CHAPTER1

Migration of humans… Crossing icy grounds to America by following deers and crossing oceans to Australia and islands by watercrafts (canoe) on sea currents. Over seas-lands of the Caribbeans, Madagascar and the Pasific Islands discovered late by humans. Madagascar is close to Africa but people –not migrated from Africa, migrated from far-east Malayas by seacrafts and navyskills (AD 700) thanks to cycling of ocean sea and air flows. Where was the last discovering and populating land (AD 1200) in the World; and today what is their ethnical name of the descendant indigeneous people of the Pasific explorers?

Phoenician sailors embarked on the first long journeys and played a role in conveying goods, ideas and people across the continents and the seas. However, it was the coastal people of the Aegean (Ionian, Carian, Eolian people) who first compiled the world's information and drew their maps. Which of the great writers of history and geography from Halicarnassus (Bodrum) in Caria? (5th century BC)

Xenophon, in his work ……………… (Anabasis), describes the Greek soldiers going to Mesopotamia and returning to the Aegean via the Black Sea. This work, which he wrote in a historical interview style like a war correspondent, is valuable in terms of introducing the Anatolia of ancient times. In addition, he helped the Aegean seafaring peoples overcome their timidy and worry about "Eastern, Persian and land expeditions" and became the mental preparation of Alexander's Great Expedition.

It was written that the Ionian Piteas (380-310 BC) from the Marseille colony founded by Phocaeans (Foça) crossed the rivers and crossed the rivers to the Atlantic Ocean, and passed by the British isles and arrived Thule (?) by their boat. It is interesting that the first person who described icebergs, polar lights (the Aurora Borealis) and the sun rising at midnight was a Mediterranean man. What land is Piteas supposed to have reached?

€�………………………… .. Was born in Amasya/North Anatolia (63 BC), in the collapse of the Republic, at the time of Caesar's death, he came to Rome, the first intellectual of the capital during the reign of Emperor Octavio Augusto (87 years old, died in 21 AD). The encyclopedic work Geographica, written two thousand years ago, tells the old world from the Mediterranean to India. The work, which lasted half a century, consists of 17 books.

€�………………………… worked for the library of Alexandria during the Roman period (150 AD). In his eight volume Geography Guide (Geographike hyphegesis), which works on eight thousand regions with latitude, longitude and surface shapes, he showed the earth with 360 ° sphere projection, and drew the Solar System (with a mistake showing the Earth in the center of the system).

He was born in the Moroccan port of Septa (Ceuta). When Andalusia became unstable, he went to Sicily (Palermo), where the Arab intellectual life and the library were preserved, at the invitation of the Norman king Roger. He created Tabula Rogeriana, the most advanced medieval world map. (1154) Tabula also shows the inter-faith common aspects of the Middle Ages, known for their faith wars. His Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq fi'khtiraq al-'afaq; this title may be translated as A Diversion for the Man Longing to Travel to Far-Off Places (The book of pleasant journeys into faraway lands, or The pleasure of him who longs to cross the horizons). It has been preserved in nine manuscripts, seven of which contain maps. It was only in the 16th century that the work was translated into Italian-Latin with Latin letters and published as “Opus Geographicum”. Who was this magnificent map researcher and illustrator genius?

€�……………………, set off from Venice at the age of 17 with his father and uncle, who were long-distance traders, to China. When he returned from his 24-year journey, he had his roommate in the Genoese prison, romance writer Rusticiano, wrote his trip to China. The work titled “The Story of the World, the book of İl Milione” was one of the important factors that started the Age of Discovery by provoking curiosity to travel and discovery. Who was the first great traveler to move the most?

€�…………………………. Departed from the coastal city of Morocco, Tangier (Tanca). "Tuhfetü'n-Nüzzar fi Garaibi'l-Emsal ve Acaibi'l-Estar" was one of the most famous travel books of all time, in which he described his travels covering all Islamic countries and the extreme regions of Asia such as China and Sumatra. This work, briefly known as Rıhle, is a reliable source on the social, cultural and political history of the medieval Islamic world. It was translated into all languages. He was known as the man who stepped on the earth the most.