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Master Your Medical Knowledge Quiz

Test your understanding of clinical scenarios and medical knowledge with our engaging quiz designed for healthcare professionals and students alike. Each question is crafted to challenge your understanding of key concepts and improve your diagnostic skills.

Whether you're preparing for exams or just want to brush up on your knowledge, this quiz covers a range of topics, including:

Acid-base balance
Endocrine function
Gastroenterology
Pharmacology
Anatomy and physiology

56 Questions14 MinutesCreated by LearningDoc42

A 45-year-old woman develops severe diar- rhea while on vacation. She has the following arterial blood values: pH = 7.25 PcO2 = 24 mm Hg [HCO3–] = 10 mEq/L Venous blood samples show decreased blood [K+] and a normal anion gap. 3. The correct diagnosis for this patient is

(A) metabolic acidosis

(B) metabolic alkalosis

(D) respiratory alkalosis

(E) normal acid–base status

A patient arrives at the emergency room with low arterial pressure, reduced tissue tur- gor, and the following arterial blood values: pH = 7.69 [HCO3–] = 57 mEq/L PCO2 = 48 mm Hg Which of the following responses would also be expected to occur in this patient?

(A) Hyperventilation

(B) Decreased K+ secretion by the distal tubules

(D) Exchange of intracellular H+ for extracellular K+

A patient with a duodenal ulcer is treated successfully with the drug cimetidine. The basis for cimetidine’s inhibition of gastric H+ secretion is that it

(A) blocks muscarinic receptors on parietal cells

(B) blocks H2 receptors on parietal cells

(D) blocks H+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase(ATPase)

(E) enhances the action of acetylcholine(ACh) on parietal cells

When parietal cells are stimulated, they secrete

(A) HCl and intrinsic factor

(B) HCl and pepsinogen

(D) HCO3– and intrinsic factor

(E) mucus and pepsinogen

A patient with Zollinger–Ellison syn- drome would be expected to have which of the following changes?

(A) Decreased serum gastrin levels

(B) Increased serum insulin levels

(D) Decreased parietal cell mass

(E) Peptic ulcer disease

Which of the following is the site of Na+–bile acid cotransport?

(A) Gastric antrum

(B) Gastric fundus

(D) Ileum

(E) Colon

A 41-year-old woman has hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and decreased urinary phosphate excretion. Injection of parathy- roid hormone (PTH) causes an increase in urinary cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The most likely diagnosis is

(A) primary hyperparathyroidism

(B) vitamin D intoxication

(D) hypoparathyroidism after thyroid surgery

(E) pseudohypoparathyroidism

A 46-year-old woman has hirsutism, hyperglycemia, obesity, muscle wasting, and increased circulating levels of adrenocorti- cotropic hormone (ACTH). The most likely cause of her symptoms is

A) primary adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison’s disease)

(B) pheochromocytoma

(D) treatment with exogenous glucocorticoids

(E) hypophysectomy

Blood levels of which of the following substances is decreased in Graves’ disease?

(A) Triiodothyronine (T3)

(B) Thyroxine (T4)

(D) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

(E) Iodide (I–

Propylthiouracil can be used to reduce the synthesis of thyroid hormones in hyperthyroidism because it inhibits oxidation of

(A) Triiodothyronine (T3)

(B) Thyroxine (T4)

(D) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

(E) Iodide (I–)

Inhibin, a hormone that inhibits synthesis and release of FSH, is secreted by

(A) prostate gland.

(B) Sertoli cells.

(D) bulbourethral glands.

(E) interstitialcellsofLeydig.

Stimulation of the parasympathetic neurons in the GI tract from Auerbach's or myenteric plexus will cause

A. Inhibition of local secretions.

B. Inhibition of peristalsis.

C. Stimulation of local secretions.

d. Stimulation of peristalsis

Which one of the following does not occur during swallowing?

A. The larynx raises.

B. The epiglottis moves anteriorly to close the glottis.

C. The uvula and soft palate move inferiorly to block the oropharynx.

D. The vestibular folds move medially

What type of epithelium lines the prostatic urethra?

A. Simple columnar

B. Pseudostratified columnar

C. Stratified squamous

D. Simple squamous

E. Transitional (urothelium)

The kidneys

A. Are retroperitoneal and are attached to the abdominal wall.

B. Are partially protected by ribs 6-9

C. Are surrounded by capsules of epithelial tissue

D. Are protected from mechanical trauma by a thick layer of loose CT

Which one of the following is absorbed in the GI tract without being digested?

B. Triglycerides

C. Proteins

D. Starch

A. Vitamins

What is the hormone produced by these cells (Please see the picture)? Testis

A. Progesterone

B. Inhibin

C. Luteinizing hormone

D. Testosterone

Ach of the following statements concerning this structure development is true, EXCEPT (Please see the picture): (Histology

A. At puberty, the glands increase in size due to duct formation andconnective tissuedevelopment

B. Alveoli begin to secrete milk after delivery

C. The nipple, areola, and rudimentary duct system develop inembryogenesis

D. Progesterone stimulates alveolus growth in pregnancy

E. Secretory portions develop at puberty under estrogen stimulation

A 49-year-old male patient with severe Crohn’s disease has been unresponsive to drug therapy and undergoes ileal resection. After the surgery, he will have steatorrhea Because

A. The liver bile acid pool increases

B. Chylomicrons do not form in the intestinal lumen

C. Micelles do not form in the intestinal lumen

D. Dietary triglycerides cannot be digested

E. The pancreas does not secrete lipase

Vessels and nerves reach the tooth pulp cavity via the

A. Root canal

B. gingiva

C. Cervical canal

A female patient comes to your office with lower abdominal pain. She missed her last menses and her pregnancy test is positive. Ultrasound imaging reveals a cyst-like structure in the right uterine tube which you feel may be a tubal pregnancy. In order to confirm your diagnosis and to remove the tubal embryo, you can gain access to the patient's lower pelvic cavity by passing a culdoscope through the vagina and the:

1 vesicouterine pouch

2 isthmus

3 posterior fornix

4 ampulla

5 cervix

The thyroid gland is supplied by two arteries, the superior thyroid and inferior thyroid arteries, which run into the apex and base of each lobe respectively. From which major blood vessel does the superior thyroid artery arise?

1 Brachiocephalic trunk

2 Subelavian artery

3 Imemal carotid artery

4 External carotid artery

SGLT1 is a symporter that can be found in the small intestine. Which macromolecule does it transport?

1 © Fatty acids

2© Amino acids

3OC Nucleicacids

4 @ Monosaccharides

Cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibits

Pancreatic HCO3- secretion

Gastric emptying

Relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi

Pancreatic enzyme secretion

Contractoifothne gallbladder

What path do bile salts take?

Liver, gall bladder, duodenum, jejunum, tissues

Gall bladder, stomach, duodenum, juejunum, ileum, tissues

Liver, gall bladder, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, liver

Gall bladder, stomach, duodenum, tissues, liver

The pancreas arises from which embryonic germ layer? h

1 xr Endoderm

2 © Ectoderm

3 © Mesoderm

4©) Mesendoderm

Which of the following is the site of Na+—bile acid cotransport? »

1O© Colon

2 © Gastric antrum

3 Duodenum

4 © Gastric fundus

5 © _leum

Increased stomach pH is the consequence of which of the following?

1O Damage to the mucous cells

2 xr Inhibition of the parietal cells

3 O Overexpression by chief cells

4©_ Increased G cell activity

A patient comes in with abdominal pain. Their lab results reveal normal levels of pancreatic enzymes, pepsinogen, and both stomach and gall bladder motility, but an acidic small intestine environment. Which hormone is not in balance?

Leptin

Gastrin

Secretin

CCK

Which of the following would most likely be found in the esophagus of a patient suffering from gastroesophageal reflux disease?

1 © _ Carboxypeptidase

2 © Trypsin

3 oO Chymotrypsin

4O/ Pepsin

Which of the following structures crosses over the inferior or horizontal (third) portion of the duodenum?

1 © pancreas

2 portal vein

3 superior mesenteric artery

4 © _ hepatic artery

In which of the following structures of the oral cavity would taste buds be localized in the highest concentration

1 OX Vallate papillae

20 Gingiva

3 © _ Fungiform papillae

& © Filiform papillae

5©_ Ventral surface of the tunge -

Steatorrhea is the presence of increased fat in feces. Which organ is least likely to be the cause of a patient's steatorrhea? =_

1© Pancreas

2 oO Liver

3 © __ Small intestine

Stomach

Identify the INCORRECT statement concerning the bile canaliculi

1©_ have their own walls

2oO are intercellular gaps between the hepatocyteswithinthe plates

3(@] drain bile into the roundlobular and interlobular ducts

4oO are isolated from the intercellular compartment by tight junctions

5oO hepatocyte microvilli project into their lumen

GF ismeasured by:

1©_ Inulin clearance

2 © Creatine clearance

3 GC Creatinine clearance

4 © PAH clearance

Renin is secreted from which of the following cell:

1 © _ Endothelial cell

2 Oo Macula densa 3

4 © JG apparatus

Adrenal gland consists of

1©_Lower adrenal and outer adrenal

2® Inner medulla and outer caortex

3© ACTH and BCTH

4 © _ Inner and outer layer of kidney

Which of the following vessels might be visible in a section obtained from the renal medulla?

Interlobular arteries

Efferent arteriole

Vasa recta

Arcuate artery

Afferent arteriole

A 45-year-old woman develops severe diar- rhea while on vacation. She has the following arterial blood values: pH=7.25 PcO2 = 24 mm Hg [HCO;] =10 mEg/L Venous blood samples show decreased blood (K*! And a normal anion gap.Which of the following statements about this patient is correct?

1©_The decreased blood (K*] is a result of decreased circulating levelsof antidiuretichormone (ADH)

2) The decreased arterial (HCO;] is a result of buffering of excess H* byHCO;

3 ) The decreased blood (K+ is a result of increased circulating levels ofaldosterone

4) Sheis hypoventilating

5) The decreased blood (K*] is a result of exchange of intracelluH*laforrextracellularK+

The adrenal gland is located

1©_ o)Lateral to the liver

2 © _ b)On the kidneys

3©_ a)In the peritoneal cavity

4 © _ d)Inthe abdominal cavity

Adrenal gland isderived from

1 © __Mesoderm

2 © _ Ectoderm

3 © _ Endoderm

4 © _ Ectoderm and mesoderm

How maannyy semininififerouuss tubulless are foundd in eachh testitis of an averraggee maann??

A.. 4-6

B.. 40--600

C. 400-600

D.. 4000--60000

E.. 40,000--600,,000

Each of the following statements concerning the renal macula densa is true, EXCEPT:

1 oO its cells control NaCl concentration in the urine and regulaterenin release

2 © __ its epithelial cells become higher and narrower, their nucleiappear crowded

3©_ its cells produce renin

4©_ islocatedbetweenafferentandefferentarterioles

5 O is formed in the distal convoluted tubule at the site of tubulecontact with thevascular pole of its parent renal corpuscle

Each of the following statements concerning these cells is true, EXCEPT (please see the picture): testicular Leydig cells (Histology)

1 are parts of the seminiferous epithelium

2 their cytoplasm is rich in sER, Golgi complex, vesicular mitochondria,and lipiddroplets

3 produce androgens, mainly testosterone

4 their plasma membranes possess receptors for LH and estrogens

5 primarily release the hormone into testicular lymph.

Each of the following statements concerning this structure is true, EXCEPT (please see the picture): (Histology)

Its alveoli often contain concretions, especially in elderly males

Surrounds the ejaculatory duct

Its glands are mucosal, submucosal, and peripheral

Theglandularepitheliumdependsontestosterone

The glands are surrounded by connective tissue with bundles ofsmooth muscle cells

The following statements regarding the neurohypophysis are true:

(1) originates from nervous tissue

(2) contains nonmyelinated axons, pituicytes, fenestrated capillaries,and theHerring bodies

(3) store and release into the blood secretory product from the hypothalamus

(4) is a typical endocrine gland

Each of the following statements concerning the adrenal medulla is true, EXCEPT:

A – its secretion is modulated by ACTH;

B – originates from the neural crest;

C – secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine;

D – its chromaffin cells are modified neurons;

E – contains sinusoidal blood capillaries and large veins.

Each of the following statements concerning the adrenal cortex is true, EXCEPT:

A – secretes steroid hormones;

B – consists of epithelial cells;

C – arises from the mesoderm;

D – secretes catecholamines;

E – is divided into three zones: glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis.

Each of the following statements concerning the undifferentiated cells of the gastric glands is true, EXCEPT

A – are located mainly in the neck region of the glands;

B – are absent in the pyloric glands;

C – give rise to all glandular cell types;

D – serve for renewal of gastric surface epithelium;

E – their descendants migrate upwards along the pit and are shed attheluminal surface.

Each of the following statements concerning the intestinal villus is true, EXCEPT:

A – its core consists of connective tissue;

B – contains fenestrated sinusoidal blood capillaries;

C – contains a blind-ending lymphatic capillary called the lacteal;

D – smooth muscle cells derived from muscularis mucosae extend tothevillus and accompany the lacteal;

E – lacks the covering epithelium.

Damage to which gland of the oral cavity would lead to an increase in the concentration of triglycerides in the esophagus ?

Parotid

Sublingual

Submandibular

VonEbner’s

Which of these inhibits secretion and motility of the stomach ?

A) enterogatric reflex

B) parasympathetic stimulation

C) gastrin

D) interinsic factor

E) distention of stomach wall

Which one of the following is absorbed in the GI tract without

A) vitamins

B) Triglycerides

C) proteins

D) starch

A decrease in plasma in plasma ionized calcium together with an increase in PTH is most likely to be found in a patient with :

Vitamin D deficiency

Hypoparathyroidism

Primary hyperparathyroidism

Each of the following statements concerning the tooth development is true, EXCEPT:

A – the enamel organ cells induce odontoblast formation;

B – odontoblasts arise from the outer enamel epithelium;

C – odontoblasts produce dentin;

D – ameloblasts arise from the inner enamel epithelium;

E – ameloblasts deposit enamel on the dentinal surface.

Each of the following statements concerning the esophageal glands is true, EXCEPT:

A – esophageal glands proper occur in the submucosa;

B – esophageal glands proper are compound tubuloalveolar ones;

C – produce serous secretion;

D – esophageal cardiac glands occur in the mucosal lamina propria;

E – esophageal cardiac glands are present in the proximal and terminalportionsof the organ

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