Radphysics prelim

They are randomly oriented inside our body. No polarization occurred.

Concept of this is about the theory of relativity. (E=mc²), Matter is cannot be created nor destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another

Smallest particle of a compound, combination of atom.

Complex substances, combination of element.

Fundamental building blocks of matter • Smallest particle of an element

- has neutral charged because it has the equal number of electrons and protons, not ionize because electrons are not removed from the orbital shell.

The energy that reside in the orbital shell and electron. This energy is important so that electrons can be remove in the orbital shell.

Neutron and protons, it has positive charged.

Consists of an extra or a lacking of e- • Can be positive or negative

Negatively charged ion, extra electron

Positively charged ion, lacking of electron

Positively charged atom and negatively charged electron

€¢ Consists of 7 shells and different EB

Innermost orbital shell

Outermost orbital shell

Electron in the innermost shell has high binding energy.

Easy to eject electrons because it has low binding energy.

Central core of an atom • Contains protons and neutrons

Energy release by the nucleus. X-ray interact in atomic level.

Two or more atoms chemically united • Smallest particle of a compound

The ability to do work • SI: Joule • Radiology: electron volt (eV) • Can be transformed from one form of energy to another

€¢ States that the sum of all matter and energy is constant • Matter and energy can be neither created or destroyed but are interchangeable

Movement of electrons from cathode to anode.

ENERGY CONVERSION; ELECTRICAL TO ELECTROMAGNETIC

ENERGY CONVERSION; ELECTRICAL TO MECHANICAL

ENERGY CONVERSION; MECHANICAL TO ELECTRIC

ENERGY CONVERSION; ELECTROMAGNETIC TO CHEMICAL

ENERGY CONVERSION; CHEMICAL TO ELECTRICAL

ENERGY CONVERSION; ELECTRICAL TO CHEMICAL

ENERGY CONVERSION; ELECTRICAL TO ELECTRICAL

Energy at rest, 1V=1J/C

Combination of electric field and magnetic field, they perpendicular to each other.

Electrons surrounding the filament.

Combining power of an element.

Used to determine the electron arrangement of elements with Z>18

no outer shell can contain more than 8 electrons

€¢ The strength of attachment of an electron to the nucleus • The energy required to completely remove an electron from the atom

The number of protons in an atom • Symbol: Z

The number of protons and neutrons (nucleons) • Symbol: A

The difference between the atomic mass number and atomic number

€¢ The chemical combining characteristic of an element •Determined by the number of electrons in the outermost shell

The transfer of energy through space

Matter that intercepts and absorbs radiation

€¢ The removal or addition of e- in the atom

HOTON BINDING ENERGY ____ TUNGSTEN VERY IMPORTANT FOR PRODUCTION OF XRAY

Suitable for producing images that contributes to patient dose

The number of ion pairs formed per unit path length

€¢ Maximum distance traverse by ionizing radiation by interaction with the medium •Unit: micrometer

Smallest unit of electromagnetic energy is

A measure of the mean rate of energy deposited locally along the track of a charged particle by electromagnetic interactions

Addition of energy to a system achieved by raising the energy of electrons with the use of x-ray

Photons are The smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic energy •It may be pictured as ____

X-ray that is emitted in the tube with high and low energy is a combination called

Waveform is Sinusoidal - Sine waves • The type of energy in xrays, radio waves, microwaves & visible light • The type of energy in xrays, radio waves, microwaves & visible light

GROUND STATE

EXCITED STATE

PARENT RADIONUCLIDE

DAUGHTER RADIONUCLIDE

After 6 hours the quantity is reduced to ½ from its original value

What will undergo alpha decay because of high atomic mass.

Spontaneous decay emission of an alpha particle • Not used in medical imaging

Heaviest and least penetrating form of radiation which alpha decay identical to?

Occurs much more frequently than alpha particle and most common because alpha requires heavy radionuclide

Beta decay is absorb by ?

The lower the LET the higher the x-ray quality because of a cause in high penetrability.

The higher the LET the higher the x-ray quality because of a cause in high penetrability.

BETA MINUS

BETA PLUS

ISOTOPE

ISOBAR

ISOTONE

ISOBAR