pleural cavity is higher than atmospheric
Pressure in pulmonary alveoli equals atmospheric
Which statements are right
BER is generated by G cells of gastric glands. à cayal cells
BER is produced by interstitial Cayal cells
The frequency of BER in stomach is 3/min
BER results from spontaneous depolarization of visceral smooth muscle cells of longitudinal Layer of stomach
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