An environmental impact statement must include:
An ethical analysis of the proposed action
Short and long-term environmental consequences of federally sponsored projects
Solutions to any potentially adverse environmental effects
Documentation of the financial cost-benefit analysis of the proposed action.
A description of the solution to any associated environmental controversy
The National Environmental Policy Act:
Mandates development of an Environmental Impact Statement at the end of any project using federal funds
Provided for the establishment of the Court on Environmental Quality to enforce U.S. Environmental law
Requires documentation of the financial impact of all projects with potential environmental impact
Requires the evaluation of federal highway construction and military projects
Was signed into law in 1965
Environmental Impact Statements:
Must be made available to the public
Are not required for any state-funded projects
Only address potential impact on endangered or threatened species
Only need to project impact out to two years following the completion of the project
Only affects the 20% of lands owned by the federal government
Which of the following is NOT included in an environmental impact statement?
Nature of the proposal
Alternatives to the proposed course of action
Guarantees that not species or habitat will be negatively impacted by the proposal
Short and long-term effects of the proposal
Why the proposal is needed
In the field of economics, the additional cost associated with one more unit of something is called a(n):
Direct cost
Fringe cost
Marginal cost
Total product cost
External cost
When consumption or production of a product has no harmful side effect that is borne by people not directly involved in the market exchange for that product, the side effect is called a(n):
External cost
Indirect cost
Additional cost
Intrinsic cost
Marginal cost
Pricing a bottle of freon at $2,000 in order to pay for the damage it does to the ozone layer when it is eventually released into the environment is an example of adding in:
External costs
Emission charges
Environmental impact statements
Emission reduction credits
Marginal costs
When economists adopt a market-oriented strategy to deal with pollution:
They discourage recycling and encourage the use of virgin materials
They increase the demand for pollution
They raise the cost of pollution to discourage it
They encourage last retailers to pollute more
They lower the cost of pollution to discourage it
Which of the following describes the cost to society of having less pollution being offset by the benefits to society of the activity creating the pollution?
Marginal cost of pollution
Marginal cost of abatement
Regulatory reform
Optimal amount of pollution
None are correct
All of the following would contribute to natural capital, except:
None of above, all are capital
Groundwater
Soil
Mineral resources
Clean air
The cost, in environmental quality, of a unit of pollution that is emitted into the environment is the:
Marginal cost of pollution abatement
Marginal cost of pollution
Optimum amount of pollution
Indirect cost of pollution
Indirect cost of pollution abatement
According to EPA's Draft Report on the Environment 2003, levels of wet sulfate, a major component of acidd rain, have dropped by 20-30% since 1990. This success may be attributed to:
Clean Water Act
NEPA
Earth Day 1990
Clean Air Act (1977)
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
National income accounts are incomplete estimates of national economic performance because national income accounts do not include:
Gross domestic product
Net domestic product
Estimates of human manufactured material goods
Estimates of external costs such as natural resource depletion and the environmental cost of economic activities
Estimates of imported goods and services
Environmental destruction in formerly communist countries was so extensive because of:
An attitude of support for heavy industry such as power plants, chemicals, metallurgy, and large machinery
An attitude of low regard for the economic value of clean air, water, and soil
An attitude of high production and economic self-sufficiency, regardless of environmental damages
All are correct
An attitude of meeting industrial production quotas taking precedence over environmental concerns
Combustion of which of these fossil fuels is/are linked to global warming?
Coal
All of these
Oil
Natural gas
Methane
Which of these fossil fuels was/were formed from the remains of ancient microscopic algae and aquatic organisms?
Methane
Natural gas
Oil
Gas hydrates
All of the above
The world's coal reserves could last for possibly another:
50 years
20 years
200 years
500 years
100 years
The concern about global warming is directly related to increased levels of what chemical in the atomsphere?
Nitrogen oxide
Carbon dioxide
Sulfur oxide
Mercury
What is the current state of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology for use in coal power plants?
CCS technology is not yet ready for testing in power plants
The theory of CCS technology is established, but an adequate design of a CCS mechanism has not been developed
CCS technology is being tested on a very small scale
CCS technology has been tested many times and was found to be inadequate for meeting current capture and storage needs
CCS technology is ready to be implemented on a large scale
How has the burning of fossil fuels affected the global carbon cycle?
The total amount of carbon on earth has increased
Carbon is stored underground for longer periods of time
The carbon cycle has slowed down
The amount of carbon taken up by plants has decreased
Less carbon is stored underground
Which of the following compounds may be released by the burning of coal without emission controls?
All of these
Mercury
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfurous oxide
Carbon dioxide
It is hypothesized that undiscovered large oil deposits are located
In the continental United States
In locations where natural gas will not be found
Below ocean basin trenches
Under the continental shelves
In locations where volcanoes are common
Petrochemicals are used in the production of all of the following except:
Fertilizers
Paints
Synthetic fibers
Medicines
Lightweight concrete
What does the term "Peak Oil" refer to?
The time period during which international economies based on petroleum products arose
The point in time at which the maximum amount of oil is being pumped from underground
The time period during which the rate of oil use is highest
An environmentally friendly synthetic oil with much lower greenhouse gas emissions than conventional oil
The time period during which oil refineries operate at their highest capacity
The legislation that has regulated mining activities in the United States since 1977 is the:
Wilderness Act
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
Soil Conservation Service Act
Clean Water Act
Endangered Species Act
Which of these statements about coal is false?
Coal powered the steam engine during the Industrial Revolution
Coal produces far less SO2 than natural gas or oil
Some types of coal contain a lot of sulfur
Subsurface mining accounts for about 40% of the coal mined in the U.S.
Coal supplies about 20% of the energy used in the United States
All of the following are arguments against oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge EXCEPT:
It will be financially impractical to restore lands developed for oil extraction
Documented declines in population of wolves and bears in nearby areas where drilling has occurred
There is no nearby infrastructure to facilitate oil drilling
Using domestic oil is only a short-term fix to energy problems in the United States
Which of the following is not an emerging alternative, renewable resource energy technology?
Geothermal energy
Wind farms
Alcohol fuels
Photovoltaic solar cells
Nuclear energy
All of the following materials are examples of biomass fuels except:
Wood
Animal waste
Oil
Crop residues
Sawdust
Passive solar heating:
Is a non-renewable resource
Cannot be used to heat buildings
Uses the sun's energy without machines
Is effective only in the summer
Depends on x-rays
Which of the following can be used to store the heat from passive solar heating?
Wooden roof beams
Reflective glass windows
Solar panels
Containers of water
Photovoltaic solar cells
In rural areas of developing countries, photovoltaic cells are used to:
Provide refrigeration for vaccines
Avoid the need to extend power lines
Pump water
Grind grain
All of these
The burning of biomass, such as wood, is an example of:
None of these
Indirect use of solar energy
Passive solar heating
Using a non-renewable resource
Active solar heating
Growing crops specifically for alcohol production would probably result in:
Increased soil erosion
Reduced food production
Increased pollution by fertilizers and pesticides
All of these
Increased desertification
Which of the following is not a problem associated with hydropower?
Disruption of fish spawning
Flooding potential
Habitat destruction
Increased soil erosion
Reservoir-induced seismicity
Which of the following does not apply to wind power?
Causes no air pollution
Is a clean source of energy
Is the least competitive of all forms of renewable energy in terms of cost
Wind machines detract from the esthetics of the region
Is most profitable in areas that have fairly continual winds
Which of the following is not a disadvantage to using biomass as a source of energy?
Depletion of minerals in the soil
Increased possibility of erosion
Deforestation
Nonrenewable source of energy
Potential locations for wind warms include:
Mountain passes
Coastal areas
Grasslands
All of the above
Islands
A storage site for high-level radioactive wast would have all of the following features except:
Near volcanic activity where waste can be destroyed by high temperatures
No contact with groundwater
No contact with flowing water or air movement
Geological stability
Isolated from major population centers
One advantage of conventional nuclear power, when compared to coal, is:
Limited risk from catastrophic accidents
Unlimited supply
No related occupational death
Emission of few pollutants to the atmosphere
No connection to water pollution
The main problem with energy from nuclear fusion power is:
Fusion only occurs in the sun, and we don't know how the sun's energy is produced
Fusion technology requires vast quantities of uranium
It is dependent upon hydrogen, a limited fuel resource
None of these
Fusion power still remains to be proven practical to control
All of the following are related to NIMBY response EXCEPT:
All of these are related
Politicians and their term of office
It is commonly a response to the proposal for a nuclear power plant
Is the "sister" response to NIMTOO
Not in my back yard
Which of the following is a completely clean energy source?
None of these choices is correct
Coal
Nuclear
Solar
Which of the following practices will increase energy efficiency?
Changing incandescent light bulbs to compact fluorescent light bulbs
Turning off lights when not in use
Lighting fewer rooms in the house
Turning off lights when not in use and lighting fewer rooms in the house
Compared to development of new energy sources, energy efficiency and energy conservation:
All of these choices are correct
Cost less and improve the economy's productivity
Cost less
Improve the economy's productivity
Save energy for future use
A burning candle gives off more heat than a lightbulb. What can we conclude from this?
The lightbulb coverts energy to light more efficiently than the candle
The candle provides more light than the lightbulb
Using the candle conserves energy
The candle will burn out before the lightbulb
Electricity is the best way to transmit energy
Energy intensity is defined as:
Energy per use dollar of GDP
Energy use per dollar invested in research
Energy per use per person
Energy use per unit of area
A "zero-net energy" building:
Produces as much as or more energy than it uses
All of these answers are correct
Produces less than half the solid waste of a traditional building
Is built using only natural raw materials
Can last longer than a traditional building
Which of the following are ways that public utility companies have helped electricity consumers conserve energy?
All of these answers are correct
Paying customers to buy more efficient refrigerators and planting trees to shade their houses
Giving consumers energy-efficient light bulbs
Paying customers to plant trees to shade their houses
Paying customers to buy more efficient refrigerators
Which of the following is an example of "demand-side management" by electric utility companies to help consumers save energy?
Giving away energy-efficient light bulbs to consumers
Reducing advertising costs
Purchasing power from new sources
Building new power plants
Reducing rates charged to consumers
Electric power plants do not operate efficiently because:
A large amount of energy is lost as heat during generation and electricity is lost during transmission
Energy often must be converted to supercooled hydrogen
Electricity is lost during transmission
A large amount of energy is lost as heat during generation
Even though the electricity that powers them is generated primarily from burning fossil fuels, electric cars are still more efficient than gas-powered vehicles because:
Energy is produced more efficiently at power plants than inside vehicles
They are much lighter
Their batteries are much more efficient
They can transport more people per vehicle
Which of the following is an example of cogeneration?
A power plant takes steam left over after electricity production and uses it to heat buildings
A power plant burns coal to produce electricity, and uses "scrubbers" to reduce pollution
A power plant uses water to cool electricity-generation turbines, then releases the hot water into a nearby lake
A power plant uses water to cool electricity-generating turbines, then lets the hot water cool in large cooling ponds
Which of the following are possible methods of decreasing the amount of energy required to transport people to and from work?
All of these answers are correct
Use of early or late start times for the workday
Working fewer, but longer, workdays
Satellite offices
Working from home
As a result of energy subsidies:
There is less incentive to conserve energy
All of these choices are correct
Externalities are included in the cost of fuel
Cars have become more fuel efficient
Consumer fuel costs have increased
Why is investment in energy conservation and efficiency a necessary component of any governmental energy policy?
It is often difficult for individuals or corporations to make purchases that save money in the long run if they are more expensive over the short term
All of these answer choices are correct
The market will naturally favor products that are energy efficient in the long term, given enough time
It will result in an immediate increase in energy efficiency
Carbon sequestration is much easier at a large power plant than in thousands of small engines. Because of this, mitigation of climate change while stil using fossil fuels for energy can be achieved by a switch to which type of technology?
Electric cars
Solar panels
Wind energy
Superconducting magnetic energy storage
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