Psychology exam review
What is aristotle known for
Believed that the conscious is like a stream.
Believed human traits is gained through experience.
Believed humans are born with the human traits they posses.
Believed in evolution
What is Wilhelm Wundt famous for
Theorized about evolution
Psychology's first president
Promoted structuralism
Promoted functionism
Which one best describes Willam James?
Promoted functioism, influenced by humanistic ideas and mentored Mary Willams
Promoted structuralism, inspired by evolution and mentored Mary Calkins
Believed that the unconscoius was NOT like a stream; our minds is focused primarliy on our actions.
Promoted Functionsim, inspired by the ideas of evolution and mentored Mary Calkins
What is Charles Darwin famous for
Theorized about evolution
Promoted freudian psychology
Focused on enviromental influences can nature or limit our growth potiental and to the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisifed.
The discover of the brain.
Mary Whiton Calkins is?
Promoted humanisitc psychology
The first woman to recieve a PH.D in psychology
The first women president in psychology in 1945
The first women president in psychology in 1905
What is freudian psychology
Levels of thinking that involves preconventional, conventional and post conviental to test personalities
Focused on that current enviromental influences can nuture or limit our growth potiental and to the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied.
Emphasizes the ways opur unconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior
Defines as the science of behavior and mental processes.
What is Humanistic Psychology
Focused on that current enviromentl influences can nuture or limit our growth potiental and to the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied
The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cogniton.
Redefined psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior
Shared ideas and behaviors that one generation passes to the next
Who is sigmud freud
Promoted humanistic psychology
Believed behavior springs from unconscious drives conflcits
Debated on nature/nuture
Known as the father of psychology his ideas influenced humanity self-understanding
What is a clincial psychologist?
A branch of psychology that studdies, assesses and treats people with psychological disorders.
A branch of psychology that assit people with problems in living and in acheiveing greater well being.
A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders.
A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social enviroments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.
What is Cognitive Perspective?
How behavior and thinking vary across situtations and cultures.
How our genes and our enviromental influence our individual differences.
How we encode, process, store and retrive information.
How we learn observable responses.
What is Biological Psychology?
The scienetific study of evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.
The scientific study of the links between biological(genetic,neural,hormonal) and psychological processes.
The scientific study of the human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive.
Emphasized the ways our uconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood expriences affect our behavior.
What is the Axon?
The neuron extension that passes messsages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles and glands.
A nerve cell; the basic bulidng block of life.
A neurons often bushym branching extensions that receievs messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
The cell body
What is the synapse
A neurotransmitter's reabsorbtion by sending a neuron.
A neurons reaction of either firing or not firing.
A brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired; subsequent action potientials cannot occur until axon returns to its resting state.
The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuro and the dendrite or cell body of the recieveing neuron.
What is neurotransmitters?
"morphine within" natural opiates-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to be pleasured.
A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon.
Chemical messages that cross the synaptic gap between neurons.
Cells in the nervous system that support nourish and protect neuros; they may also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory.
Thalamus
The part of the nrain located below the back of the head. It regulates balance, posture, movement, and muscle coordination.
The brain's sensroy control center located on top of the brain stem; it directs messages to the sensory recieving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.
The lowest section of the brain stem, it controls automatic functions including heart beat, breathing, etc.
The part of the brain stem that joins the hemispheres of the cereberum with the cereberullm. It is located above medulla oblongata.
Amygdala
Two lima-bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system ; linked to emotion
A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.
An area at the rear if the frontal lobes that controls voulntary movements.
Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules contains genes.
Cerebral Cortex
The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull.
The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body;s ultimate control information-processing center.
A neural structure lying below the thalamus ; it directs several maintence actitives, helps govern the endocrine system via pituary gland and is linked to emotion and reward.
Above the ears; includes auditory areas , each receiveing information primarily from the opposite ear.
What is the Pituitary Gland?
The endocrines most influential gland under the influence of the cerebellum, it regulates growth and controls other endrocine gland.
A gland that controls voulntary movements.
The endocrines most influential gland under the influence of the hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
The endocrines most influential gland under the influence of the thalamus, it regulates growth and controls other endocrines.
Ovaries
Sexual glands found in women that regulates body development and main tain reproductive organs.
Sexual glanda found in men, it regulates and maintains reproductive organs.
What is the defintion of consciousness?
In an illusion; which leads to failing to notice changes in the enviroment.
Our awareness of ourselves and our enviroment.
The underlying meaning of a dream.
An indivduals characteristic pattern of thinking,feeling and acting.
What is cognitve neuroscience?
A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social enviroments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.
How the body and brain enables emotions, memories, and sensory experiences.
How behavior springs from unconscious drives conflict.
The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition.
What is Delta Waves?
The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.
The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awakend state.
The biological clock, regular body rhythm that occur 24-hour cycle.
Brain waves associated with the first stage of sleep.
What is Narcolepsy?
A sleeping disorder that involves indivduals sleeping with their eyes open.
The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.
Sudden uncontrollable sleepiness or lapsing into REM sleep.
Indivduals stop breathing while they are asleep.
Sleep Apnea
Fear of sleeping in the dark.
Fear of sleeping alone.
A sleeping disorder that the individual stops breathing while sleeping.
A sleep disorder that the individual uncontrollbily falls asleep.
What are Psychoactive Drugs?
Medciation perscribed by a psychiarty in aid to help with therapy.
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.
Drus that slow the neural activty and slow body functions.
Drugs that depress the neural activity, reducing anxiety but imparing memory and judgement.
What is an Addiction?
The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing a drug.
The dimishing effect with regular use of the same dose of the drug, requiring user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the effect of the drug.
Continued substance craving despite significant life disruption or risk.
Complusive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known adverse consequences.
What are Depressants?
Such as morphine and heroin
Drugs such as alcohol, barbiturates and opiates
Such as nicotine, more powerful amphetamies, cocaine, ecstasy, and methamhetamine.
Such as marijianna and meth
What is Barbiturates?
Drugs that depress central nervous sysem activity, reducing neural anxiety but imparing memory and judgement.
Depress neural activity, temporarlity lessening pain.
Drugs that excite the neural activity.
A powerfully addictive drug that stimulate the central nervous system, with accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes.
What are Opiates?
A powerful hallucinogenic drug
The main drug in marijana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.
A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen.
Opium and its derivates, such as morphine and heroin; depress neural activity, temporarlity lessening pain.
What are developmental Psychologists
Studies the developments of the brain throughout life span.
: A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span.
The study of the brain activity linked with cognition.
The scientific stud of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive.
Which of the following is Sperm Cells
A mans part that is aquired to reproduct with women cells.
Womens cells that are combined with man cells to reproduce an offspring.
Teratogen
Agents such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
A chemical or substance that alters perceptions and moods.
The transition period of a teenager to adulthood.
Is a depressant.
Egocentrism
Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
All the metal activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
In piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.
Which of the following best describes Authoritarian Parents
Are coercive. They impose rules and expect obedience.
Are unrestraining. They make few demandss and use little punishment.
Are confrontive. They are both demanding and responsive.
None of the above.
Adolescence
: the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.
Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.
: the “we” aspect of our self-concept: the part of our answer to “who am I?” that comes from our group memberships.
Moral Reasoning
1st level: Preconventional Morality(before age 9):self-interest; obeys rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards.
2nd level: Conventional morality( early adolescence): uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order.
3rd Level: Postconventional Morality(adolescence and beyond): actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles.
Which one best describes the 1st step of moral reasoing:preconventional morality?
Before age 9:self-interest; obeys rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards.
Early adolescence: uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order.
Adolescence and beyond: actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles
None of the above
Which of the following best describes Conventional Morality which is the 2nd level of moral reasoning?
Before age 9:self-interest; obeys rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards
Early adolescence: uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order.
Adolescence and beyond: actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles
None of the above
Which of the following best describes the third level of moral reasoning: Postconventional Morality
Before age 9:self-interest; obeys rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards
Early adolescence: uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order
Adolescence and beyond: actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles
None of the above.
Rites of Passage
Love, work
Marriage, feeling of independence before adulthood, responsibilities.
Menopause
The time of natural cessation of menstruation.
The time a women beginngs menstruation.
Terminal Decline
An individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.
The ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood.
How someone wants to spend the rest of their life when they are acknowledged of a soon death. They generally spend more time with families and become more adventureous.
, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.
Describe personality
A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feeling and memories.
Represents external events that affect an individual.
Both A and B
An individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.
Psychodynamic Theories
View personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experience.
In psychoalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which a person relaxes and says what comes to mind.
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts.
None of the above.
ID
Strides to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. It operates on pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
Commonly called the "executive" part of a personality it mediates among the demands to bring pleasure instead of pain.
The part of the personality represents internalized ideas and provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations.
None of the above.
Super Ego
Strides to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. It operates on pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
Commonly called the "executive" part of a personality it mediates among the demands to bring pleasure instead of pain.
The part of the personality represents internalized ideas and provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations
None of the above
Defense Mechanisms
Carl jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history
In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
Alfred Adler
Believed childhoof was social but not sexual like freud. Tensions are crucial for personality formation. Theorized inferiority complex. He believed our behavior is driven by efforts to conqure childhoof inferiority feelings.
None of the above
Carl Jung
Placed less emphasis on social factors and agreeded with freud that the unconscious exerts powerful influence. Collective unconcious: a common reservior of images derived from speices universal experiences.
None of the above
Carl Rogers
Person-centerd perspecitve, that people are basically good and endowed with self-actualizing tendencies. Rogers believed that a growth-promoting climate required three conditions: genuineness, accpetance and empathy.
None of the above.
What is MMPI
A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interest and repetitive behaviors.
The most widely researched and clincally used of all personality test. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
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