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4. For years, the cigarette industry was aware of the harmful effects of smoking but __________ them to the public.

(1) lied about

(2) stood on

(3) reached for

(4) worked with

5. Each year, the U.S. Forest Service issues a report predicting the _________ its policies may have on the environment.

(1) insight

(2) impact

(3) odor

(4) acclaim

6. All university students in nineteenth-century Britain were expected to have at least a basic _________ Greek and Roman literature.

(1) establishment of

(2) familiarity with

(3) obedience to

(4) prohibition of

7. The Irish mathematician Sir William Hamilton showed an early and astonishing talent for languages: he had ________ thirteen of them by the age of twelve.

(1) mastered

(2) reserved

(3) tempted

(4) distracted

8. Czar Nicholas I was known for his harsh rule and __________ all political reform.

(1) restoration of

(2) reflection on

(3) resistance to

(4) reputation for

9. Europeans discovered so many new plant species in the New World between 1550 and 1700 that it became necessary to devise an entirely new system of botanical _________.

(1) justification

(2) industrialization

(3) classification

(4) purification

10. Atoms and subatomic particles are so __________ that they can be seen only with the help of very powerful microscopes.

(1) minute

(2) persistent

(3) rebellious

(4) uneasy

12. The stomach has the ability to expand or _________, depending on the amount of food it contains.

(1) relate

(2) support

(3) define

(4) contract

Restatements

This part consists of several sentences, each followed by four possible ways of restating the main idea of that sentence in different words. For each question, choose the one restatement which best expresses the meaning of the original sentence.

Restatements

13. When Italian composer Puccini died, his last opera was left incomplete.

(1) Puccini died before he could finish his last opera.

(2) Puccini completed his last opera a short time before he died.

(3) Puccini knew he was dying as he wrote his last opera.

(4) Puccini's last opera was found several years after his death.

14. Thomas Jefferson once said: "I find that the harder I work, the more luck I seem to have."

(1) Thomas Jefferson enjoyed life despite the fact that he had to work hard.

(2) Thomas Jefferson worked hard for his success, but many thought he was just lucky.

(3) Thomas Jefferson believed that good luck is the result of hard work.

(4) Thomas Jefferson lived in hard times and was always glad to find work.

15. American artist James Whistler spent his student days in Paris.

(1) James Whistler felt that every art student should spend time in Paris.

(2) James Whistler always wished that he had studied art in Paris.

(3) As a student, James Whistler often traveled to Paris.

(4) James Whistler lived in Paris when he was a student.

16. Although Pablo Picasso is best known for his paintings, he also produced sculptures, drawings, ceramics and prints.

(1) Before he became famous as a painter, Pablo Picasso produced many sculptures, drawings, ceramics and prints.

(2) Many of Pablo Picasso's best-known paintings are similar to other works that he produced, such as sculptures, drawings, ceramics and prints.

(3) Although Pablo Picasso tried sculpting, drawing, ceramics and printmaking, he was most successful at painting.

(4) Pablo Picasso created sculptures, drawings, prints and ceramics in addition to paintings, for which he is most famous.

17. William Shakespeare based the plot of The Winter's Tale largely on Robert Greene's Pandosto: The Triumph of Time.

(1) Much of the plot of The Winter's Tale, by William Shakespeare, was taken from Robert Greene's Pandosto: The Triumph of Time.

(2) Robert Greene took some of the ideas for Pandosto: The Triumph of Time from William Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale.

(3) The Winter's Tale by William Shakespeare and Pandosto: The Triumph of Time by Robert Greene have very similar plots.

(4) William Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale and Robert Greene's Pandosto: The Triumph of Time are based on the same source.

18. Legally sanctioned adoption dates from ancient Greece and Rome, where it served the function of preserving intact the estates of citizens who otherwise would have had no male heir.

(1) Adoption first became a common practice in ancient Greece and Rome, although it was legal only for male citizens who had estates.

(2) In Greek and Roman times it was common for families who had no male heir to adopt one, though the practice was not legally recognized.

(3) Legal adoptions began in ancient Greece and Rome to make it possible for a person without sons to pass on his estate in its entirety.

(4) In ancient Greece and Rome, even before the practice of adoption became legal, any male citizen could serve the function of an heir.

19. The giant panda is capable of making eleven distinct and complex vocalizations, allowing it to communicate subtle variations in attitude and mood.

(1) Although they are capable of making only eleven vocalizations, giant pandas have other means of communicating their attitudes and moods.

(2) The giant panda can express a range of feelings by using eleven different sounds.

(3) It is believed that the eleven distinct vocalizations made by giant pandas are attempts to communicate attitudes and moods.

(4) By combining eleven simple sounds, the giant panda can express complex emotions.

Reading comprehension

This part consists of two reading passages, each followed by several related questions. For each question, choose the most appropriate answer based on the text.

Reading comprehension

This part consists of two reading passages, each followed by several related questions. For each question, choose the most appropriate answer based on the text.

20. The first paragraph is mainly about -

(1) how yawning affects the brain

(2) the question of why people yawn

(3) Dr. Provine's research on yawning

(4) when humans begin to yawn

21. The athletes mentioned in line 4 -

(1) took part in Dr. Provine's research

(2) never yawn

(3) yawn when they are neither sleepy nor bored

(4) yawn more often than musicians

22. The main purpose of the second paragraph is to -

(1) prove that yawning is a sign of hostility

(2) give examples of animals that yawn

(3) explain why dogs yawn

(4) describe penguin mating habits

23. According to the second paragraph, dogs yawn -

(1) when they are tired

(2) when greeting one another

(3) when they want to look dangerous

(4) for the same reason that penguins do

24. The last paragraph mainly discusses -

(1) contagious yawning

(2) yawning in chimpanzees

(3) ways to prevent yawning

(4) a study of yawning conducted at Kyoto University

25. The campaign described in the first paragraph -

(1) supports Wilson's attempt to be elected to political office in America

(2) raises money for other political groups similar to the White House Project

(3) promotes the idea of women as political leaders

(4) encourages Americans to support only women for political office

26. The main purpose of the second paragraph is to explain why -

(1) Wilson wants to be judged on the basis of her ideas and qualifications

(2) Wilson believes more women should run for political office

(3) the public always focuses on the gender of female candidates

(4) the political climate in America has changed in recent years

28. According to the third paragraph, most Americans believe that -

(1) men and women can make difficult decisions equally well

(2) a larger number of women should be elected, but men are better than women at handling some issues

(3) men are more interested than women in such issues as the economy and national security

(4) women are often better leaders than men

29. An appropriate title for the text would be -

(1) Good News and Bad News: The Results of a Recent Survey

(2) Will a Woman Ever Be President of the United States?

(3) One Woman's Efforts to Encourage Female Leadership

(4) The White House Project: Marie Wilson for President

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